Abstract
Background
Organ donation is a lifesaving option to rescue many patients with end-stage organ failure from possible morbidities and mortalities. Unfortunately, due to a shortage of donors, many patients suffering from their illnesses are waiting for an organ. This study aimed to determine the awareness, attitude, and beliefs toward organ donation among the Saudi population.
Patients and Methods
This is an online cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Saudi Arabia between July and September 2022. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the general public using an online platform. The questionnaire consists of two sections: the first is about demographic data, and the second is about questions to assess awareness, attitude, and beliefs regarding organ donation. The Chi-squared test was used to examine the differences in participants’ awareness, attitude, and beliefs towards organ donation. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of a positive attitude towards organ donation.
Results
A total of 3507 individuals participated in this study. Around 68.1% were aged between 18 and 30 years. Twenty-four percent of them knew of the legislative body for organ donation; 58.5% believed that organ donation should be promoted; and 66.1% had a positive attitude toward donating body organs. Younger age (31–50 years), male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards organ donation.
Conclusion
Although there was a positive attitude and belief about organ donation, awareness was suboptimal. Younger age, male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards organ donation. It is necessary to address the gaps in knowledge, and social media as well as mass media may have an important role in bridging the gaps.
Keywords: organ donation, attitude, knowledge, belief, public
Introduction
Organ donation (OD) is a life-saving medical procedure in which organs are procured from a donor and transplanted into a recipient suffering from organ failure, restoring essential functions, improving quality of life, and diminishing morbidity, and mortality. Many patients with end-stage organ failure have transplantation as their best and, in most cases, only treatment option.1 Donation is driven by the need for transplants among patients with end-stage organ failure, and the most essential metrics in this regard are transplant rates, both in terms of the total number of transplants (from both living and deceased donors) and those for specific organs.1 Organ transplantation enhances patient survival and quality of life, and has a significant positive effect on public health and the socioeconomic burden of organ failure.2 The availability of an appropriate organ is the greatest obstacle in transplantation.3 The escalating demand for OD is an urgent matter requiring coordination between multiple sectors of the medical, social, and religious leadership.4 Organs for transplantation purposes may be procured from donors who have been declared dead based on neurological or circulatory criteria and, when this applies, living donors (eg, kidney and liver).5 Insufficient OD in Saudi Arabia remains a significant barrier to transplantation.6 The decision to be an organ donor is influenced by relational ties, religious beliefs, cultural influences, family influences, body integrity, previous interactions with the health care system — medical mistrust, validity of brain death, and fear of early organ retrieval — the individual’s knowledge about the OD process, and significant reservations about the donation process, even among those who support OD.7 Improved survival rates and the expectation of organ transplantation will enhance life expectancy, and prompted a growing number of physicians and their patients with organ failure to choose transplantation.8 Traditionally, organ donation rates have been expressed as Donors Per Million of Population (PMP).1 According to the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation, Saudi Arabia had a rate of 43.6 PMP for total organ transplants in 2021,9 compared to the global rate of 33.3 PMP. The high number of surviving donors in Saudi Arabia, particularly those who donate kidneys or livers, surpasses the global donation rate per million inhabitants. The pressure to increase the number of available organs is felt globally, and many nations have implemented programs to increase donation.1 Deceased donor organ donation pertains to the procedure of obtaining organs from individuals who have passed away, usually as a result of either brain death or circulatory death, with the explicit permission of their families or the individuals themselves prior to their death. Subsequently, these organs are implanted into individuals who require them. On the other hand, living donation involves the deliberate contribution of a particular organ or tissue, such as a kidney or a portion of the liver, by a someone who is alive and typically has a close relationship with the receiver, such as a family member or friend, and is medically suitable for transplantation. Living donors undergo a comprehensive assessment process to ascertain their well-being and compatibility with the recipient. The transplantation procedure takes place while the donors are still alive, which often leads to a more favorable recovery outcome for the recipient owing to the reduced duration of organ preservation.
Saudi Arabia has the most comprehensive and advanced facility for multi-organ transplantation in the Middle East, which is named Organ Transplant Centre.10 The legislation pertaining to OD and transplantation in Saudi Arabia is overseen by the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT) in accordance with the regulations established by the Ministry of Health.11 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has implemented a policy that allows for the legal practice of deceased organ donation, with the condition that explicit consent from the donor or their immediate family is mandatory. In instances when the deceased individual has not previously registered as an organ donor, it is common practice to approach their family to seek approval for organ retrieval. In Saudi Arabia, the practice of living OD, specifically involving kidney or liver donation, is permissible.11 In order to verify that living donors are making a voluntary decision, it is imperative that they offer informed consent and undergo comprehensive medical and psychiatric assessments. In Saudi Arabia, there exist transplantation committees that assume the responsibility of overseeing activities related to OD and transplantation.11 These committees play a crucial role in guaranteeing transparency throughout the process and validating the eligibility of both recipients and donors. Saudi Arabia does not possess a presumptive consent system. Explicit consent from either the donor or their family is required for OD to take place.
