Clinical significance of serum oxidative stress and serum uric acid levels before surgery for hepatitis B-related liver cancer

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The incidence and mortality of liver cancer are among the highest of all malignant tumors in China. The high recurrence rate after conventional hepatectomy is worrying. There is a lack of effective prognostic indicators for liver cancer.

AIM

To explore the clinical significance of preoperative serum oxidative stress and serum uric acid (UA) levels in hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

METHODS

The medical records of 110 hepatitis B-related liver cancer patients who underwent hepatectomy in Gansu Provincial Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Recurrence in patients within 3 years after surgery was determined. The logistic regression model and Pearson or Spearman correlation were used to analyze the correlation between oxidative stress level and UA, and the recurrence of hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

RESULTS

Compared with the non-recurrence group, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in the recurrence group were lower and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and UA were higher (all P < 0.05). UA, SOD, MDA, and GSH were risk factors for postoperative recurrence in hepatitis B-related liver cancer patients (P < 0.05). UA was positively correlated with MDA (r = 0.395, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with GSH (r = -0.204, P = 0.032). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of SOD, MDA, GSH, and UA in predicting the prognosis was 0.276, 0.910, 0.199, and 0.784, respectively (all P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The preoperative serum SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA levels had significant predictive effects on postoperative recurrence of hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

Core Tip: Hepatitis B-related liver cancer is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Conventional surgery results in a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate of liver cancer. In this study, we analyzed the clinical data of 110 patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer who underwent hepatectomy and determined recurrence within three years after surgery. The correlation between preoperative serum oxidative stress level and serum uric acid, and recurrence of hepatitis B-related liver cancer was assessed. These findings provide a breakthrough in prognostic evaluation indicators of liver cancer.

INTRODUCTION

The incidence and mortality rate of liver cancer, also known as primary liver cancer, are among the highest of all malignant tumors in China, and is a serious threat to the health and life of our residents[1]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 90% of all liver cancers[2]. According to the data, more than 50% of HCCs worldwide are caused by HBV infection[3]. The HBV can change the genes in liver cells and cause liver lesions, thus inducing cirrhosis and even liver cancer (hepatitis B-related liver cancer)[4]. At present, hepatectomy is an important treatment for liver cancer, but the prognosis of patients after surgery is not ideal. The recurrence rate of HCC after surgery is as high as 70%[5]. Therefore, early improvement of the condition and prognosis of liver cancer is a hot research topic. Oxidative stress injury is involved in the process of liver fibrosis, thereby promoting disease progression[6]. Serum uric acid (UA) in critically ill patients is closely related to oxidative stress[7]. Thus, we speculate that there may be a relationship between preoperative oxidative stress and UA, and liver cancer prognosis, and could be used to assess the patient's condition and prognosis to guide clinical intervention. In addition, following a literature review, we found that there are few studies on the effects of oxidative stress and UA on the prognosis of HCC. Both these parameters may provide a breakthrough in the study of liver cancer prognosis evaluation indicators. Therefore, we analyzed oxidative stress, UA, and recurrence in hepatitis B-related liver cancer patients who underwent hepatectomy, to identify a simple and effective index for evaluation of the condition and recurrence of the disease, to improve the level of treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Hepatitis B-related liver cancer patients who underwent hepatectomy in Gansu Provincial Hospital from January 2016 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Postoperative pathology confirmed HCC[8]; (2) Liver cancer in patients was caused by hepatitis B; and (3) The medical records, related indicators and follow-up data were complete. The exclusion criteria were: (1) Liver cancer combined with other tumors; (2) Patients who had received radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, molecularly targeted drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and other anti-tumor treatment; and (3) Combined systemic infection.

Data collection

The clinicopathological features included age, gender, hepatitis B surface antigen, TNM stage, tumor diameter, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor number, and alpha-fetoprotein. Serum oxidative stress indices, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) were determined in addition to UA level.

Surgery and detection methods

The patients were treated with hepatectomy under general anesthesia. The size and volume of the liver were determined according to preoperative imaging data. According to the primary site of HCC, the tumor, and the surrounding blood vessels, the patients were reasonably selected for local hepatectomy, segmental hepatectomy, lobectomy, hemihepatectomy, and other surgical treatment. According to the intraoperative situation, the Pringle method was used to block the hepatic portal system, 5 min each time.

