Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Have a Major Impact on Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study of 300 Patients

Abstract

Introduction

Psoriasis (Pso) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) can reduce the quality of life (QoL) and are known to be associated with depression. Within this study, we aimed to assess the burden of disease, functional capacity, quality of life, and depressive symptoms and identify factors predicting functional impairment and depression in patients with psoriatic disease.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a cohort of 300 patients with psoriatic disease including 150 patients from a university hospital dermatology outpatient clinic and 150 patients from a university hospital rheumatology outpatient clinic. Questionnaire-based assessment of signs of arthritis (Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool; PEST), functional status (Functional Questionnaire Hannover; FFbH), quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version; WHOQOL-BREF), and depressive symptoms (Patient health questionnaire 9; PHQ-9) and retrospective medical chart analysis were performed.

Results

Despite treatment, burden of disease was high. Joint pain was reported in multiple regions in patients with Pso (n = 111) and patients with PsA (n = 189), but with differences in frequency and distribution patterns of symptoms. Functional impairment in everyday life was independently associated with diagnosis of PsA (odds ratio [OR] 9.56, p = 0.005), depressive symptoms (OR 5.44, p < 0.001) and age (OR 1.04, p = 0.033). At least mild depressive symptoms were demonstrated in 54% and 69% of patients with Pso and PsA, respectively. In a logistic regression model, depressive symptoms were independently associated with functional impairment (OR 4.50, p = 0.003), axial complaints (OR 2.80, p = 0.030), diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (OR 2.69, p = 0.046), and number of joint regions with complaints (OR 1.10, p = 0.032).

Conclusion

Functional impairment, QoL, and depressive symptoms are mutually interdependent. Early diagnosis of PsA and initiation of anti-inflammatory therapy are essential to avoid long-term damage, disability, and mental health complications. However, despite therapy many patients with PsA, and especially female patients, report a substantial residual disease burden due to their psoriatic disease which will need to be addressed by a more patient-centered approach.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-023-00602-9.

Key Summary Points

Why carry out this study?

Psoriatic disease can impair the quality of life. Furthermore, both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are known to be associated with depression.

We aimed to assess the burden of disease as well as factors predicting functional impairment and depression in patients with psoriasis and patients with psoriatic arthritis.

What was learned from the study?

Functional impairment, quality of life and depressive symptoms are mutually interdependent. While functional impairment in everyday life is independently associated with depressive symptoms, diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, and age, depressive symptoms are predicted by functional impairment, diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, axial complaints, and the number of joint regions with complaints.

Early diagnosis and initiation of anti-inflammatory therapy are crucial to avoid long-term damage, disability, and mental health complications. Awareness and addressing of the identified risk factors may help to overcome unmet needs and improve quality of life for these patients.

Depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients with psoriatic disease, which may contribute to impaired quality of life, increased disease activity, and reduced therapy adherence. Patients should thus be screened for depressive symptoms and access to mental health care should be facilitated.

Introduction

Psoriasis constitutes a chronic immune-mediated skin condition affecting 2–3% of the population in Western countries [1]. Approximately 30% of patients with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the course of the disease [2]. Up to 15% of patients with PsA remain undiagnosed as clinical manifestations may be heterogeneous [3], including peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, and axial disease manifestations. Predisposing factors for the development of PsA include psoriasis severity, scalp or flexural skin involvement, nail involvement, and certain HLA alleles [4, 5]. Untreated, PsA may lead to irreversible joint destruction associated with a high rate of disability [6]. Thus, timely diagnosis and initiation of disease-modifying therapy are essential.

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis may both have a major impact on quality of life (QoL). In particular, pain and functional impairment negatively influence health-related QoL [7]. Other studies described musculoskeletal manifestations, such as enthesitis, tender joints, and back pain, to have deleterious effects on QoL [8, 9]. Furthermore, psoriasis and PsA may lead to loss of productivity, work absenteeism, increased healthcare costs, and may impose a financial burden on patients and their family carers [10, 11]. In general, the impact of PsA on patients’ lives seems to be broad, covering all aspects of life including physical and functional aspects, social participation, emotional well-being, fatigue, and sleep [12].

