Abstract
Fifteen species of Psyllaephagus from China are studied. Three species, P.clavus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., P.obliquus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., and P.tangae Zou & Zhang, sp. nov., are described as new to science. A diagnosis or a description/redescription, figures of the characters, as well as the known distribution and hosts of each species are provided. A dichotomous key is also given to facilitate the identification of species.
Key words: Aphalaridae, Carsidaridae, Homotomidae, Psyllidae, Triozidae
Introduction
In the family Encyrtidae, Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900 is one of the largest genera with approximately 246 recognized species (Noyes 2019). Most species of Psyllaephagus are primary parasitoids of psylloids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), whilst some are secondary (Noyes and Hanson 1996; Trjapitzin 2012). Among Psyllaephagus, three species from Australia have been successfully used for biological control of psylloids. Psyllaephaguspilosus Noyes, 1988 from Australia was introduced and released in California and European countries to control Ctenarytainaeucalypti Maskell, 1890 (Dahlsten et al. 1998; Hodkinson 1999; Chauzat et al. 2002). Psyllaephagusbliteus Riek, 1962 was introduced and released in California to control Glycaspisbrimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Daane et al. 2005). Psyllaephagusyaseeni Noyes, 1990 was introduced into Hawaii and south-east Asia for control of Heteropsyllacubana Crawford, 1914 (Beardsley and Uchida 1990).
The greatest number of species occur in Australia where 100 species of Psyllaephagus have been described, although there may be as many as 1,000 species (Noyes and Hayat 1984). Species of Psyllaephagus in the Costa Rican region were studied by Noyes and Hanson (1996). Girault (1915) and Riek (1962) reported a number of species from Australia. Trjapitzin (1989) revised Psyllaephagus and provided a key to 57 species distributed in Palaearctic region. Twenty species of Psyllaephagus are recorded from India (Singh 1996; Hayat 2003), and 22 species from Africa (Prinsloo 1981). The Chinese fauna have been studied by Tan and Zhao (1999), Xu et al. (2000a, b), Tang et al. (2016), and Wu et al. (2021). Several species names used in a Master’s thesis by Li (2010) and a PhD thesis by Zhang (2001) are unavailable because these theses have not been formally published.
The present paper is intended as a comprehensive taxonomic study of all known species from China. However, we were not able to examine the specimens of Psyllaephagusbelanensis (Hoffer, 1963) mentioned by Ma (2004) and P.belanensis is therefore not included in this study.
Materials and methods
Many of the specimens included the present study were reared from psylloids collected from different regions of China. Twigs and/or leaves with psylloids were collected and brought back to the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, IZCAS) and college of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University (ICXU). Twigs and/or leaves with psylloids nymphs were kept in nylon bags (100 mesh) for at least one month to allow parasitoids to emerge. Parasitoids were collected and preserved in ethanol (99%). The remaining specimens were collected by using a sweeping net (see Noyes 1982). Part of the newly collected specimens were card-mounted, and others had been dissected and mounted on slides generally following the method described by Noyes (1982). Observation and measurement of specimens were made with a Nikon SMZ-168 stereomicroscope. Microphotographs were taken with a Canon EOS550D digital camera connected to a Leica DM-2500 microscope, and photographs of card mounted specimens were produced using a Nikon D7000 digital camera coupled to a Nikon SMZ-1500 stereomicroscope. All materials examined are deposited in IZCAS and ICXU.
Morphological terminology and abbreviations follow that of Noyes and Hanson (1996) and Gibson (1997) with some modifications. Absolute measurements were used for body length. Abbreviations used in the text are as follows: HW, maximum head width; HL, minimum head length; FV, the width of the frontovertex; OOL, the minimum distance between the eye margin and the nearest posterior ocellus; POL, the minimum distance between the posterior ocelli; SL, the length of the scape; SW, maximum width of the scape; F1 through F6, 1st to 6th funicular segments; MSL, mesoscutum length; MSW, mesoscutum width; MT, mid tibia length; MV, marginal vein length; PMV, postmarginal vein length; STV, stigmal vein length; FVL, the maximum length of fore wing; FVW, the maximum width of fore wing; OL, length of ovipositor; GL, length of third valvula.