A previous study by Altraif et al in Saudi Arabia examined knowledge and attitude toward OD among medical staff and outpatients.12 The study conducted by Altraif et al revealed that healthcare providers exhibited a more favorable attitude towards and possessed a higher level of awareness regarding OD. Furthermore, the present study revealed that while a 97.6% of the participants possessed knowledge regarding the concept of OD, a comparatively lower proportion of 66.5% demonstrated familiarity with the favorable Islamic perspective on this matter.12 Another study by Almutairi examined knowledge, attitude, and willingness towards OD among medical and health sciences students and found that the levels of knowledge among students in various specialties were consistently poor, with the exception of those pursuing medicine and physiotherapy.13 Furthermore, it was seen that female students achieved higher scores compared to their male counterparts across all three areas of knowledge, attitude, and willingness towards OD.13 This study aimed to determine the Saudi population’s awareness, attitude, and beliefs regarding organ donation.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
This is an online cross-sectional survey (using Google forms) that was conducted in Saudi Arabia between July and September 2022.
Study Population
Residents of Saudi Arabia and at least 18 years of age were required for participation in our study. Participants under the age of 18 were excluded.
Sampling Procedure
The convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the participants in this study. The survey link was distributed using social media websites (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat). The inclusion criteria for the study were mentioned in the cover letter to invite eligible individuals to participate. The questions in the survey were mandatory to avoid having missing data.
Questionnaire Tool
In this investigation, we constructed our questionnaire based on previous literature that examined awareness, attitude, and beliefs regarding organ donation.1,14–16 The questionnaire consists of two sections: the first section assesses participants’ demographic characteristics (age, gender, social status, education, occupation, and monthly income); the second section consists of 15 questions assessing participants’ awareness, attitude, and beliefs regarding OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). These questions assessed participants’ ability to donate organs, people who will be selected to receive their organs, if they have a donation card or not, factors influencing their decision, knowledge toward logistics, their perception of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) if they ever donate an organ, knowledge about which organ can be transplanted, who should give consent for a living donor and after death (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), their opinion on promoting organ donation, the legal process, and which factor will promote organ donation the most. The query “Are you willing to donate your organs?” was used to evaluate a positive attitude toward organ donation (deceased donor organ donation).
Piloting Study
A pilot study was undertaken, involving a sample of 15 individuals who volunteered from the specific group of interest. The purpose of this pilot study was to ascertain the clarity and comprehensibility of the study’s inquiries. Subsequently, the questionnaire was subjected to validation by three independent experts who assessed its validity, consistency, and alignment with the study’s objectives.
Sample Size
Approximately more than 34 million people live in Saudi Arabia. The calculated minimal sample size with a confidence interval of 95%, a margin of error of 5%, and a 50% response rate is 1000.
Ethical Statement
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riaydh, Saudi Arabia (Ref: 303/2022).
Statistical Analysis
For categorical variables, descriptive statistics were presented as numbers and percentages (%), while for continuous variables, the mean and standard deviation were used. Using the Chi-square test, differences in participant responses to statements assessing awareness, attitude, and beliefs were compared with socio-demographic characteristics and other perceptions related to OD. Using a binary logistic regression analysis, predictors of a positive attitude toward OD were identified.
Statistical significance was indicated by a p-value of 0.05. All statistical data were analyzed using version 26 of Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
In total, 3507 participants completed the survey. Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants. The most common age group was 18 to 30 years old (68.1%), with nearly 60% being female, and the vast majority of the study participants (95.8%) were Saudis. More than half of the respondents were single (58.9%), 47.4% were students, and more than two-thirds of the total respondents have at least bachelor’s degrees (62.4%). Almost one-quarter of our study participants were from the Eastern region (27.7%).
Table 1.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n=3507)
| Study Variables | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Age group | |
| 18–30 years | 2389 (68.1%) |
| 31–50 years | 919 (26.2%) |
| 51–70 years | 191 (5.4%) |
| 71 years and above | 8 (0.2%) |
| Gender | |
| Male | 1472 (42.0%) |
| Female | 2035 (58.0%) |
| Nationality | |
| Saudi | 3361 (95.8%) |
| Non-Saudi | 146 (4.2%) |
| Region of residence | |
| Central Region | 721 (20.6%) |
| Northern Region | 566 (16.1%) |
| Southern Region | 532 (15.2%) |
| Western Region | 718 (20.5%) |
| Eastern Region | 970 (27.7%) |
| Employment status | |
| Student | 1664 (47.4%) |
| Governmental employed | 761 (21.7%) |
| Non-governmental employed | 410 (11.7%) |
| Unemployed | 537 (15.3%) |
| Retired | 135 (3.8%) |
| Educational level | |
| Primary school | 23 (0.70%) |
| Secondary school | 47 (1.3%) |
| High school | 1018 (29.0%) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 2187 (62.4%) |
| Postgraduate | 232 (6.6%) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 2067 (58.9%) |
| Married | 1362 (38.8%) |
| Divorced | 60 (1.7%) |
| Widowed | 18 (0.50%) |
The assessment of awareness and belief regarding OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) is given in Table 2. It can be observed that 10.8% of the participants carried organ donor cards, while 15.0% of the participants were aware of local legislation regarding OD. Also, approximately 85.5% of the respondents believed that OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) should be promoted. The most common measure to be taken by the government to be effective in promoting OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) was free health treatment for the donor family (18.7%), while the most common reason behind refusing to donate an organ for transplant was a violation of body integrity (57.7%). The proposition of utilizing incentives to promote OD and acknowledge the contributions of donors and their families is subject to various factors that warrant careful examination. The ethical difficulties arise from the potential perception of providing free health treatment to the donor family as a means of compensating them for their OD. The ethical implications surrounding pay for OD are a subject of concern in numerous nations, since it raises the potential for exploitation of vulnerable individuals who may be driven by financial incentives. Moreover, the provision of complimentary healthcare services to donor families would necessitate the allocation of supplementary healthcare resources. The allocation of these resources could be more effectively directed towards addressing wider healthcare needs or enhancing the infrastructure for organ transplantation and the management of waiting lists.