SOD, MDA, and GSH levels were detected by chemical colorimetry, and UA level was detected by the uricase method.

Follow-up indicators

The recurrence data in the outpatient or inpatient system were reviewed. The last visit record or telephone follow-up record was used as the follow-up result to collect information on tumor recurrence within 3 years after surgery. Patients lost to follow-up or death were defined as censored.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 17.0 was used to process the data. The data were described by mean ± SD, cases or percentages (%), and the differences between groups were tested by the t-test or chi-square test. Multiple factors were analyzed with a logistic regression model, and Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used for bivariate correlation analysis. The predictive ability was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A P value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Clinicopathological features of the recurrence group and non-recurrence group

In total, 110 patients were enrolled, including 69 recurrent patients (recurrence group) and 41 non-recurrent patients (non-recurrence group). In comparison with the non-recurrence group, the proportion of patients with TNM stage III-IV (59.42% vs 26.83%), high tumor differentiation (56.52% vs 31.71%), and lymph node metastasis (43.48% vs 21.95%) was high in the recurrence group (P < 0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparison of clinicopathological features between the recurrence group and non-recurrence group, n (%)

Groups	Recurrence group (n = 69)	Non-recurrence group (n = 41)	t value	P value
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	54.63 ± 15.58	55.10 ± 15.29
Gender			3.497	0.061
Men	40 (57.97)	31 (75.61)
Female	29 (42.03)	10 (24.39)
HbsAg			0.313	0.576
Negative	22 (31.88)	11 (26.83)
Positive	47 (68.12)	30 (73.17)
TNM staging			10.959	0.001
Stage I-II	28 (40.58)	30 (73.17)
Stage III-IV	41 (59.42)	11 (26.83)
Tumor diameter			0.979	0.323
< 5 cm	27 (39.13)	20 (48.78)
≥ 5 cm	42 (60.87)	21 (51.22)
Degree of tumor differentiation			6.353	0.012
Low differentiation	30 (43.48)	28 (68.29)
High differentiation	39 (56.52)	13 (31.71)
Lymph node metastasis			5.208	0.022
Yes	30 (43.48)	9 (21.95)
No	39 (56.52)	32 (78.05)
Number of tumors			0.298	0.585
Multiple	44 (63.77)	24 (58.54)
Single	25 (36.23)	17 (41.46)
Alpha-fetoprotein (μg/L)			3.137	0.077
< 200	37 (53.62)	29 (70.73)
≥ 200	32 (46.38)	12 (29.27)

Oxidative stress level and UA level between the two groups

Compared with the non-recurrence group, the levels of SOD (41.26 kU/L ± 7.01 kU/L vs 46.82 kU/L ± 6.12 kU/L) and GSH (29.40 kU/L ± 7.92 kU/L vs 39.44 kU/L ± 8.90 kU/L) were lower in the recurrence group, and the levels of MDA (5.78 nmol/L ± 0.92 nmol/L vs 4.18 nmol/L ± 0.82 μmol/L) and UA (376.27 μmol/L ± 82.90 μmol/L vs 281.36 μmol/L ± 84.86 μmol/L) were higher (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Comparison of preoperative serum oxidative stress level and serum uric acid between the two groups (mean ± SD)

Groups	Oxidative stress			Serum UA (μmol/L)
	SOD (kU/L)	MDA (nmol/L)	GSH (kU/L)
Recurrence group (n = 69)	41.26 ± 7.01	5.78 ± 0.92	29.40 ± 7.92	376.27 ± 82.90
Non-recurrence group (n = 41)	46.82 ± 6.12	4.18 ± 0.82	39.44 ± 8.90	281.36 ± 84.86
t value	4.212	9.176	6.137	5.755
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; UA: Uric acid.

