Fig. 2. Effective population size (N_e) values across ancestries and geographies reveal the histories present within Mexico.

a, Mesoamerican chronology colouring different periods in Mesoamerican history using an anthropological and archaeological context. b, Ancestry-specific effective population size (N_e) changes over the past 200 generations across Mexico (n = 5,436) inferred using IBD tracts, coloured by chronology from a assuming 30 years per generation. c, Ancestry-specific effective population size (N_e) changes over time for ancestries from the Americas in different regions of Mexico (see Supplementary Figs. 25–29 for other generation intervals and ancestries). n = 1,177, 640, 952, 590, 820, 315 and 938 for the north of Mexico, north of Mesoamerica, centre of Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, occident of Mexico, Oaxaca region and the Mayan region, respectively.