Table 2.
Assessment of Participants’ Awareness and Belief Regarding Organ Donation (n=3507)
| Awareness Statement | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Do you have an organ donor card? | |
| Yes | 378 (10.8%) |
| Are you aware of any local or international legislation with regard to organ donation? | |
| Local legislation | 525 (15.0%) |
| International legislation | 85 (2.4%) |
| Both of the above | 233 (6.6%) |
| None of the above | 2664 (76.0%) |
| Beliefs statement | |
| Should organ donation be promoted? | |
| Yes | 2052 (58.5%) |
| Is there any need for effective laws to govern the process of organ donation? | |
| Yes | 2997 (85.5%) |
| Measures to be taken by the government to be effective in promoting organ donation | |
| Monetary benefit to the donor family | 332 (9.5%) |
| Giving awards | 164 (4.7%) |
| Free health treatment for the donor family | 655 (18.7%) |
| All above | 2356 (67.2%) |
| In your opinion what is the reason behind refusing to donate an organ for transplant?† | |
| Risk of medical error | 1536 (43.8%) |
| Risk of organ trafficking | 1649 (53.0%) |
| Religious reasons | 1678 (47.8%) |
| Violation of body integrity | 2023 (57.7%) |
| Factors hold the greatest importance near you when donating an organ | |
| Age of recipient | 259 (7.4%) |
| Religion of recipient | 404 (11.5%) |
| Health status of the recipient | 2384 (68.0%) |
| Relation to recipient | 460 (13.1%) |
| What is your perception of organ donation? | |
| To save someone’s life | 3133 (89.3%) |
| Out of compassion/sympathy | 101 (2.9%) |
| For money | 41 (1.2%) |
| As a responsibility | 232 (6.6%) |
| For a living donation, who should give consent? | |
| Donor | 3050 (87.0%) |
| His family | 371 (10.6%) |
| His spouse | 86 (2.5%) |
| For donation after death, who should give consent? | |
| Family | 2936 (83.7%) |
| Spouse | 535 (15.3%) |
| Friend | 36 (01.0%) |
| Who should make such decisions about organ donation in case of unclaimed dead bodies? | |
| Charitable organization | 394 (11.2%) |
| Medical colleges/doctors | 932 (26.6%) |
| A judge | 939 (26.8%) |
| No one | 1242 (35.4%) |
Note: †Variable with multiple response answers.
The most prominent factor that holds the greatest importance when donating an organ is the health status of the recipient (68%), while the main perception of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) is to save someone’s life (89.3%). Furthermore, 87% of the participants knew that the donor himself should give consent for a living donation, while after death, it was the family who should give consent, according to 83.7% of participants. Additionally, 26.8% were of the opinion that a judge should decide on OD (deceased donor organ donation) in cases of unclaimed dead bodies. In the context of living OD, the donor is a living individual who possesses the capacity to provide informed consent. The principle of autonomy holds significant importance in the field of medical ethics, since it recognizes the inherent value of people’ ability to make decisions pertaining to their own bodies. Hence, it is imperative that living donors provide their voluntary and informed consent to the donation process, fully acknowledging the associated risks and advantages. On the contrary, with an individual’s death, their capacity to grant permission or exercise agency over their physical form becomes impossible. In order to uphold the principle of autonomy, numerous nations have enacted legislation that permits individuals to articulate their preferences pertaining to OD during their lifetime, often through the utilization of mechanisms such as donor registries or advance directives. In the event that an individual has not articulated their desires prior to their demise, the responsibility of making decisions may be entrusted to their closest living relative.
In Table 3, approximately 41.9% of the respondents were willing to donate body organs under special circumstances (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), whereas 58.5% were willing to donate to anyone. Approximately 1.9% of the individuals had an experience with the donation process in the family or others. In Figure 1, based on multiple response answers, respondents were aware that the most common organ that can be transplanted (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) in Saudi Arabia was the kidney (76.4%), followed by the liver (70.2%) and the heart (50.3%), while the eyes were the least mentioned (20.6%).
Table 3.
Assessment of Participants’ Attitudes Regarding Organ Donation (n=3507)
| Attitude statement | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Are you willing to donate your organs?† | |
| Yes | 754 (21.5%) |
| Yes under special circumstances | 1470 (41.9%) |
| Yes irrespective of the circumstances | 93 (2.7%) |
| No | 1190 (33.9%) |
| Who would you like to donate your organs to? † | |
| Family member | 1372 (39.1%) |
| Friend | 85 (2.4%) |
| Anyone | 2050 (58.5%) |
| Do you have an experience with the donation process in the family or others? | |
| Yes | 67 (1.9%) |
Note: †Variable with multiple response answers.