Psoriasis and PsA may both significantly impact mental health and an association with depression is well established [13, 14]. Different aspects play a role: Skin psoriasis has been linked with a negative body image and reduced self-esteem as well as feelings of stigmatization in addition to physical discomfort and pain [15–17]. Discomfort, pain, and disability play an even bigger role regarding mental health in PsA [14]. Depression and anxiety thus constitute important comorbidities, with a prevalence of approximately 33% and 20%, respectively, in patients with PsA [18]. While patients with more severe disease may have an elevated risk of developing mental health comorbidities, depression was also shown to increase the perception of pain [18, 19].

Within this study, we assessed the burden of disease, functional status, QoL, and depressive symptoms in a cohort of 300 patients with psoriatic disease and identified factors associated with functional impairment and depression.

Methods

Patient Cohort and Data Collection

For this project, 300 patients with psoriatic disease from the dermatology outpatient clinic and the rheumatology outpatient clinic of the University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany were recruited and assessed by survey. Patients with PsA had to fulfil the Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria. A detailed description of the patient cohort can be found in the “Results” section.

The study was conducted under the ethics protocol 190/17 (ethics committee of the University of Freiburg, Germany). Patients gave their written consent according to International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) guidelines. This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.

Patients were assessed with the following questionnaires: To measure functional capacity in everyday life/disability the Functional Questionnaire Hannover (Funktionsfragebogen Hannover; FFbH) was used. FFbH is a validated tool developed in Germany to assess functional capacity in patients with rheumatic diseases or other joint problems [20] and comprises 18 items, which assess whether the patient’s ability to complete 18 different tasks of everyday life either independently without difficulties (2 points), with effort (1 point), or unable/need help (0 points). To calculate a patient’s total score, points are multiplied by 100 and divided by 2 × the number of valid answers. Relevant functional impairment is defined as a functional capacity less than 60% on this scale.

The Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) questionnaire was developed as a tool to screen patients with psoriasis for PsA and comprises five questions as well as a manikin for patient markup to indicate regions with joint problems [21]. The PEST questionnaire was shown to have an overall sensitivity up to 92% and a specificity of 78% for PsA [21].

Quality of life was assessed by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, i.e., the short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, for the domains subjective quality of life, physical and mental health-related QoL, social relationships, and environmental QoL, divided into 26 items [22]. The questionnaire assesses well-being within the previous 2 weeks, rated on a five-point Likert scale from very poor/very unsatisfactory to very good/very satisfactory. Domain scores are calculated from the average score of items within the domain. Domain scores are subsequently transformed onto a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating a better quality of life.

Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), which constitutes a nine-item screening instrument for the diagnosis of depression [23].

Survey data were supplemented with demographic and clinical data from retrospective medical chart analysis, including age, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), disease duration, and therapy.

Statistics

In order to summarize demographic and disease characteristics, descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, and percentages were calculated. To compare categorical variables between groups, chi-square test was employed, whereas for the comparison of continuous variables Student’s or Welch’s t tests were used; analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for multiple groups.

To determine factors independently associated with depression, multivariate logistic regression was performed. Multivariate models were calculated employing stepwise backwards elimination. All statistical analyses were performed using jamovi version 2.3.21.0 (The jamovi project (2023). jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer Software], retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org) [24] or GraphPad Prism (version 9.5 for Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California USA, www.graphpad.com).

Results

Patient Cohort

A total of 300 patients with psoriatic disease were analyzed, including 150 patients from the dermatology department and 150 patients from the rheumatology outpatient clinic. In total, 111 patients had skin psoriasis (Pso) and 189 psoriatic arthritis (PsA); 54% of patients were male and 46% were female. Mean age at assessment was 54.3 years and mean disease duration was 15.4 years. Mean age was higher (56.2 vs. 51.0 years, p = 0.005) in patients with PsA than in patients with Pso, but mean disease duration was shorter (14.0 vs. 17.4 years, p = 0.035). Furthermore, patients with PsA had a higher mean serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration compared to patients with Pso (p = 0.016). Epidemiological data are summarized in Table 1. Smoking was more prevalent in the skin psoriasis cohort (57.3% vs. 22.0%, p < 0.001). Mean BMI of both groups was within the overweight spectrum (28.2 vs. 27.6 kg/m²).

Table 1.

