Abstract
一例54岁不吸烟的女性患者因背部疼痛就诊,影像学检查提示右下肺肿块。肺部穿刺活检提示腺癌,正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)/计算机断层扫描(CT)提示肿瘤全身骨转移,确诊为ⅣB期右下肺腺癌(cT4N2M1c)伴骨转移。免疫组织化学检测显示间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)基因重排,二代测序结果提示EML4-ALK融合(E6:A20),同时伴CCDC148-ALK(C1:A20)、PKDCC-ALK(Pintergenic:A20)和VIT-ALK(V15:A20)融合。患者在接受阿来替尼治疗后第32周出现咳嗽和活动后胸闷,复查CT提示双侧弥漫性磨玻璃影,考虑阿来替尼相关的间质性肺疾病。患者在停止阿来替尼治疗并予皮质类固醇治疗后,临床症状和CT均逐渐改善,但原发性肺部病变增大。采用克唑替尼后,患者在25个月随访期间原发性肺部病变和间质性肺疾病均未复发。
Keywords: 肺腺癌, 靶向治疗, 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂, 间质性肺疾病, 病例报告
Abstract
A 54-year-old, non-smoking woman was diagnosed as stage ⅣB adenocarcinoma with widespread bone metastasis (cT4N2M1c) in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Immunohistochemistry result showed the presence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement; next-generation sequencing (NGS) indicated EML4-ALK fusion (E6:A20) with concurrent CCDC148-ALK (C1:A20), PKDCC-ALK (Pintergenic:A20)and VIT-ALK (V15:A20) fusions. After 32 weeks of alectinib treatment, the patient complained cough and exertional chest distress but had no sign of infection. Computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral diffuse ground glass opacities, suggesting a diagnosis of alectinib-related interstitial lung disease (ILD). Following corticosteroid treatment and discontinuation of alectinib, clinical presentations and CT scan gradually improved, but the primary lung lesions enlarged during the regular follow-up. The administration of crizotinib was then initiated and the disease was stable for 25 months without recurrence of primary lung lesions and ILD.
Keywords: Adenocarcinoma, Targeted therapy, Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Interstitial lung disease, Case report
肺癌是当今世界最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率高且位居肿瘤相关性死亡的首位[1]。由于早期发现率低,大部分患者在诊断时已是晚期。对于晚期肺癌患者,传统的放化疗仅能短暂延长存活时间。自21世纪初以来,以TKI为代表的分子靶向药物的出现彻底改变了携带特定靶向基因突变的NSCLC患者的治疗前景[2]。在NSCLC患者中,EML4-ALK融合基因的阳性率约为5%,ALK-TKI靶向治疗对这类患者有效[3]。目前已经发现了许多其他ALK基因的融合伴侣,如TFG、KLC1、H1P1等,不同ALK融合类型对ALK-TKI治疗的临床反应也不同[4]。美国国立综合癌症网络指南推荐一代和二代ALK-TKI,但优先推荐阿来替尼作为ALK重排晚期NSCLC患者的一线治疗选择。ILD是与包括阿来替尼在内的所有类型ALK-TKI相关的罕见但危及生命的不良事件。荟萃分析结果显示,约1.62%的患者在阿来替尼治疗后出现不同程度的药物相关ILD[5]。通常情况下,再次使用引起ILD的药物或类似药物都存在ILD复发的风险[6]。然而,目前尚不清楚在阿来替尼诱发ILD后使用其他的ALK-TKI是否会导致ILD复发。现回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2017年1月诊治的1例ALK重排的肺腺癌患者临床资料,结合文献探讨阿来替尼治疗诱发ILD后续治疗方案的选择。本研究方案通过浙江大学医学院附属第一医院伦理委员会审查(2022-978),且获得患者知情同意。
1. 病历摘要
图1A)。肺部穿刺活检病理学结果提示腺癌。18F-FDG PET/CT检查结果提示患者全身骨转移,诊断为ⅣB期右下肺腺癌(cT4N2M1c)伴淋巴结和骨转移。免疫组织化学法检查(Ventana公司D5F3抗体)结果提示ALK重排。随后,患者参加了一项名为ALESIA的临床研究。患者在开始治疗前接受了血浆二代测序基因检测(168个基因,广州燃石生物科技有限公司),结果显示存在EML4-ALK(E6:A20)、CCDC148-ALK(C1:A20)、PKDCC-ALK(Pintergenic:A20)和VIT-ALK(V15:A20)融合,分别占1.33%、3.72%、2.26%和1.92%。
图1. 患者治疗期间CT影像变化.