Figure 1.
Knowledge about the organs that can be transplanted in KSA.
Table 4 presents the difference in terms of awareness about the legislative body of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) in regards to the socio-demographic characteristics and other related perceptions of participants about OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). Based on our results, it was found that the percentage of participants who were aware of the legislative body of OD was higher in the younger age group (p<0.001), residents of the Central Region (p=0.001), students (p=0.006), single participants (p=0.002), aware of the organs that can be transplanted in Saudi Arabia such as, heart (p=0.001), liver (p=0.002), skin (p=0.008), bone marrow (p=0.001), and lungs (p=0.018), belief that OD should be promoted (p<0.001) and willingness to donate body organ (p<0.001). Besides, the participants were aware that blood can be donated (p=0.023).
Table 4.
Awareness About Legislation Body of Organ Donation According to the Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n=3507)
| Factor | Awareness about the Legislative Body for Organ Donation | P-value § | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N (%) (n=843) | No N (%) (n=2664) | ||
| Age group | |||
| ≤30 years | 617 (73.2%) | 1772 (66.5%) | <0.001*** |
| >30 years | 226 (26.8%) | 892 (33.5%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 345 (40.9%) | 1127 (42.3%) | 0.479 |
| Female | 498 (59.1%) | 1537 (57.7%) | |
| Region of residence | |||
| Central Region | 198 (23.5%) | 523 (19.6%) | 0.001** |
| Northern Region | 141 (16.7%) | 425 (16.0%) | |
| Southern Region | 120 (14.2%) | 412 (15.5%) | |
| Western Region | 194 (23.0%) | 524 (19.7%) | |
| Eastern Region | 190 (22.5%) | 780 (29.3%) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Student | 440 (52.2%) | 1224 (45.9%) | 0.006** |
| Employed | 261 (31.0%) | 910 (34.2%) | |
| Unemployed | 142 (16.8%) | 530 (19.9%) | |
| Educational level | |||
| High school or below | 246 (29.2%) | 842 (31.6%) | 0.185 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 597 (70.8%) | 1822 (68.4%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Never been married | 535 (63.5%) | 1532 (57.5%) | 0.002** |
| Been married | 308 (36.5%) | 1132 (42.5%) | |
| Organ that can be transplanted in KSA† | |||
| Kidney | 645 (76.5%) | 2036 (76.4%) | 0.959 |
| Heart | 431 (51.1%) | 1334 (50.1%) | 0.594 |
| Eyes | 209 (24.8%) | 514 (19.3%) | 0.001** |
| Liver | 628 (74.5%) | 1834 (68.8%) | 0.002** |
| Skin | 222 (26.3%) | 584 (21.9%) | 0.008** |
| Bone marrow | 414 (49.1%) | 1131 (42.5%) | 0.001** |
| Lungs | 276 (32.7%) | 759 (28.5%) | 0.018* |
| Beliefs that organ donation should be promoted | |||
| Yes | 555 (65.8%) | 1497 (56.2%) | <0.001*** |
| No | 288 (34.2%) | 1167 (43.8%) | |
| Willingness to donate body organ | |||
| Yes | 647 (76.7%) | 1670 (62.7%) | <0.001*** |
| No | 196 (23.3%) | 994 (37.3%) | |
Notes: †Variables with multiple response answers. §P-value has been calculated using the Chi-square test. Bold text indicates significance. *Significant at p<0.05 level. **Significant at p<0.01 level. ***Significant at p<0.001 level.
When measuring the difference in terms of the willingness to donate organs (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) according to the socio-demographic characteristics (Table 5), it was found that the percentage of participants who were willing to donate body organs was higher among the younger age group (p<0.001), gender female (p<0.001), residents in the Central Region (p<0.001), student participants (p<0.001), single participants (p<0.001), beliefs that organ donation should be promoted (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), and knowledge about all the organs that can be transplanted (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) in Saudi Arabia (p<0.001).
Table 5.