Clinical description of patient cohort

	Total (n = 300)	Pso (n = 111)	PsA (n = 189)	p value
Age, years, mean (SD)	54.3 (14.5)	51.0 (16.0)	56.2 (13.3)	0.005
Male, n (%)/female, n (%)	162 (54.0%)/138 (46.0%)	55 (49.5%)/56 (50.5%)	107 (56.6%)/82 (43.4%)	0.236
BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) (n = 274)	27.8 (5.65)	28.2 (6.29)	27.6 (5.29)	0.413
Smokers, n (%) (n = 243)	80 (32.9%)	43 (57.3%)	37 (22.0%)	< 0.001
Disease duration, years, mean (SD) (n = 266)	15.4 (12.5)	17.4 (14.1)	14.0 (11.2)	0.035
DAS28, mean (SD)	NA	NA	2.51 (1.01)	NA
CRP, mean (SD)	6.18 (7.17)	5.01 (3.68)	6.82 (8.43)	0.016
Highest educational degree
Postgraduate, n (%)	5 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	5 (2.7)	0.170
University degree, n (%)	18 (6.0)	8 (7.3)	10 (5.3)
Polytechnic degree, n (%)	19 (6.4)	7 (6.4)	12 (6.4)
High school diploma (Abitur), n (%)	15 (5.0)	4 (3.6)	11 (5.9)
Polytechnic entrance qualification, n (%)	20 (6.7)	5 (4.5)	15 (8.0)
Intermediate school certificate, n (%)	93 (31.2)	34 (30.9)	59 (31.4)
Lower secondary education, n (%)	120 (40.3)	46 (41.8)	74 (39.4)
No degree, n (%)	8 (2.7)	6 (5.5)	2 (1.1)
Therapy
Topical, n (%)	38 (12.7)	35 (31.5)	3 (1.6)	< 0.001
Systemic, n (%)	232 (77.3)	76 (68.5)	156 (82.5)	0.005
csDMARD, n (%)	87 (29.0)	8 (7.2)	79 (41.8)	< 0.001
bDMARD, n (%)	154 (53.3)	46 (41.4)	108 (60.7)	0.001
tsDMARD, n (%)	23 (7.7)	10 (9.0)	13 (6.9)	0.503
Combination b/tsDMARD + csDMARD, n (%)	48 (16.0)	1 (0.9)	47 (24.9)	< 0.001
NSAID monotherapy, n (%)	3 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (1.6)	0.182

For parameters for which data from individual patients were missing, the number (n) for the individual item is given in the first column

bDMARD biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, csDMARD conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, n number, NA not available, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PsA psoriatic arthritis, Pso psoriasis, SD standard deviation, tsDMARD targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

Regarding the educational level, 14.1% of patients had a university or polytechnic degree; 11.7% reported a high school diploma or polytechnic entrance qualification, whereas 71.5% reported lower secondary education or an intermediate school certificate as their highest educational degree; 2.7% of patients did not have a degree. There were no significant differences between patients with Pso and PsA regarding educational level.

At the time of assessment, 77.3% of patients had a systemic immunomodulatory therapy; 53.3% of patients were treated with a biological (b) disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD), 7.7% with a targeted synthetic (ts) DMARD. A combination of b/tsDMARD with a conventional DMARD was used in 16% of patients. The most commonly used biologics in this cohort were interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (29.1%), followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitors (18.3%) and IL-(12/)23 inhibitors (7.3%). Patients with PsA significantly more often had a biological therapy, a conventional synthetic (cs) DMARD therapy, and a combination therapy of b/tsDMARD + csDMARD (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). In the group of patients with Pso, 31.5% were treated with a topical therapy. Detailed numbers on therapies for both subgroups can be found in Table 1.

The queried patients with Pso reached on average 1.68 points in the PEST questionnaire compared to 3.72 points in the confirmed PsA cohort; 27.9% of patients with Pso scored ≥ 3 points, suspicious of psoriatic arthritis.

The great majority of patients in this cohort had multidomain disease: Only 21.6% of the included patients with Pso had only one single affected disease domain, whereas all included patients with PsA had at least two affected domains out of six possible disease domains (skin psoriasis, nail involvement, peripheral arthritis, axial disease, enthesitis, dactylitis). Patients with Pso had on average 2.88 affected domains (PEST ≥ 3, 4.84 domains; PEST < 3, 2.13 domains) compared to a mean of 4.61 affected domains in patients with PsA.