Analysis of recurrence risk factors

The clinicopathological features (including TNM stage, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis), serum oxidative stress level, and UA level as the independent variables and recurrence (0 = no recurrence, 1 = recurrence) as the dependent variable were incorporated into the logistic regression model. It was shown that UA (Exp (B) = 5.899, P = 0.019], SOD [Exp (B) = 0.844, P = 0.043], MDA [Exp (B) = 11.465, P = 11.465], and GSH [Exp (B) = 0.889, P = 0.029] were risk factors for postoperative recurrence (P < 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the prognosis of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer

Independent variable	B	S. E	Wals	P value	Exp (B)	95%CI
						Lower limit	Upper limit
TNM staging	1.026	0.879	1.361	0.243	2.789	0.498	15.628
Degree of tumor differentiation	1.775	0.914	3.774	0.052	5.899	0.984	35.355
Lymph node metastasis	-1.183	1.005	1.387	0.239	0.306	0.043	2.194
SOD	-0.17	0.084	4.098	0.043	0.844	0.716	0.995
MDA	2.439	0.714	11.676	0.001	11.465	2.83	46.454
GSH	-0.117	0.054	4.74	0.029	0.889	0.8	0.988
Serum UA	0.013	0.005	5.541	0.019	1.013	1.002	1.024

95%CI: 95% confidence interval; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; UA: Uric acid.

Analysis of the relationship between the risk factors

SOD was negatively correlated with the TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (r = -0.203, -0.219; P = 0.033, 0.021). MDA was positively correlated with the TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (r = 0.275, 0.216; P = 0.004, 0.024). GSH was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (r = -269; P = 0.004). UA showed no correlation with SOD (r = -0.185, P = 0.053). UA was positively correlated with MDA (r = 0.395, P < 0.001) (Figure 1A), and negatively correlated with GSH (r = -0.204, P = 0.032) (Figure 1B).

Figure 1.

Relationship between serum uric acid and malondialdehyde levels and glutathione levels. A: Malondialdehyde levels; B: Glutathione levels; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione.

AUC evaluated predictive power

AUC of SOD, MDA, GSH, and UA in predicting postoperative recurrence was 0.276 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.179-0.373], 0.910 (95%CI: 0.858-0.963), 0.199 (95%CI: 0.110-0.288), and 0.784 (95%CI: 0.697-0.871), respectively, all P < 0.001 (Table 4, Figure 2).

Table 4.

Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of preoperative serum oxidative stress and serum uric acid levels in predicting prognosis of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer

Variable	AUC	Standard error	P value	95%CI
				Lower limit	Upper limit
SOD	0.276	0.050	< 0.001	0.179	0.373
MDA	0.910	0.027	< 0.001	0.858	0.963
GSH	0.199	0.045	< 0.001	0.110	0.288
Serum UA	0.784	0.044	< 0.001	0.697	0.871

95%CI: 95% confidence interval; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; UA: Uric acid; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Figure 2.

Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of preoperative serum oxidative stress and serum uric acid levels in predicting prognosis of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione.

DISCUSSION

Chronic HBV infection is closely related to HCC, and deterioration of chronic HBV infection can lead to liver cancer[9]. Early effective diagnosis is of great significance for improving prognosis and reducing recurrence. Clinically, an ultrasound examination is used for early diagnosis. However, abdominal B-ultrasound requires a high level of operation and is highly subjective[10]. Therefore, the identification of effective diagnostic indicators to improve the diagnosis of HBV-related liver cancer is urgently needed.