Willingness to Donate Organs According to the Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n=3507)
| Factor | Willingness to Donate Body Organ | P-value§ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N (%) (n=2317) | No N (%) (n=1190) | ||
| Age group | |||
| ≤30 years | 1634 (70.5%) | 755 (63.4%) | <0.001*** |
| >30 years | 683 (29.5%) | 435 (36.6%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 897 (38.7%) | 575 (48.3%) | <0.001*** |
| Female | 1420 (61.3%) | 615 (51.7%) | |
| Region of residence | |||
| Central Region | 494 (21.3%) | 227 (19.1%) | <0.001*** |
| Northern Region | 383 (16.5%) | 183 (15.4%) | |
| Southern Region | 353 (15.2%) | 179 (15.0%) | |
| Western Region | 503 (21.7%) | 215 (18.1%) | |
| Eastern Region | 584 (25.2%) | 386 (32.4%) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Student | 1168 (50.4%) | 496 (41.7%) | <0.001*** |
| Employed | 744 (32.1%) | 427 (35.9%) | |
| Unemployed | 405 (17.5%) | 267 (22.4%) | |
| Educational level | |||
| High school or below | 715 (30.9%) | 373 (31.3%) | 0.768 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1602 (69.1%) | 817 (68.7%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Never been married | 1438 (62.1%) | 629 (52.9%) | <0.001*** |
| Been married | 879 (37.9%) | 561 (47.1%) | |
| Organ that can be transplanted in Saudi Arabia† | |||
| Kidney | 1884 (81.3%) | 797 (67.0%) | <0.001*** |
| Heart | 1277 (55.1%) | 488 (41.0%) | <0.001*** |
| Eyes | 555 (24.0%) | 168 (14.1%) | <0.001*** |
| Liver | 1755 (75.7%) | 707 (59.4%) | <0.001*** |
| Skin | 619 (26.7%) | 187 (15.7%) | <0.001*** |
| Bone marrow | 1147 (49.5%) | 398 (33.4%) | <0.001*** |
| Lungs | 773 (33.4%) | 262 (22.0%) | <0.001*** |
| Beliefs that organ donation should be promoted | |||
| Yes | 1600 (69.1%) | 452 (38.0%) | <0.001*** |
| No | 717 (30.9%) | 738 (62.0%) | |
Notes: †Variables with multiple response answers. §P-value has been calculated using the Chi-square test. Bold text indicates significance. ***Significant at p<0.001 level.
In Table 6, the percentage of participants who believed that OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) should be promoted was significantly higher among Central Region residents (p=0.034), student participants (p=0.005), and those who were aware of all the organs that could be transplanted in Saudi Arabia (p<0.001).
Table 6.
Beliefs That Organ Donation Should Be Promoted According to the Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n=3507)
| Factor | Beliefs that Organ Donation Should be Promoted | P-value§ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N (%) (n=2052) | No N (%) (n=1455) | ||
| Age group | |||
| ≤30 years | 1391 (67.8%) | 998 (68.6%) | 0.615 |
| >30 years | 661 (32.2%) | 457 (31.4%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 871 (42.4%) | 601 (41.3%) | 0.500 |
| Female | 1181 (57.6%) | 854 (58.7%) | |
| Region of residence | |||
| Central Region | 439 (21.4%) | 282 (19.4%) | 0.034* |
| Northern Region | 342 (16.7%) | 224 (15.4%) | |
| Southern Region | 286 (13.9%) | 246 (16.9%) | |
| Western Region | 436 (21.2%) | 282 (19.4%) | |
| Eastern Region | 549 (26.8%) | 421 (28.9%) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Student | 1006 (49.0%) | 658 (45.2%) | 0.005** |
| Employed | 689 (33.6%) | 482 (33.1%) | |
| Unemployed | 357 (17.4%) | 315 (21.6%) | |
| Educational level | |||
| High school or below | 659 (32.1%) | 429 (29.5%) | 0.097 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1393 (67.9%) | 1026 (70.5%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Never been married | 1232 (60.0%) | 835 (57.4%) | 0.116 |
| Been married | 820 (40.0%) | 620 (42.6%) | |
| Organ that can be transplanted in Saudi Arabia† | |||
| Kidney | 1654 (80.6%) | 1027 (70.6%) | <0.001*** |
| Heart | 1116 (54.4%) | 649 (44.6%) | <0.001*** |
| Eyes | 522 (25.4%) | 201 (13.8%) | <0.001*** |
| Liver | 1544 (75.2%) | 918 (63.1%) | <0.001*** |
| Skin | 570 (27.8%) | 236 (16.2%) | <0.001*** |
| Bone marrow | 1019 (49.7%) | 526 (36.2%) | <0.001*** |
| Lungs | 708 (34.5%) | 327 (22.5%) | <0.001*** |
Notes: †Variables with multiple response answers. §P-value has been calculated using Chi-square test. Bold text indicates significance. *Significant at p<0.05 level. **Significant at p<0.01 level. ***Significant at p<0.001 level.
Predictors of Positive Attitude Towards Organs Donation
Binary logistic regression analysis identified that younger age (31–50 years), male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) (Table 7).
Table 7.
Predictors of Positive Attitude Towards Organs Donation
| Study Variables | Odds Ratio of Having Positive Attitudes Towards Ograns Donation (95% Confidence Interval) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age group | ||
| 18–30 years (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| 31–50 years | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | <0.001*** |
| 51–70 years | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | 0.056 |
| 71 years and above | 0.51 (0.13–2.05) | 0.345 |
| Gender | ||
| Female (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| Male | 0.68 (0.59–0.78) | <0.001*** |
| Nationality | ||
| Non-Saudi (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| Saudi | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) | 0.682 |
| Employment status | ||
| Student (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| Governmental employed | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.049* |
| Non-governmental employed | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.445 |
| Unemployed | 0.72 (0.60–0.87) | <0.001*** |
| Retired | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.437 |
| Educational level | ||
| Primary school (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| Secondary school | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) | 0.211 |
| High school | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 0.849 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 0.820 |
| Postgraduate | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.917 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single (Reference category) | 1.00 | |
| Married | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | <0.001*** |
| Divorced | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) | 0.318 |
| Widowed | 0.41 (0.16–1.04) | 0.060 |
Notes: Bold text indicates significance. *Significant at p<0.05 level. ***Significant at p<0.001 level.