Functional Impairment and Burden of Disease

Of patients with Pso (PEST ≥ 3, 6.5%; PEST < 3, 0.0%), 1.8% had a clinically significant functional impairment in everyday life (FFbH < 60%) compared to 19.0% in the PsA cohort (p < 0.001). Of the queried patients with Pso, 73.9% reported peripheral and 25.2% reported axial joint pain with on average 3.39 of 21 joint regions affected. In the confirmed PsA cohort 96% of patients reported joint pain in on average of 8.39 joint regions (min 0, max 21), 94% had peripheral joint pain, and 60% complained of axial pain. The most commonly affected joint regions were the hands/fingers, followed by the knees, feet and toes, and lower back pain (Fig. 1). Patients with PsA scored significantly worse regarding their mobility and their ability to work than patients with Pso (p < 0.001, p = 0.013).

Fig. 1.

Joint distribution and affected disease domains. a Self-reported regions with joint pain or joint problems in psoriasis (n = 111) and psoriatic arthritis (n = 189). The most commonly affected regions were hands/fingers, knees, feet/toes, and lower back in patients with PsA; hands/fingers, feet/toes, lower back, and ankles in patients with Pso with a PEST score ≥ 3 (n = 31); knees, hands/fingers, and shoulders in patients with Pso with a PEST score < 3 (n = 80). b Number of affected disease domains (self-reported) out of six possible domains (skin psoriasis, nail involvement, peripheral arthritis, axial disease, enthesitis, dactylitis). PEST Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool, PsA psoriatic arthritis, Pso psoriasis

In order to identify factors associated with relevant functional impairment, we performed logistic regression analysis. After adjustment for sex, disease duration, BMI, and smoking status, a diagnosis of PsA (odds ratio [OR] 9.56, p = 0.005), depressive symptoms (OR 5.44, p < 0.001), and age (OR 1.04, p = 0.033) were independently associated with relevant functional impairment in everyday life (Table 2).

Table 2.

Binomial logistic regression analysis of factors associated with relevant functional impairment (FFbH < 60%)

Predictors	OR	95% CI	B	p
Diagnosis of PsA	9.56	1.96–46.73	2.26	0.005
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 10)	5.44	2.22–13.33	1.69	< 0.001
Age	1.04	1.004–1.08	0.04	0.033

Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for sex, disease duration, smoking status, BMI

BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, FFbH Functional Questionnaire Hannover, OR odds ratio, PHQ-9 Patient health questionnaire 9, PsA psoriatic arthritis

Quality of Life

Subjective overall quality of life did not differ significantly between patients with Pso and PsA. However, patients with PsA reached significantly lower scores in the physical health-related quality of life domain than patients with Pso (p < 0.001). In particular, patients with PsA reported more pain and malaise (p < 0.001) as well as more dependency on medication and support (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding overall mental health-related quality of life; however, patients with PsA scored worse than patients with Pso regarding energy and fatigue (p = 0.009) and more commonly reported sleeping problems and tiredness (both p = 0.001).

Patients with Pso who had a PEST score ≥ 3 rated their overall subjective quality of life significantly worse than patients with PEST score < 3 points (p = 0.003) and demonstrated a significantly reduced QoL in the health- and mental health-related domains as well as regarding their living environment (domains 1, 2, and 4; p < 0.001, p = 0.008, and p = 0.011, respectively) (see also Table 3 for comparison of PsA and Pso patients with PEST score  ≥ 3 and PEST score < 3). In particular, Pso patients with a PEST score ≥ 3  reported more pain, fatigue, and sleeping problems (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.010, respectively).

Table 3.