A:阿来替尼治疗前患者胸部CT影像见右下肺肿块;B:阿来替尼治疗8周,右下肺肿块较前缩小,疗效评估为部分缓解;C:阿来替尼治疗32周,双侧弥漫性磨玻璃样阴影;D:阿来替尼停药并接受类固醇治疗4周,弥漫性磨玻璃样阴影几乎完全消退;E:阿来替尼治疗40周(因间质性肺炎停药8周),右下肺病灶稳定,疗效评估仍为部分缓解;F:阿来替尼停药后、克唑替尼治疗前,右下肺病灶较前增大,疗效评估为疾病进展;G:克唑替尼治疗8周,右下肺病灶较前缩小,疗效评估为部分缓解;H:克唑替尼治疗期间患者的胸部CT影像稳定,疗效评估为部分缓解. CT:计算机断层扫描.
患者于2017年2月28日开始接受一线靶向药阿来替尼治疗,剂量为600 mg/次,2次/d。8周后,患者肺部靶向病灶明显缩小,非靶向病灶保持稳定,疗效评估为部分缓解(图1B),且未出现任何药物相关不良事件。16周后,血浆二代测序结果显示EML4-ALK融合和其他ALK融合消失。但在阿来替尼治疗32周后,患者出现咳嗽和活动后胸闷。2017年10月9日,胸部CT显示双侧弥漫性磨玻璃样病变(图1C)。实验室检查未发现明显感染或其他病因的证据,血浆二代测序基因检测未显示任何可靶向的突变或其他继发性ALK突变。由于患者在阿来替尼治疗期间未使用其他药物,考虑是阿来替尼引起的ILD。立即停用阿来替尼,并开始口服甲泼尼龙,起始剂量为32 mg/d。随后,患者的临床症状逐渐缓解,4周后胸部CT显示双侧磨玻璃样病变几乎完全消失(图1D)。逐渐减少甲泼尼龙剂量,并于2个月后停用,患者肿瘤进展不明显,ILD也未复发(图1E)。2018年3月6日,胸部CT复查显示ILD未复发,但肺部原发病灶较前增大(图1F)。考虑到无有效替代治疗方法(布加替尼、色瑞替尼和劳拉替尼都无法获取),又顾虑患者ILD复发,因此尝试ALK重排晚期NSCLC患者二线治疗药物克唑替尼。在密切观察下,该患者从2018年3月12日开始改用口服克唑替尼治疗,剂量为250 mg/次,2次/d。8周后,患者胸部CT显示肺部肿瘤缩小,且ILD未复发(图1G)。在随后的随访中,患者原发肺病变稳定,ILD未复发(图1H)。但该患者在克唑替尼治疗25个月后出现了新的肺部腺癌病灶,疾病进展。
2. 讨论
阿来替尼是一种高度选择性的ALK-TKI,是目前具有ALK重排的晚期NSCLC患者的标准一线治疗方法。阿来替尼很少引起药物相关ILD,但一旦发生后果可能非常严重。一项荟萃分析结果显示,阿来替尼相关ILD发生率为1.62%,其中高级别ILD发生率为0.08%[5]。同样,不同种类的ALK-TKI均有可能导致ILD,但发生率各不相同[5]。本例患者实验室检查未发现感染或其他病因的证据,且患者在阿来替尼治疗期间未使用其他药物。因此考虑ILD的发生与阿来替尼相关。此外,患者停用阿来替尼并使用皮质类固醇治疗后,临床表现和CT影像的改善也支持了阿来替尼相关ILD的诊断。
一般来说,一旦怀疑药物相关ILD,应立即停用可能引起该病的药物,并给予积极的皮质类固醇治疗和对症支持治疗[6]。在临床实践中,医生们通常不愿意使用与导致ILD相关药物的类似药物。对于接受ALK-TKI治疗后发生ILD的患者尚无标准的后续治疗方案。目前已有一些研究报道了发生ALK-TKI相关ILD后的NSCLC患者成功使用ALK-TKI进行再治疗的案例[7-11]。如有文献报道发生阿来替尼相关ILD后成功使用劳拉替尼或克唑替尼进行治疗的案例[12-14];还有一些案例报道了发生克唑替尼、色瑞替尼或布加替尼相关ILD后,重新使用相同ALK-TKI[15-22]或其他ALK-TKI[23-28]均无ILD的复发。然而,值得注意的是,有一例使用阿来替尼后出现ILD的NSCLC患者继续使用阿来替尼后ILD进展[29];另有4例发生克唑替尼相关ILD的患者在重新使用克唑替尼后出现了ILD复发[19-20]。