Discussion
The objective of this study was to assess the level of awareness, attitude, and beliefs among the general population in Saudi Arabia with regards to OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). In general, there was an positive attitude toward OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). Approximately 66.1% of our population was willing to donate an organ (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). Of them, 58.5% were open to donating to anyone who was in need. Conversely, a significant proportion of 39.1% indicated a preference for donating exclusively to family members. However, only 1.9% reported having an experience with the donation process on the family or others (living organ donation). These findings are consistent across the literature, wherein most of the population indicated their preparedness to donate when someone needed an organ.3,5,17–22 Other studies reported that the respondents agreed to donate once they were dead (deceased donor organ donation).4,23
A previous study conducted by Altraif et al revealed that healthcare providers exhibited a more favorable attitude towards and possessed a higher level of awareness regarding OD.12 In addition, Altraif et al study revealed that while a 97.6% of the participants possessed knowledge regarding the concept of OD. In another study conducted by Almutairi to assess the knowledge, attitude, and desire of medical and health sciences students towards OD. The findings revealed that students across different specializations exhibited consistently inadequate levels of knowledge.13
In this study, we found that positive attitudes towards OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) were significantly dependent on age, female gender, being single, and being unemployed. A previous study on university students by Almutairi found that female students achieved higher scores compared to their male counterparts across all three areas of knowledge, attitude, and willingness towards OD.13 In Northern Nigeria, a study found that gender, marital status, educational attainment, ethnicity, and religion were significant predictors of willingness to donate.4 In contrast, a prior investigation carried out in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, yielded results indicating the absence of statistically significant variations in people’s willingness to contribute to OD based on factors such as age, gender, religion, or income.17 More investigations are required in order to establish the true effect of willingness to donate organs among the socio-demographic variables involved. Older individuals may have had more life experience and exposure to situations in which OD could have had a significant impact.24,25 Female gender is commonly associated with caring and compassion.24,25 Due to their nurturing nature and greater willingness to assist others, they may be more inclined to support OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). Being single may afford greater autonomy in decision-making, allowing for a more individualistic and positive outlook on OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation).26 Unemployed individuals may have more time for activities such as volunteering or contributing to social causes, such as OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation).27 Other important variables that might have an influence on participants attitude towards OD include religious and cultural beliefs, education level, and personal experiences. At the same time, its worth mentioning that in many cases exploited donors are young, unemployed, uneducated people.28–30 This could be due to their vulnerability, lack of education, and financial desperation.28
In our study, respondents were aware that the most common organ that can be transplanted (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) in Saudi Arabia was the kidney (76.4%), followed by the liver (70.2%) and the heart (50.3%), while the eyes were the least mentioned (20.6%). This was confirming the findings from previous studies from Saudi Arabia and the Middle East that kidneys are the most needed organs, followed by the corneas, liver, and heart.31,32 Although we have seen positive attitudes among our study participants, the participants awareness of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) seems to be suboptimal. Only 24% were aware of the legislative body for OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), and only 10.8% had organ donor cards. These results are comparable to those of the Alsharidah et al study, which reported that only 30% of the Riyadh population in Saudi Arabia knew about the Saudi Center for Organ Donation.3 However, in Al Kharj city in Saudi Arabia, another study found that approximately 35.6% of the participants were not aware that OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) is legal in Saudi Arabia, and nearly all (97%) do not have accurate information about where to go if they want to express their willingness to be organ donors after death/sign a donor card.18 Therefore, awareness campaigns are needed to educate the community about the importance of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) to help people with dire organ needs.33 Increased donation rates, public education, accurate information about the donation process, and addressed concerns are all possible outcomes of awareness campaigns to promote OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), which play a crucial role in addressing the various challenges and misconceptions surrounding organ donation and transplantation.33
Our survey revealed that individuals belonging to the younger age group, inhabitants residing in the Central Region, students, and those who are single had a higher level of awareness. This could be due to the fact that the central region of Saudi Arabia encompasses several prominent cities within the Kingdom, including the capital city of Riyadh. Individuals residing in the central region frequently enjoy enhanced accessibility to healthcare facilities, educational establishments, and sources of information.34,35 Furthermore, it is worth noting that the central region exhibits a greater degree of population diversity, as well as a more comprehensive and resilient healthcare infrastructure.34,35
Nevertheless, our analysis revealed no statistically significant disparities in the level of awareness regarding the legislative body for OD when considering factors like as gender or educational attainment. This observation contrasts with the results of a prior investigation conducted by Iliyasu et al, wherein notable disparities in the recognition of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) were identified based on educational attainment and ethnic background.5 In a study conducted by Khalid et al, it was determined that factors such as age, gender, occupation, and marital status did not have significant relevance to knowledge. However, religion emerged as a noteworthy component.20 Other factors that could influence awareness and knowledge of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) can be identified through further research among different study populations. In order to create successful awareness campaigns and strategies, it is essential to first identify the components that drive awareness. Having this knowledge allows for better message personalization and the launch of successful campaigns.33
Regarding the beliefs about OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), our study found that there are overall positive beliefs about OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) among our study population. Nearly 60% of our study participants agreed that OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) should be promoted, while 85.5% were in favor of effective laws that may foresee the process of OD. Furthermore, more than two-thirds (67.2%) believed that giving awards, monetary benefits, and free health treatment to the family donor could be helpful in effectively promoting OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). Likewise, nearly 90% of our respondents were sure that OD’s (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) purpose is to save someone’s life. However, in the case of unclaimed dead bodies, our participants were seen to have mixed reactions and seemed undecided about their preferred person to decide about OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) (35.4%). In a previous study in India, 58.0% of the participants were in favor of promoting OD. This was different from the findings of another study that was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in which 77.7% expressed a willingness to donate, and only 29.1% were willing to donate only to their relatives.19,21 Conversely, we found that the increased belief in OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) promotion was significantly associated with residents living in the Central Region, students, and the awareness that all body organs can be transplanted in Saudi Arabia.