Quality of life assessed by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire

Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF)	Pso (PEST ≥ 3) (n = 31)	Pso (PEST < 3) (n = 80)	PsA (n = 189)	p value
Dimension 1: Physical health	59.54	74.71	57.94	< 0.0001
Dimension 2: Mental health	57.53	67.87	64.33	0.0028
Dimension 3: Social relationships	68.14	71.47	67.45	0.3189
Dimension 4: Environment	68.29	77.24	73.80	0.0027
Subjective quality of life	3.129	3.688	3.404	0.0038
Satisfaction with health	2.621	3.150	2.884	0.0280

Comparison of groups by ANOVA

n number, PEST Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool, PsA psoriatic arthritis, Pso psoriasis, WHOQOL-BREF World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version

In general, patients less than 45 years of age reported a better subjective quality of life and a better health-related quality of life compared to patients aged over 45 years (p = 0.005, p < 0.001). Furthermore, subjective quality of life correlated significantly with educational level (p = 0.003).

In the PsA subgroup, female patients had a worse functional status than male patients as well as more joint regions with complaints (p = 0.019, p = 0.013). In contrast, in the Pso subgroup, there were no sex-related differences regarding the health-related quality of life or functional capacity.

Depressive Symptoms

Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was high; 54% and 69% of the queried patients with Pso and PsA, respectively, showed at least mild depressive symptoms, and 19.8% of the patients with Pso and 30.1% of the patients with PsA had moderate to severe depressive symptoms (Fig. 2a). In contrast, only 17% of the patients had a history of depression from medical records or were taking antidepressants. A total of 10.6% of patients received antidepressant medication.

Fig. 2.

Depressive symptoms and quality of life. a Depressive symptoms determined by PHQ-9. Patients with PsA shown in dark blue, patients with Pso with PEST ≥ 3 in light blue, patients with Pso with PEST < 3 in white. b Pearson’s correlations between clinical data, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Numbers within the graph represent Pearson’s R values. Red color indicates positive correlation, blue negative correlation. BMI body mass index, QoL quality of life, FFbH Functional Questionnaire Hannover, PEST Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool, PHQ-9 Patient health questionnaire 9 (depressive symptoms), PsA psoriatic arthritis, Pso psoriasis, WHOQOL D1 World Health Organization Quality of Life Domain 1 (= physical health-related QoL), D2 = mental HRQoL, D3 = social QoL, D4 = environmental QoL

Patients with Pso with a PEST score ≥ 3 reached on average 8.68 points in the PHQ-9 depression questionnaire, equivalent to mild depressive symptoms, compared to 4.63 points in patients with Pso with a PEST score < 3 (within normal range) and 7.88 points in patients with PsA (ANOVA p < 0.0001). Significantly more depressive symptoms could be detected in patients with pain (p = 0.011) and functional impairment (p < 0.001). Depressive symptoms were highly negatively correlated with all domains of quality of life (p < 0.001; Fig. 2b). There were no significant differences between male and female patients regarding depressive symptoms.

In order to identify predictors of depression, a binomial logistic regression model was calculated using a stepwise backwards elimination approach and adjusting for demographic factors (age, sex, disease duration, BMI, smoking status). The model was statistically significant, χ² (9) = 41.42, p < 0.001, classifying 75.1% of cases correctly. Functional impairment (OR 4.50, p < 0.003), axial complaints (OR 2.80, p = 0.030), diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (OR 2.69, p = 0.046), and number of joint regions with complaints (OR 1.10, p = 0.032) were independently associated with moderate to severe depressive symptoms (Table 4). Separate models for PsA and Pso can be found in Supplemental Table 1.

Table 4.

Binomial logistic regression analysis of factors associated with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 10)

Predictors	OR	95% CI	B	p
Functional impairment (FFbH < 60%)	4.50	1.64–12.35	1.51	0.003
Axial complaints	2.80	1.11–7.08	1.03	0.030
Diagnosis PsA	2.69	1.02–7.11	0.99	0.046
No. of joint regions with complaints	1.10	1.01–1.20	0.09	0.032

Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, smoking status, BMI. Functional capacity measured by FFbH questionnaire

BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, FFbH Functional Questionnaire Hannover, OR odds ratio, PHQ-9 Patient health questionnaire 9, PsA psoriatic arthritis

Discussion

Within this study we investigated the burden of disease, functional status, quality of life, and depressive symptoms in a cohort of 300 patients with psoriatic disease and assessed predictors of functional impairment and depression.