Abbreviations of depositories: IZCAS, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CNEP, Collection of Natural Enemies of Pests, Hubei University, Hubei, China; ICXU, Collection of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China; TARI, Insect Museum, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taiwan, China; ZUIE, Institute of Applied Entomology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; TJAU, Insect Collection of Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China; ZISP, Zoological Institute, St Petersburg, Russia.
Results
Genus. Psyllaephagus
Ashmead, 1900
84870FE0-6D49-565B-AB5D-DC53029C41C4
Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900: 382. Type species: Encyrtuspachypsyllae Howard, 1885 by original designation. Type locality U.S.A.
Mirocerus Ashmead, 1904: 309. Type species: Miroceruspeyelae Ashmead, by original designation. Type locality Sri Lanka. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Trjapitzin (1978: 636).
Calocerineloides Girault, 1913: 11. Type species: Calocerineloidesramosa Girault, by original designation. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Noyes and Hayat (1984: 330).
Epanagyrus Girault, 1915: 160. Type species: Epanagyruspunctatiscutum Girault, by original designation. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Noyes and Hayat (1984: 330).
Neanagyrus Girault, 1915: 174. Type species: Neanagyruscapitatus Girault, by original designation. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Dahms and Gordh (1997: 305).
Anagyropsis Girault, 1917: 136. Type species: Anagyropsispurpureus Girault, by original designation. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Noyes and Hayat (1984: 330).
Metaprionomitus Mercet, 1921: 260. Type species: Metaprionomitusintermedius Mercet, by original designation. Type locality Spain. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Trjapitzin (1967: 192).
Shakespearia Girault, 1928: 3. Type species: Shakespeariaflabellata Girault, by monotypy. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Noyes and Hayat (1984: 330).
Psyllencyrtus Tachikawa, 1955: 63. Type species: Psyllencyrtussyntomozae Tachikawa, by original designation. Type locality Japan. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Tachikawa (1981: 88).
Calluniphilus Erdös, 1961: 413. Type species: Calluniphilusvendicus Erdös, by monotypy. Type locality Australia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Graham (1969: 248–249).
Ooencyrtoides Hoffer, 1963: 235. Type species: Ooencyrtoidesalbopilosus Hoffer, by original designation. Type locality Czech. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Graham (1969: 248–249).
Propsyllaephagus Blanchard in De Santis, 1964: 235. Type species: Propsyllaephagustrellesi Blanchard, by monotypy. Type locality Argentina. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Noyes (1979: 165).
Mercetia Bakkendorf, 1965: 139. Type species: Copidosomalusitanicum Mercet, 1921 by original designation. Type locality Spain. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Graham (1969: 248–249).
Kaszabicyrtus Szelényi, 1971: 389. Type species: Kaszabicyrtusacutigastris Szelényi, by original designation. Type locality Mongolia. Synonymized with Psyllaephagus by Trjapitzin and Gordh (1978: 636).
Other citations.
Trjapitzin 1978, 1989; Noyes and Hanson 1996; Myartseva 1980, 1984; Zhang and Huang 2004; Japoshvili et al. 2016.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length 0.8–3.0 mm usually dark brown with green or blue sheen and with metallic luster; occiput margin often rounded, rarely carinate; mandible with one tooth and a truncation (Fig. 1B), or with two teeth and a truncation (Fig. 2B), rarely with three teeth; funicle 6-segmented; clava often 3-segmented or entire, rarely 2-segmented; fore wing fully developed, often hyaline, rarely with a smoky spot under marginal vein and stigmal vein; marginal vein usually punctiform or slightly longer than wide (Fig. 15C), rarely 2–3× as long as broad; postmarginal vein usually shorter than stigmal vein, occasionally absent, in some species as long as or even longer than stigmal vein; mesopleuron in side view clearly separated from base of metasoma by propodeum; mid tibia spur usually shorter than basal tarsus; hypopygium very rarely reaching apex of metasoma; ovipositor hidden, slightly to strongly exserted. Male essentially similar in appearance except for antennae and genitalia: the funicle varying from whiplike with long setae to flattened with short setae, clava entirely; the genitalia usually developed and exserted.
Figure 1.
Psyllaephagusarenarius ♀ A antenna B mandible C fore wing D mesonotum E fore leg F mid leg G hind leg H ovipositor.
Figure 2.
Psyllaephaguscaillardiae ♀ A antenna B mandible C fore wing D mesonotum E fore leg F mid leg G hind leg H ovipositor.