A previous study conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, reported that religion was not a barrier to OD, but belief that their bodies should be kept intact and ignorance of OD were assumed to be the major barriers to organ donation among the population.3 Notwithstanding these findings, in the UAE, a study indicated that 65.5% were open to allowing their loved ones to donate their organs in case they become brain dead, and 38% of them were of the opinion that if they donated their organs or tissues at the time of death, this could give a great benefit to someone in need.23 However, in our study, the most common barrier to OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) was the belief of body integrity violation (57.7%), followed by the risk of organ trafficking (53%), religious reasons (47.8%), and risk of medical error (43.8%). While the most common consideration for donating an organ to the recipient was the recipient’s health status (68%), other considerations with less importance were the recipient’s relationship (13.1%), religion (11.5%), and age of the recipient (7.4%). In a study by Iliyasu et al, the willingness to donate organs fell into the following categories: religion, moral obligation, and compassion, among others.5
The improvement of OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation) encompasses a diverse range of efforts that entail the implementation of various approaches, legislation, and awareness campaigns. The factors encompass strong government policies and support, healthcare professional training, and comprehensive education and awareness campaigns. The promotion of deceased donor organ donation and live donation necessitates a comprehensive strategy that incorporates various facets, including education, awareness, and community engagement. To begin with, it is imperative to initiate extensive public education efforts across several media platforms in order to clear up misconceptions, enhance understanding regarding the severe scarcity of organs, and underscore the life-preserving consequences of organ donation. In order to enhance public education, it is advisable to involve healthcare experts and local organizations in the staging of instructive sessions and workshops. Moreover, it is imperative to establish a conducive atmosphere for prospective living donors through the provision of financial aid, emotional guidance, and legal safeguards. Engaging in partnerships with educational institutions, professional environments, and religious establishments to facilitate dialogues regarding donation and its ramifications can effectively mitigate the social stigma around this subject matter and cultivate a charitable attitude. In order to promote deceased and living organ donation and so save many lives, it is crucial to employ a multifaceted approach that encompasses the transmission of knowledge, active engagement of the community, and the establishment of robust support networks.
This study has limitations. The cross-sectional study design restricted our ability to examine causality between study variables. The use of an online survey study design might have affected the generalizability of our study findings (60% of the study participants were females), as the study population could have been restricted to social media users. Therefore, our findings should be interpreted carefully.
Conclusion
Although there was a positive attitude and belief about OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation), the study participants awareness about it was suboptimal. Younger age, male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards OD (deceased donor organ donation and living donation). It is necessary to address the gaps in knowledge about OD. Awareness programs are needed to narrow the gaps in knowledge.
Funding Statement
The research received no external funding.
Data Sharing Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Informed Consent
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riaydh, Saudi Arabia (Ref: 303/2022). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. The study was designed and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin and comply with in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing original draft, Writing – review & editing, All authors. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1.Rudge C, Matesanz R, Delmonico FL, Chapman J. International practices of organ donation. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108:i48–i55. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer399 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Vanholder R, Domínguez-Gil B, Busic M, et al. Organ donation and transplantation: a multi-stakeholder call to action. Nature reviews. Nephrology. 2021;17:554–568. doi: 10.1038/s41581-021-00425-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Alsharidah DS, Al-Dossari FS, AlMahmoud N, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude toward organ donation among the Saudi population in Riyadh city. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2018;29:1326–1332. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.248304 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Alam AA. Public opinion on organ donation in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2007;18:54–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Iliyasu Z, Abubakar IS, Lawan UM, Abubakar M, Adamu B. Predictors of public attitude toward living organ donation in kano, northern Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25:196–205. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.124577 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Alghanim SA. Knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation: a community-based study comparing rural and urban populations. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010;21:23–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Irving MJ, Tong A, Jan S, et al. Factors that influence the decision to be an organ donor: a systematic review of the qualitative literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:2526–2533. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr683 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Klein AS, Messersmith EE, Ratner LE, Kochik R, Baliga PK, Ojo AO. Organ donation and utilization in the United States, 1999–2008. Am J Transplant. 2010;10:973–986. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.03008.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Shaheen FA. Organ transplantation in Saudi Arabia. Transplantation. 2016;100:1387–1389. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000001295 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Organ transplant. Available from: https://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/en/home/hospitals/riyadh/organtransplant. October 08, 2023.