本例患者停用阿来替尼并开始使用皮质类固醇后,阿来替尼相关ILD是可逆的。考虑到无有效替代疗法,并且经血浆二代测序检测未发现可靶向的突变或其他继发性ALK突变,因此决定在密切监测下给予患者克唑替尼治疗,且不使用皮质类固醇药物。25个月随访期间,克唑替尼治疗未引起ILD复发。结合已有报道中有患者在克唑替尼诱导ILD后成功使用阿来替尼治疗且未引起ILD复发的案例,推测克唑替尼和阿来替尼之间不存在涉及肺毒性的交叉反应[23-25]。此外,Domnech等[26]报道了患者在发生克唑替尼诱导的ILD后使用布加替尼治疗时未出现肺毒性复发;Bender等[28]报道了患者在发生色瑞替尼相关ILD后使用克唑替尼或布加替尼治疗时未出现ILD复发。可见尽管所有ALK-TKI都有发生ILD的风险,ILD一般不会在另一种ALK-TKI治疗时复发,可能是由于不同ALK-TKI的抑制途径不同,需要进一步研究来解释其中机制。
本例除EML4-ALK外同时存在其他ALK融合基因(CCDC148-ALK、PKDCC-ALK和VIT-ALK)。截至目前,已经发现了许多非EML4的ALK融合伴侣[4]。有文献报道,VIT-ALK是对阿来替尼敏感的融合基因,PKDCC-ALK融合是对ALK-TKI WX-0593敏感的融合基因[30-31]。本例报道NSCLC患者中存在CCDC148-ALK融合,一般CCDC148与妇科肿瘤相关[32]。本文资料中,NSCLC患者在阿来替尼治疗期间CCDC148-ALK显著清除,推测CCDC148-ALK可能是对阿来替尼敏感的融合基因,但仍须进一步研究证明。
综上,本文资料提示,接受ALK-TKI治疗导致可逆性ILD的ALK重排NSCLC患者可以尝试在密切监测的前提下接受另一种ALK-TKI治疗。
Acknowledgments
研究得到浙江省呼吸系统疾病临床研究中心(2022E50005)支持
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease (2022E50005)
[缩略语]
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI);非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC);类棘皮细胞微管相关蛋白(echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like,EML);间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK);间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD);计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT);18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG);正电子发射计算机断层显像(positron emission tomography,PET);卷曲螺旋结构域蛋白(coiled coil domain containing,CCDC);含蛋白激酶结构域,细胞质(protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic,PKDCC);玻璃体蛋白(vitrin,VIT)
利益冲突声明
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
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