Functional capacity in everyday life was significantly worse in PsA than in patients with Pso despite patients receiving DMARD therapy according to guidelines. While an obvious explanation may be the accrual of damage and disability over time, functional capacity was not associated with disease duration in this cohort. In a logistic regression analysis, we were able to show that a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, depressive symptoms, and age were independently associated with functional impairment in everyday life. Husted et al. had previously reported the number of actively inflamed joints to predict functional impairment in PsA [25]. Another study had identified age, joint damage, and baseline functional capacity as important predictors of physical function over time [26]. Functional impairment may lead to the inability to perform activities of daily living independently and need for assistance. It was shown that disability/functional impairment is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization [27]. Furthermore, functional impairment may lead to work disability with absenteeism, reduced effectiveness at work/loss of productivity, or unemployment and may thus pose a significant socioeconomic burden on patients and their families as well as on society in general [28]. To decrease the risk of disability, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment following a treat-to-target approach are essential [29]. This is further underlined by the fact that a reduced functional capacity in our study was highly significantly associated with a reduced quality of life and contributed significantly to depressive symptoms in our cohort.

We furthermore showed that patients with Pso with suspicion of psoriatic arthritis had a worse quality of life and more depressive symptoms than patients with Pso without a suspicion of PsA. Patients with suspicion of PsA had a significantly worse mental health-related quality of life compared to patients with confirmed PsA. However, subjective quality of life and health-related quality of life remained reduced in patients with confirmed PsA. Furthermore, diagnosis of PsA was independently associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms in this cohort. Our data thus are in line with other published studies, which showed no changes in health-related quality of life in patients with PsA as well as a higher risk of depression for patients with PsA than Pso [8, 14, 30]. Vice versa, studies have also demonstrated that patients with psoriasis and with depression have an increased risk of developing PsA [31]. While the underlying pathophysiologic factors are not well understood, the development of both PsA and depression seems to be associated with chronic or systemic inflammation [31, 32]. Ogdie et al. described an association of multidomain presentations of psoriatic disease with worse disease activity, worse quality of life, and more depression [33]. In our study, factors independently associated with depressive symptoms were a diagnosis of PsA, axial complaints, and above all a reduced functional capacity. McDonough et al. as well as Haugeberg et al. had previously identified fatigue to independently predict depression in psoriatic disease/PsA, while in McDonough’s analysis employment was a protective factor [14, 34]. It has recently been shown that depressive symptoms reduce the probability of achieving a minimal disease activity (MDA) status [35]. Additionally, depression may contribute to morbidity and disability and has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarctions and strokes in patients with psoriasis [36]. Depression was furthermore shown to increase the perception of pain [37]. Depression may thus have a far-reaching impact on patients’ lives with impaired quality of life, poor sleep, reduced social participation, social dysfunction, and work disability [38]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide [39]. Depression was furthermore shown to be associated with a high cost of illness [40]. The identification and treatment of depression are crucial as depression is furthermore associated with reduced treatment adherence and poor treatment response [41, 42].

We also observed a discrepancy between history of depressive symptoms on medical records and patients receiving antidepressants as well as the high prevalence of depressive symptoms at the timepoint of assessment. These data argue that depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients with psoriasis. Similar findings were recently published for patients with rheumatoid arthritis [43]. Taking into account the negative effects of depression on quality of life, disease activity, and therapy adherence, patients should be screened for depressive symptoms and access to mental health services should be improved to facilitate diagnosis and concomitant therapy of depression.

Interestingly, we observed an association of female sex with worse quality of life and functional status only for PsA, but not for the skin psoriasis subgroup. Published data show that skin psoriasis affects quality of life in women to a higher degree than in men, though registry studies show that men tend to have higher PASI scores, i.e., more severe psoriasis [44]. The fact that we did not detect any sex-related differences in QoL in the psoriasis subgroup may attributed to the use of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, which assesses general quality of life, instead of a dermatology-specific instrument, such as DLQI or Skindex-29. Sex-related differences in PsA and spondyloarthritides in general have recently gained renewed interest. The pattern of arthritis was shown to differ between sexes with women more frequently suffering from polyarticular joint involvement of PsA with, however, less frequent development of erosions or joint destruction [45]. Axial involvement and radiographic axial changes occur more frequently in male patients with PsA [46]. Despite men having a worse prognosis regarding disease progression, women more often report higher levels of pain, more disease burden and limitation in daily function, and more frequently develop work disability [47–49]. Women more frequently report pain and increased pain sensitivity is observed among women [50]. Thus, further studies regarding sex-related differences and adjustment of treatment strategies will be necessary to reduce impairment and improve outcomes and subjective quality of life.

