Table 1.
Summary of Monosodium glutamate-induced Metabolic Disorders in Mammalian Organism.
| Dose and Route of Administration | Duration of Administration | Subject | Result/Findings | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3–4 mg/g subcutaneous | At 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 days of rat life | Rats | MSG increased body weight, body mass index, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL & LDL. | [56] |
| 3 mg/g via the rear brain | 5 days | Rats | MSG- induced obesity. | [57] |
| 3.0 g/kg subcutaneous | 1st–5th day of birth | Mice | MSG elevated body weight, food intake, TG cholesterol, LDL, HDL and blood glucose levels. | [58] |
| Oral/Topical | 14 days | Men with prostate cancer | MSG reduced Ga PSMA-11 uptake in salivary glands. | [59] |
| Oral | 5 years | Healthy human | Increased Body Mass Index (BMI), Metabolic syndrome and Obesity. | [60] |
| Oral | 5 years | Healthy women and Nonsmoker men | Increased both Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure. | [61] |
| Oral/3.33/6.66 mg/ml | 14 days | Rabbits | Increased blood glucose levels. | [46] |
| Oral/ 0.5,1.0,10,50,100 mM | 24 Hours | Colorectal Cancer Cell (CRC) | MSG may have a proliferation-promoting effect on CRC cells. | [54] |
| 4 mg/g | 2-4 weeks | Rat | Increased body weight. | [41] |
| Oral/60 mg/kg | 21 days | Rat | Increased body weight. | [62] |
| Subcutaneous/2-4 mg/g | 4-5 days | Rats | Destroys neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, | [64] |
| S·C /0.6-1.6 mg/g | 2 Weeks | Rats | Elevated levels of ALT and - gama Glutamyltransferase (GGT), as well as a considerable rise in the relative weights of the liver and kidney. | [63]] |
| 4 g / kg s.c | 30 days | Mice | Lower body weight. | [65] |
| Oral 4 mg/kg | 32 weeks | Mice | Decrease body weight and no fat accumulation. | [67] |
| Oral 4.0 mg/g | 4 Weeks | Rats | Reduction in body weight. | [68] |
| 500, 750, 1000 & 1250 mg/kg Oral | 8 weeks | Rats | ALT levels and body weights increased across all MSG groups, | [69] |
| 48.7 g – 94.6 mg/g Oral | 8 Weeks | Rats | Average weights did not significantly differ. | [70] |
| Adults (>20 years)/ questionnaire | 5 Years | Human | After accounting for factors such as age, gender, a variety of lifestyle factors, and energy intake, MSG use was not associated with significant weight gain. | [61] |
| Adults (18-65 years) | 5.5 Years | Human | MSG was associated with increased BMI. | [30] |
| 349 adults (33-55 years) | 10 Days | Human | MetS prevalence and BMI increased with MSG use, dose-dependently. | [71] |
| 4 mg/kg sc | 120 days | Rats | Neonatal MSG-administered model of obesity lowers sperm production and leads to a reduction in sperm storage in the epididymis of adult male rats | [72] |
| 240 mg/kg Bwt/ip | 4 Weeks | Rats | Elevation in plasma glucose and insulin levels | [47] |
| 4 mg/kg | 28 Days | Rats | Reduction in the testis’s antioxidant enzymes, protein glycogen, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholine esterase (AchE), cholesterol, nitric oxide (NO) triglycerides (TG), and testis-to-body weight ratio. | [33] |
| 4 mg/g Oral | 120 Days | Rats | Testicular, epididymal and prostatic dysfunction. | [73] |
| 2 mg/g body weight/day/ Oral | 9 Months | Rats | Lowererd pancreatic β-cell mass | [45] |
| 75 mg/kg/Oral | 10 Days | Rats | Increase in systolic pressure | [74] |
| 24 mg/kg/Oral | 10 Days | Rats | Muscle pain, headache and tenderness of the pericrania muscles | [75] |