Figure 15.
Psyllaephagusogazae ♀ A antenna B mandible C fore wing D mesonotum E fore leg F mid leg G hind leg H ovipositor.
. Psyllaephagus arenarius
Trjapitzin, 1967
AD8FFCEB-7E58-55B2-A877-FC81CC0E4571
Psyllaephagus arenarius Trjapitzin, 1967: 192. Holotype ♀, Russia (ZISP), not examined.
Psyllaephagus arenarius Trjapitzin, 1968: 96–97, 1978: 301, 1981: 14–16; 1989: 256; Zhang et al. 2017: 842–846.
Material examined.
China – Ningxia • 13♀♀, 12♂♂, Zhongwei, 09.Jul.2016, leg. PX Wu, ex. Bactericeragobica on Lyciumbarbarum; Zhonwei, 17.Aug.2016, PX Wu leg., ex. Bactericeragobica on Lyciumbarbarum; 22♀♀, 37♂♂, 11♀♀, Jixian, 17.Apr.2017, leg. X Zhang; Shandong • 10♀♀, 3♂♂, Junan, 11.Jun.2018, leg. YZ Zhang.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.3 mm; mid and hind coxae dark brown, basal ~ 2/3 of hind femur dark brown; F1–F5 usually a little longer than wide, F6 quadrate (Fig. 1A); ovipositor not or hardly exserted (Fig. 1H), OL ~ 1.1× as long as MT.
Description.
Female. Body length 1.2–1.6 mm. Frontovertex and scrobe with blue-violet sheen; mesoscutum, axillae metallic green; scutellum with a golden-green sheen; metasoma with metallic green sheen; scape and pedicel dark brown, but apex of 1/5 scape and 1/3 pedicel paler; funicle and clava yellowish brown (Fig. 1A); tegula pale yellow, except apex dark brown; legs yellow, except basal 1/4 of fore coxa brown, mid and hind coxae dark brown, basal 2/3 of hind femur dark brown (Fig. 1E–G); wings hyaline, venation brown (Fig. 1B).
Head with reticulate sculpture; HW 2.1× HL in dorsal view, and ~ 3.0× FV; ocelli form acute angle of slightly < 90°; OCL ~ 1.7× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 1.0× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 2.7× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with one tooth and a broad truncation (Fig. 1C); upper margin of torulus below level of lower eye margin; antenna with scape ~ 4× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 1.9× as long as wide; F1–F5 longer than broad, F6 subquadrate; clava 3-segmented, as long as F4–F6 combined, nearly 2.2× as long as wide with apex rounded. Relative measurements: HW 22; HL 10.4; FV 7.3; OOL 2; POL 5.4; OCL 3.4; SW 2.5; SL 10.5.
Mesoscutum slightly convex; mesoscutum and scutellum with similar reticulate sculpture to that on frontovertex (Fig. 1D); pronotum ~ 0.25× as long as wide; MSW ~ 1.6× MSL; scutellum ~ 1.5× as long as wide; fore wing ~ 2.3× as long as wide; marginal vein punctiform; stigmal vein ~ 5.5× as long as wide, STV ~ 2.5× PMV; basal cell almost bare; mid tibial spur ~ 0.7× as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 35.5; FWW 19.7.
Metasoma ~ 0.8× as long as mesosoma; cercal plates located in the 1/2 basal of metasoma; hypopygium reaching 2/3 of metasoma; ovipositor not exserted (Fig. 1H), OL ~ 5.0× GL, and 1.1× MT.
Male. Length 1.0–1.3 mm; generally similar to female except antenna and genitalia. All funicle segments longer than broad and clothed with long setae, usually longer than funicle segments
Hosts.
Acaerusturkestanicus Low, 1881 (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), Bactericeragobica Loginova, 1972 (Hemiptera: Triozidae).
Distribution.
China (Ningxia, Shandong, Tianjin); other countries: Russia (Tajikistan).
Comments.
The specimens studied here agree well with the original description of P.arenarius, except the length of clava is slightly shorter than F3–F6 combined; in the original description, the clava is approximately as long as F3–F6 combined.
. Psyllaephagus caillardiae
Sugonjaev, 1968
2E819A4A-2403-5C83-B862-9E6536326A1B
Psyllaephagus caillardiae Sugonjaev, 1968: 592. Holotype ♀, Russia (ZISP), not examined.