This study found that compared with patients without recurrence, the levels of SOD and GSH in patients with recurrence were lower, and the levels of MDA and UA were higher. SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA were closely related to postoperative recurrence, which was similar to the results of related studies[11]. It is suggested that the antioxidant capacity of patients with postoperative recurrence is low, and the oxidative stress response of tissues and organs is strong. Oxidative stress occurs throughout the process of liver fibrosis. Oxidative stress is considered to be the most critical factor in the transition from simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[12]. SOD and GSH are important antioxidants and oxygen-free radical scavengers. MDA, GSH, and SOD are indicators that are usually used to assess the body's ability to produce and save oxygen-free radicals[13]. SOD is a natural superoxide radical. Other enzymes in the body will immediately decompose hydrogen peroxide into harmless water[14]. Therefore, SOD can specifically remove harmful free radicals in the body, in order to remove the damage caused by free radical oxidation of some components in the body. It can be seen that the lower the SOD level, the weaker the body's antioxidant capacity, and the more difficult it is to protect liver cells from oxidative stress injury. The synthesis of GSH can enable cells to escape the damage caused by oxidative stress, so that the cells are in a state of redox balance, thereby preventing cell death induced by lipid peroxidation[15]. The decrease in GSH level in patients with recurrence suggests lipid peroxidation damage, which eventually leads to hepatocyte necrosis[16,17]. MDA is formed by lipid peroxidation of the membrane, which causes serious damage to the membrane[18]. The more MDA, the more intense the membrane lipid peroxidation. SOD is negatively correlated with MDA, usually after oxidative stress stimulation, SOD decreases and MDA increases[19]. The increase in serum MDA in relapsed patients can indicate that the oxidative stress state of cells is at a higher level, and the decrease in antioxidant capacity of cells indicates a higher possibility of liver injury. UA is mainly a product formed by hydrolysis and oxidation of purine nucleotides. Human purines are mainly derived from liver synthesis or nucleotide degradation (endogenous), the part of purine involved in the formation of UA accounted for 80% of all UA[20]. Several studies have proposed a correlation between UA and primary liver cancer. UA may be used as an auxiliary serological diagnostic indicator and a nutritional assessment indicator for patients with liver cancer[21]. Current conclusions on the relationship between UA and the degree of liver function damage are inconsistent. Our study showed that higher UA is more likely to cause recurrence, similar to the results of related studies[22]. SOD, MDA, GSH, and UA have clinical significance in predicting recurrence in patients. The AUC of MDA and UA was 0.910 and 0.784, respectively. This also shows that preoperative serum oxidative stress levels as well as UA are closely related to the prognosis of hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

There were limitations to this study. We only analyzed the clinicopathological features, oxidative stress level, and blood UA level of patients with and without recurrence of HBP-related liver cancer after surgery and did not analyze other factors, such as the expression levels of WNT1 and WNT2 in cancerous tissues and adjacent tissues, and serum enzymes before surgery. These confounding factors may affect the study results, and further research is required in the future. In addition, this is a retrospective study and selective bias, information bias, and confounding bias may exist. Therefore, prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to verify the findings of this study.

CONCLUSION

The preoperative serum levels of SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA in patients with postoperative recurrence of hepatitis B-related liver cancer were lower, and the preoperative serum levels of SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA were higher. The preoperative serum levels of SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA had a higher predictive effect on postoperative recurrence. However, the small sample size in this study may have led to bias in the results. Future research should be undertaken to explore the optimal prediction thresholds of SOD, MDA, GSH, and UA to further improve the prediction efficiency of postoperative recurrence.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, which seriously threaten the health and life of Chinese residents. The prognosis following conventional hepatectomy is not ideal, with a recurrence rate of up to 70%.

Research motivation

The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between preoperative serum oxidative stress level and serum uric acid (UA), and prognosis in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. This relationship was determined to identify simple and effective evaluation indicators for the assessment of disease condition and prognosis, and to provide data support for clinical improvement of treatment.

Research objectives

To explore the correlation between serum oxidative stress level and serum UA, and prognosis before hepatitis B-related liver cancer recurrence. It was found that serum oxidative stress level and serum UA before hepatitis B-related liver cancer were closely related to prognosis, which is helpful for clinicians to more effectively evaluate prognosis, recurrence and to guide treatment decision-making.

Research methods

The analysis methods used in this study involved a logistic regression model, Pearson analysis, Spearman analysis, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the analysis target was the correlation between serum oxidative stress level, serum UA, and recurrence of hepatitis B-related liver cancer. The analysis of different research data layer by layer was rigorous and scientific.

Research results

This study found that superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and UA were all risk factors for postoperative recurrence in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. Serum UA was positively correlated with MDA and negatively correlated with GSH. MDA and UA can predict the prognosis of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. However, we could not determine the specific mechanism of the effect of these four indicators on postoperative recurrence in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

Research conclusions

This study found that SOD, GSH, MDA, and UA were all risk factors for postoperative recurrence in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis showed that only MDA and UA predicted an AUC above 0.5, which was different to previous studies.

Research perspectives

Future research should include a larger sample and prospectively focus on the specific mechanism of oxidative stress level and UA level on the prognosis of hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

Data sharing statement

Data for this study can be obtained from the corresponding author.