Table 2.
Change in body weight, body composition, mood, and quality of life parameters by month 12.
| Variables | Change from Baseline to Month 12 (95% CI) | Difference between Groups by Month 12 (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRE | CR | CON | TRE vs. CR | TRE vs. CON | CR vs. CON | |
| Body weight and composition | ||||||
| Body weight (kg) | −3.49 (−5.65, −1.32) | −4.30 (−7.63, −0.96) | 1.12 (−0.69, 2.94) | 0.81 (−3.07, 4.69) | −4.61 (−7.37, −1.85) | −5.42 (−9.13, −1.71) |
| Body weight (%) | −3.76 (−5.89, −1.64) | −4.20 (−7.59, −0.80) | 1.11 (−0.72, 2.94) | 0.43 (−3.48, 4.34) | −4.87 (−7.61, −2.13) | −5.30 (−9.06, −1.54) |
| Fat mass (kg) | −2.20 (−3.88, −0.52) | −2.61 (−5.97, 0.74) | 0.57 (−1.14, 2.27) | 0.42 (−3.24, 4.07) | −2.77 (−5.10, −0.43) | −3.18 (−6.85, 0.49) |
| Lean mass (kg) | −0.41 (−0.91, 0.08) | −0.74 (−1.44, −0.03) | 0.39 (−0.51, 1.29) | 0.32 (−0.52, 1.16) | −0.81 (−1.81, 0.20) | −1.13 (−2.24, −0.01) |
| Visceral fat mass (kg) | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.04) | −0.12 (−0.29, 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.16, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.22, 0.17) | −0.11 (−0.27, 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.30, 0.13) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −6.44 (−8.65, −4.24) | −3.77 (−7.46, −0.08) | −1.46 (−3.77, 0.84) | −2.67 (−6.86, 1.52) | −4.98 (−8.09, −1.87) | −2.30 (−6.55, 1.94) |
| Mood | ||||||
| BDI-II, depression score | −5.99 (−9.37, −2.60) | −3.27 (−6.55, 0.01) | −1.85 (−5.26, 1.55) | −2.72 (−7.32, 1.88) | −4.13 (−8.82, 0.56) | −1.41 (−6.03, 3.20) |
| POMS, tension | 0.02 (−1.31, 1.35) | −0.35 (−2.19, 1.49) | 0.19 (−1.12, 1.50) | 0.37 (−1.85, 2.59) | −0.16 (−1.99, 1.66) | −0.53 (−2.74, 1.67) |
| POMS, depression | 0.84 (−0.05, 1.72) | 0.53 (−1.09, 2.16) | 0.12 (−0.82, 1.06) | 0.31 (−1.50, 2.11) | 0.72 (−0.54, 1.98) | 0.41 (−1.42, 2.25) |
| POMS, anger | 0.39 (−0.47, 1.24) | 0.56 (−1.29, 2.41) | −0.38 (−1.37, 0.60) | −0.17 (−2.16, 1.82) | 0.77 (−0.50, 2.05) | 0.94 (−1.10, 2.99) |
| POMS, fatigue | 0.68 (−0.58, 1.95) | −0.28 (−1.61, 1.04) | 0.41 (−0.91, 1.73) | 0.97 (−0.82, 2.75) | 0.27 (−1.51, 2.06) | −0.69 (−2.52, 1.13) |
| POMS, vigor (good mood) | 0.86 (−0.98, 2.69) | 1.19 (−0.52, 2.90) | 0.26 (−1.29, 1.81) | −0.33 (−2.79, 2.12) | 0.60 (−1.75, 2.94) | 0.93 (−1.32, 3.18) |
| POMS, confusion | −0.22 (−1.30, 0.87) | −0.48 (−1.75, 0.78) | −0.20 (−1.35, 0.95) | 0.27 (−1.36, 1.89) | −0.02 (−1.56, 1.52) | −0.29 (−1.95, 1.38) |
| POMS, total mood disturbance score | −0.33 (−5.15, 4.49) | −1.05 (−9.29, 7.19) | −0.47 (−6.40, 5.46) | 0.72 (−8.59, 10.03) | 0.14 (−7.32, 7.60) | −0.58 (−10.49, 9.32) |
| Quality of Life | ||||||
| SF-36, vitality | 8.42 (2.86, 13.98) | 4.42 (−2.63, 11.47) | 0.65 (−4.82, 6.12) | 4.00 (−4.76, 12.76) | 7.77 (0.15, 15.39), p = 0.05 | 3.77 (−4.93, 12.47) |
| SF-36, mental health | 1.77 (−4.41, 7.95) | −3.79 (−11.65, 4.07) | −0.36 (−6.46, 5.75) | 5.56 (−4.20, 15.32) | 2.13 (−6.36, 10.61) | −3.43 (−13.14, 6.28) |
| SF-36, bodily pain | 1.52 (−7.72, 10.75) | −4.68 (−14.20, 4.84) | 0.90 (−5.45, 7.25) | 6.20 (−6.75, 19.14) | 0.61 (−10.33, 11.55) | −5.58 (−16.75, 5.58) |
| SF-36, general physical health | 6.53 (−1.80, 14.86) | 4.46 (−4.25, 13.17) | −0.96 (−6.60, 4.68) | 2.07 (−9.68, 13.83) | 7.49 (−2.32, 17.30) | 5.42 (−4.71, 15.55) |
Data were included for 90 participants; means were estimated using an intention-to-treat analysis using a linear mixed model. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals for each parameter from baseline by diet group. Abbreviations: BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory II; CON: control; CR: calorie restriction; POMS: Profile of Mood States; SF-36: Rand 36-Item Short Form; TRE: time-restricted eating.