Psyllaephagus caillardiae : Danzig and Sugonjaev 1969: 116–124; Myartseva 1984: 145, 233; Tang et al. 2016: 65.
Material examined.
China– Xinjiang • 15♀♀, 11♂♂, Shihezi, 21.Jul.2012, ex. Caillardiaazurea on Haloxylonpersicum, leg. HY Hu; 19♀♀, 7♂♂, Karamay, 25.Jul.2016, ex. Caillardianotata on Haloxylonammodendron, leg. HY Hu’s group; 17♀♀, 3♂♂, 18.Aug.2018, Fukang, leg. HY Hu’s group.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.5 mm; legs yellow, but basal ~ 1/2 of mid coxae and entire hind coxae dark brown (Fig. 2E–G); ocelli forming an angle of ~ 90°; mesoscutum and scutellum with similar reticular sculpture (Fig. 2D); ovipositor distinctly exserted, the exserted part ~ 1/4 of metasoma; OL ~ 1.6× MT (Fig. 2H).
Description.
See Tang et al. (2016).
Hosts.
Caillardiaazurea Loginova, 1956 and Caillardiarobusta Loginova, 1956 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang); other countries: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Comments.
The specimens examined here agree well with the original description of P.caillardiae, except having the basal ~ 1/2 of mid coxa dark brown; in the original description, the mid coxae were described as yellow.
. Psyllaephagus clavus
Zou & Zhang sp. nov.
3AC9F5E0-E99E-52EA-9AA2-7757829612A7
https://zoobank.org/DC2C6224-5426-4FCF-8620-46CFC916A97C
Figure 3.
Psyllaephagusclavus sp. nov. ♀ A antenna B fore wing C mesonotum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Psyllaeohagus nartshukae Trjapitzin: Tang et al. 2016: 72–73 (misidentification).
Type material.
Holotype ♀ [on slide], China –Xinjiang, Shihezi, 21.Aug.2012, by sweeping, leg. HY Hu group (deposited in ICXU). Paratypes 4♀♀, same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.0 mm; all coxae dark brown, but apical ~ 1/3 of fore coxa yellow; femora marked with dark brown (Fig. 3D–F); all funicular segments transverse; clava longer than F3–F6 combined (Fig. 3A); sculpture on scutellum deeper than that on mesoscutum (Fig. 3C); ovipositor not exserted (Fig. 3G), OL ~ 1.5× MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 1.0 mm, with metallic green-blue sheen; basal 1/3 of tegula yellow, remainder dark brown; scape and pedicel except apices dark brown, F1–F4 yellowish brown, F5, F6, and clava brownish yellow; all coxae dark brown except apex of fore coxa yellow; basal ~ 1/2 of fore femur (Fig. 3D), mid femur except apices and hind femur medially dark brown; all tibiae yellow except mid and hind tibiae basally each with a dark brown spot; all tarsi yellow except apices dark brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.
Head with reticulate sculpture, HW ~ 3× FV width, and ~ 2.9× HL; ocelli forming obtuse angle of slightly more than 90°; OCL ~ 1.3× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 0.2× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 3.9× diameter of posterior ocellus; antenna with scape 3.7× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 1.5× as long as wide; F1–F6 broader than long; clava 3-segmented, ~ 2.0× as long as wide, nearly as long as F2–F6 combined. Relative measurements: HW 16; HL 5.3; FV 7; OCL 1.7; OOL 0.3; POL 6.2; SL 6.9; SW 1.9.
Mesosoma. Scutellum slightly convex; mesoscutum dorsally with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; sculpture on scutellum similar but clearly deeper than that on mesoscutum; marginal vein ~ 2.0× as long as wide; postmarginal vein present, ~ 2.6× as long as wide; stigmal vein 4.0× as long as wide, STV ~ 2.7× PMV (Fig. 3B); mid tibia spur 0.5× as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 33; FWW 19.5.
Metasoma obviously shorter than mesosoma; cercal plates located on the apical 2/5 of metasoma, hypopygium reaching ~ 2/3 of metasoma; ovipositor slightly exserted or hidden (Fig. 3G); OL ~ 5.6× GL, and 1.9× MT.
Male. Unknown.
Etymology.
The specific name refers to its enlarged clava.