- 11.Saudi Center for Organ Transplantaion. The system for human organ donation and its executive regulations. Available from: https://www.scot.gov.sa/knowledge-center/center-documents. Accessed October 08, 2023.
- 12.Altraif I, Altuwaijri N, Aldhbiban L, et al. Knowledge and attitude toward organ donation among medical staff and outpatients at king Abdulaziz medical city, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2020;31:1344–1350. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.308343 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Almutairi S. Knowledge, attitude, and willingness towards organ donation among medical and health sciences students in central region, Saudi Arabia. Transpl Res Risk Manag. 2020;12:23–28. doi: 10.2147/TRRM.S264872 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Mithra P, Ravindra P, Unnikrishnan B, et al. Perceptions and attitudes towards organ donation among people seeking healthcare in tertiary care centers of coastal south India. Indian J Palliat Care. 2013;19:83–87. doi: 10.4103/0973-1075.116701 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.National Academies of Sciences, E, and Medicine; Health and Medicine; Division. Opportunities for organ donor intervention research: saving lives by improving the quality and quantity of organs for transplantation. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470922/. Accessed October 07, 2023. [PubMed]
- 16.Vincent BP, Kumar G, Parameswaran S, Kar SS, Patra M, Paul B. Knowledge, attitude, and perception on organ donation among undergraduate medical and nursing students at a tertiary care teaching hospital in the southern part of India: a cross-sectional study. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8:1–8. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_134_18 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Jabri G, Sandokji A, Alzughaibi N, Alsehli I. Awareness, beliefs and barriers of organ donation among Saudis in Madinah city, Saudi Arabia. J Health Educ Res Dev. 2016;4. doi: 10.4172/2380-5439.1000187 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Agrawal S, Binsaleem S, Al-Homrani M, Al-Juhayim A, Al-Harbi A. Knowledge and attitude towards organ donation among adult population in al-kharj, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28:81–89. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.198150 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Alnasyan AY, Aldihan KA, Albassam AA, Alhusain FA, Al Tamimi AR. How informed are the Saudi public about the value of organ donation: a community-based cross-sectional study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30:1236–1244. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.275467 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Khalid F, Khalid AB, Muneeb D, Shabir A, Fayyaz D, Khan M. Level of knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation: a community-based study from Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:1–5. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4345-6 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Sarveswaran G, Sakthivel MN, Krishnamoorthy Y, Arivarasan Y, Ramakrishnan J. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding organ donation among adult population of urban Puducherry, south India. J Educ Health Promot. 2018;7:1–7. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_18_17 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Soubhanneyaz A, Kaki A, Noorelahi M. Survey of public attitude, awareness and beliefs of organ donation in western region of Saudi Arabia. Am J Inter Med. 2015;3:264–271. doi: 10.11648/j.ajim.20150306.18 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Janahi FK, Al Rais A, Al Rukhaimi M, Khamis AH, Hickey D. Public awareness of knowledge, belief, and attitude regarding organ donation and organ transplantation: a national survey from the United Arab Emirates. Transplant Proc. 2018;50:2932–2938. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.08.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Ismail ASB, Lim KG, Mahadevan DT. Knowledge, attitude and factors influencing public willingness towards organ donation among hospital patients and relatives in Negeri sembilan, Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2020;75:260–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Stadlbauer V, Zink C, Likar P, Zink M. Family discussions and demographic factors influence adolescent’s knowledge and attitude towards organ donation after brain death: a questionnaire study. BMC Med Ethics. 2020;21:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12910-020-00499-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Fan X, Li M, Rolker H, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and willingness to organ donation among the general public: a cross-sectional survey in China. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13173-1 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Live Donor Toolkits. Living donation and employment. Available from: https://www.myast.org/sites/default/files/AST-16-Financial-Toolkit-Section-7-Living-Donation-and-Employment.pdf. Accessed October 08, 2023.
- 28.Adair A, Wigmore SJ. Paid organ donation: the case against. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011;93:191–192. doi: 10.1308/147870811X147565061a [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR. Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA. 2002;288:1589–1593. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.13.1589 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Shroff S. Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation. Indian J Urol. 2009;25:348–355. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.56203 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Alessa MY, Albedaiwi MS, Al Mousa AM, Alhassan GM, Alnefaie BT. Knowledge and attitude of organ donation in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia and the influence of social media campaigns: a cross-sectional study. Anna Med Surg. 2023;85:394–401. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000258 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Shaheen FA, Souqiyyeh MZ. How to improve organ donation in the mesot countries. Anna Transplant. 2004;9:19–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Symvoulakis EK, Markaki A, Anyfantakis D, Rachiotis G. Organ donation awareness: rethinking media campaigns. Internat J Health Polic Manag. 2018;7:1165–1166. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.85 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Expat arrivals. Diversity and inclusion in Saudi Arabia. Available from: https://www.expatarrivals.com/middle-east/saudi-arabia/diversity-and-inclusion-saudi-arabia. Accessed October 08, 2023.
- 35.Gurajala S. Healthcare system in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: an expat doctor’s perspective. Cureus. 2023;15:1–10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]