Irrespective of sex, Coates et al. recently described a substantial impact and significant residual burden of PsA on social, emotional, and work-related aspects of life despite current DMARD therapy [11]. Also, Liu et al. reported a substantial disease burden on patients with PsA even after achieving low disease activity (LDA) states [51] with major contributors being pain, fatigue, and psychological aspects of disease. Thus, patients’ perspectives of their disease and physician assessment of disease activity may differ and current tools used in the assessment of disease activity may not adequately reflect patients’ perspectives. The residual burden of disease needs to be addressed and treatment targets redefined to improve quality of life and patient satisfaction with health. A more patient-centered holistic approach may be needed to address these issues.

Limitations of this study include the cross-sectional study design, which meant that patients were not followed over time to assess outcomes, and the questionnaire-based approach relying on patient-reported measures. Furthermore, data may not be fully generalizable because of the monocentric university hospital setting. An additional weakness of this study is the lack of data on comorbidities as these may influence disease burden and disease activity in patients with PsA [52, 53]. Furthermore, the question of direction of dependence of depressive symptoms and functional impairment was beyond the scope of this study. Further studies will be needed to answer this question.

Conclusion

This cross-sectional analysis assessed functional capacity, burden of disease, quality of life, and depressive symptoms in a cohort of 300 patients with psoriatic disease including 111 patients with Pso and 189 with PsA. We were able to show that depressive symptoms are predicted by functional impairment, axial complaints, diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, and number of joint regions with complaints. We furthermore showed that functional impairment, quality of life, and depressive symptoms are mutually interdependent, necessitating early diagnosis and initiation of anti-inflammatory therapy to avoid long-term damage, disability, and mental health complications. However, further studies will be necessary to determine the directionality and exact relationship between functional impairment and depression.

The data presented in this manuscript furthermore indicate that depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients with psoriatic disease, with possible negative effects on quality of life, disease activity, and therapy adherence. Patients with psoriatic disease should thus be screened for depressive symptoms and access to mental health services should be improved to facilitate early diagnosis and concomitant therapy of depression.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Author Contributions

Nils Venhoff, Reinhard E. Voll, Jens Thiel, Stephanie Finzel, Christoph Schempp, Franziska Schauer, Dominique Endres, Ludger Tebartz van Elst designed and supervised the study and gave their critical input. Sonja Hiestand, Franziska Schauer, Christoph Schempp, Nils Venhoff, Natalie Frede, Nils Craig-Mueller, Markus Zeisbrich, Stephanie Finzel, Jens Thiel consented and cared for the patients enrolled in this study and provided clinical information. Natalie Frede, Sonja Hiestand and Nils Venhoff performed the data analysis. Natalie Frede and Nils Venhoff wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

Parts of this study were financially supported by an unrestricted grant from Novartis Pharma GmbH, Germany. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. The Rapid Service Fee was funded by the authors.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declarations

Conflict of Interest

Nils Venhoff: Speaker honoraria: AbbVie, Novartis, UCB, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer; Advisory Boards: AbbVie, Novartis, UCB; Research grants: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Pfizer. Jens Thiel: Speaker honoraria: GSK, BMS, AstraZeneca, Abbvie, UCB, Lilly; Advisory Boards: Novartis, GSK, AstraZeneca, Lilly. Grant/research support from: BMS, Novartis. Reinhard E. Voll: Speaker fees: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Hexal, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche; Advisory boards: AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, BMS, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Hexal, Neutrolis, Novartis, Sanofi, Takeda; Unrestricted research grants: Amgen, BMS, Novartis, Pfizer. Natalie Frede received travel grants from AbbVie, Janssen, Sobi, Pfizer. Sonja Hiestand, Franziska Schauer, Dominique Endres, Ludger Tebartz van Elst, Markus Zeisbrich, Nils Craig-Mueller, Stephanie Finzel and Christoph Schempp have nothing to declare.

Ethical Approval

The study was conducted under the ethics protocol 190/17 (ethics committee of the University of Freiburg, Germany). Patients gave their written consent according to International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) guidelines. This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.