Host.
Unknown.
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang).
Comments.
Psyllaephagusclavus was erroneously treated as P.nartshukae Trjapitzin, 1986 in Tang et al. (2016). A detailed study of the morphological characters shows that it is an undescribed species. Using the keys in Trjapitzin (1989), it runs to P.nartshukae Trjapitzin but can be separated from P.nartshukae by F1–F6 broader than long (in P.nartshukae, F1–F5 longer than broad); clava obviously longer than F3–F6 combined(in P.nartshukae, clava slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined, or as long as F4–F6 combined).
. Psyllaephagus colposceniae
Trjapitzin, 1969
4410CD57-4CA4-5D55-BCF1-EA3FCD55A656
Figure 4.
Psyllaephaguscolposceniae ♀ A antenna B fore wing C mesonotum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Psyllaephagus colposceniae Trjapitzin, 1969: 52. Holotype ♀, Moldova (ZISP), not examined.
Psyllaephagus colposceniae Trjapitzin, 1978: 236–328; 1989: 256; Myartseva 1979: 27–33; Tang et al. 2016: 63–78.
Material examined.
China – Xinjiang • 1♀, Karamay, 23.July.2012, by sweeping, leg. HY Hu group; 1♀, Karamay, 28.July.2014, by sweeping, leg. HY Hu group; 1♀, Hami, 1.Aug.2016, by sweeping, leg. HY Hu group; 4♀♀, 2♂♂, Altai, 11.Jun.2023, ex. Colposcenia sp. on Tamarixramosissima, leg. BY Zou.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.0 mm; mid and hind coxae dark brown, mid tibia with a dark brown spot at base, basal 3/4 of hind femur dark brown (Fig. 4E, F); ocelli forming angle of slightly less than 90°; all funicular segments transverse (Fig. 4A); mesoscutum and scutellum with contrasting sculpture, sculpture on scutellum somewhat deeper than that on mesoscutum; ovipositor hidden or slightly exserted, OL ~ 1.2× MT (Fig. 4G).
Description.
See Tang et al. (2016).
Host.
Colposceniakiritshenkoi Loginova, 1960 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang); other countries: Kazakhstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan.
Comments.
The specimens studied here agree well with the original description of this species, except the slight variation in dimension of F2. In some specimens here, F2 is slightly shorter than broad (see also Myartseva 1979). We regard this difference falls within variation of a species.
. Psyllaephagus densiciliatus
Tan & Zhao, 1999
54830D80-6EC7-53A7-B61F-3852E299F106
Figure 5.
Psyllaephagusdensiciliatus ♀ A antenna B fore wing C scutellum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Psyllaephagus densiciliatus Tan & Zhao, 1999: 174–175. Holotype ♀, China, Yunnan (CNEP), photos of holotype examined.
Material examined.
China – Hainan • 2♀, Nada, 1.May.1964, leg. DX Liao; 3♀♀, 1♂, Wuzhishan, 21.Jun.1999, leg. CD Zhu; Yunnan • 2♀♀, Mengla, 23.July.2004, leg. YZ Zhang; Guangxi • 3♀♀, Fangcheng, 18.July.2009, leg. YZ Zhang.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 2.2 mm; legs yellow, but mid and hind coxae dark brown (Fig. 5E, F); antenna with all funicular segments longer than broad, F6 sometimes subquadrate (Fig. 5A); ovipositor slightly exserted; OL ~ 1.2× MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 2.2 mm, metallic green; frontovertex and face with green-violet sheen. Antenna scape and pedicel dark brown, funicular segments brown but F6 yellow; mesoscutum with a coppery sheen; axilla and scutellum with blue sheen; basal 1/2 of tegula yellow, apex dark brown; mesopleuron metallic green mixed with golden sheen; legs yellow, but mid and hind coxae dark brown; basal 1/4 of metasoma with a metallic green sheen, remainder coppery; wings hyaline, venation brown.
Head ~ 3.0× as wide as frontovertex; head with reticulate sculpture; ocelli forming angle of ~ 90°; OCL ~ 1.7× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~0.6× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 3.8× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with one tooth and a broad truncation; antenna with scape ~ 4.9× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 2.0× as long as wide; all funicular segments longer than wide; clava 3-segmented, 2.5× as long as wide, slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined. Relative measurements: HW 32; HL 14; FV 9.7; OOL 0.8; POL 7.2; OCL 2.4; SW 3.1; SL 14.
