Table 3.
The experimental models of diabetic kidney disease
| Disease | Induction Methods | Models(Refs.) | Pathology | Stage Simulating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1DM | Drug-induced | STZ mice80 | • Mild-to-moderate albuminuria. • Mild glomerular and tubular damage. • No hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, or interstitial fibrosis. |
Early |
| STZ/eNOS−/− mice82 | • Albuminuria. • Glomerulosclerosis. • Interstitial fibrosis. |
Advanced | ||
| Spontaneous | Akita mice86 | • Hyperglycaemia. • Mild hypertension, modest albuminuria. • No glomerular or interstitial fibrosis. |
Early | |
| Ove26 mice87 | • Progressive albuminuria. • Glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis. • Poor viability. |
Advanced | ||
| T2DM | Spontaneous | Zucker diabetic fatty rat92 | • Hyperlipidemia. • Moderate hypertension and obesity. • Progressive renal injury. • High cost and slow progression to CKD. |
Advanced |
| db/db mice140 | • Glomerular and tubular hypertrophy. • Modest albuminuria. • Mesangial matrix expansion. • No glomerular and interstitial fibrosis. |
Early | ||
| db/db mice with UNX89,90 | • Proteinuria and tubular atrophy. • Interstitial fibrosis. • Inflammation. |
Advanced | ||
| db/db mice with eNOS−/−91 | • Albuminuria. • Arteriolar hyalinosis. • Glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis. |
Advanced | ||
| ob/ob mice141 | • Podocyte loss, GBM thickening. • Mesangial matrix expansion. • No mesangiolysis, glomerular sclerosis. |
Early to modest |
Early stage: mild-to-moderate albuminuria, mild mesangial expansion, reduced nephrin expression. Advanced stage: moderate to macroalbuminuria, severe mesangial expansion and thickened glomerular basement membrane, podocyte loss, glomerular sclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; STZ, streptozotocin; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; db/db, leptin receptor deficient; UNX, uninephrectomy; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; ob/ob, leptin deficient.