Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the GNRI category.
| Variables | Total (n = 1100) | Q1 (n = 281) | Q2 (n = 298) | Q3 (n = 236) | Q4 (n = 285) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.3 ± 11.2 | 57.5 ± 12.6 | 59.0 ± 10.6 | 57.2 ± 10.1 | 55.6 ± 11.1 | 0.005 |
| Male (%) | 527 (47.9) | 132 (47.0) | 134 (45.0) | 107 (45.3) | 154 (54.0) | 0.11 |
| Hypertension (%) | 529 (49.7) | 131 (47.3) | 151 (52.1) | 117 (51.8) | 130 (47.8) | 0.557 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 (118.0–140.0) | 130.0 (112.0–140.0) | 130.0 (120.0–130.0) | 130.0 (117.0–140.0) | 123.5 (116.3–138.5) | 0.208 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.0 (70.0–85.0) | 80.0 (70.0–90.0) | 80.0 (70.0–87.0) | 78.0 (70.0–85.0) | 74.0 (68.0–80.0) | 0.096 |
| DM duration (years) | 10.0 (5.0–15.0) | 11.0 (5.0–17.0) | 10.0 (5.0–15.0) | 9.0 (4.0–15.0) | 9.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.016 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 (6.5–78.9) | 8.3 (6.78–10.2) | 7.1 (6.5–8.5) | 7.0 (6.4–8.2) | 7.2 (6.5–8.0) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 134.0 (109.0–177.0) | 148.0 (108.5–209.0) | 131.0 (110.0–174.5) | 128.5 (108.0–166.3) | 131.0 (108.0–169.0) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 517 (47.0) | 137 (48.8) | 138 (46.3) | 106 (44.9) | 136 (47.7) | 0.831 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 7.3 (6.5–8.9) | 11.9 (10.6–13.4) | 13.2 (12.2–14.4) | 13.7 (12.7–14.7) | 13.8 (12.6–14.9) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.78–1.1) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.89 (0.78–1.1) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.91 (0.78–1.1) | 0.646 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.0 (66.0–95.3) | 77.5 (61.2–95.4) | 80.0 (65.9–96.0) | 80.4 (66.3–94.5) | 82.7 (68.7–96.0) | 0.114 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.9 (8.6–9.2) | 8.4 (8.0–8.7) | 8.9 (8.6–9.1) | 9.0 (8.8–9.4) | 9.2 (9.0–9.5) | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.6 (3.0–4.1) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.6 (3.3–4.0) | 3.7 (3.3–4.0) | 0.062 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162.0 (140.0–189.0) | 153.0 (129.0–183.0) | 163.0 (141.0–186.0) | 165.0 (142.0–195.0) | 166.0 (146.0–191.0) | 0.011 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 3.8 (3.5–4.0) | 4.3 (4.2–4.4) | 4.6 (4.5–4.6) | 4.8 (4.7–4.9) | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 15.2 (8.2–36.0) | 22.5 (9.3–114.4) | 16.3 (9.4–41.6) | 13.4 (7.0–25.2) | 13.8 (7.9–26.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.5–27.1) | 23.6 (20.8–26.2) | 25.1 (22.4–27.4) | 24.8 (22.8–27.4) | 25.2 (23.4–27.2) | <0.001 |
| GNRI | 107.2 (101.3–111.7) | 96.8 (92.3–99.8) | 105.7 (104.2–107.2) | 108.8 (108.7–110.2) | 113.2 (111.7–114.7) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or medians (interquartile range), and number (percent). Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GNRI, geriatric nutritional risk index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UACR, urine albumin–creatinine ratio.