Mesosoma. Dorsum distinctly convex; MSW ~ 1.5× MSL; scutellum ~ 1.1× as long as wide; mesoscutum dorsally with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; sculpture on scutellum similar to that on mesoscutum but clearly deeper; fore wings ~ 2.2× as long as wide; marginal vein quadrate; postmarginal vein short, ~ 1.3× as long as wide; stigmal vein 4.9–as long as wide, STV ~ 3.3× PMV; mid tibial spur 0.7× as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 74; FWW 33.
Metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma; cercal plates located in posterior 3/5 of metasoma; hypopygium reaching ~3/4 of metasoma; ovipositor slightly exserted; OL ~ 6.1× GL, and 1.2× MT.
Male. Body length ~ 1.1 mm, generally similar to female, but mesoscutum with coppery sheen; ocelli forming an obtuse-angled triangle; clava unsegmented.
Variation.
A little variation was found in coloration of the scape: the scape is not always totally dark brown, sometimes the base is yellow (Fig. 5A).
Host.
Unknown.
Distribution.
China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan).
. Psyllaephagus elaeagni
Trjapitzin, 1967
414C0552-1FF0-5821-8F12-9238CABD9887
Figure 6.
Psyllaephaguselaeagni ♀ A antenna B fore wing C mesonotum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Psyllaephagus elaeagni Trjapitzin, 1967: 192. Holotype ♀, Armenia (ZISP), not examined.
Psyllaephagus bachardenicus Myartseva, 1980: 50. Holotype ♀, Turkmenistan (ZISP). Synonymized by Japoshvili and Noyes (2005: 141).
Psyllaephagus rubriscutellatus Myartseva, 1981: 14. Holotype ♀, Turkmenistan (ZISP). Synonymized by Japoshvili and Noyes (2005: 141).
Psyllaephagus elaeagni : Tang et al. 2016: 65.
Material examined.
China – Xinjiang • 7♀♀, Qitai, 29.July.2012, leg. HY HU’s group; 2♀♀, Hoboksar, 26.July.2014, leg. HY HU’s group; 11♀♀, Mori, 29.July.2016, leg. HY HU’s group.
Diagnosis.
Female. Mid and hind coxae dark brown, hind femur dark brown, basal of hind tibia with dark brown (Fig. 6F); F2–F5 longer than wide, F1 and F6 quadrate (Fig. 6A); mesoscutum and scutellum with contrasting sculpture, somewhat deeper than that on mesoscutum (Fig. 6C); metasoma approximately as long as mesosoma, OL ~ 1.3× MT.
Description.
See Tang et al. (2016).
Host.
Unknown.
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang); other countries: Armenia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan.
. Psyllaeohagus guangxinesis
Zu, 2021
E1DE3144-2724-5F43-9D5B-846ECCA44DC5
Figure 7.
Psyllaeohagusguangxinesis ♀ A antenna B scutellum C mid leg D hind leg E ovipositor.
Psyllaeohagus guangxinesis Zu, in Wu et al. 2021: 1–10. Holotype ♀, China, Guangxi (TJAU), examined by BYZ.
Material examined.
China – Guangxi • Holotype ♀, Guilin, 29.Aug.2018, ex. Macrohomotomasinica on Ficusconcinna, leg. GH Zu & Y Chen (TJAU); Yunnan • 35♀♀, 9♂♂, Mengla, 16.May.1973, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. DX Liao; Fujian • 5♀♀, 3♂♂, Huian, 16.Apr.2017, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. YG Qin & M Xiong; Jiangxi • 21♀♀, 17♂♂, Ganzhou, 20.Jul.2021, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. YZ Zhang; Sichuan • 5♀♀, 3♂♂, Chengdu, 21.Jun.2018, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. HL Li.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 2.3 mm; legs yellow, but sometimes basal 1/3 of all hind femora dark brown (Fig. 7D); scape strongly flattened and expanded, less than 2.5× longer than broad (Fig. 7A); metasoma ~ 1.3× longer than mesosoma; ovipositor exserted, exserted part ~ 1/2 of metasoma; OL ~ 3.8× MT.
Variation.
A little variation was found in coloration of the mid and hind coxae: the mid coxa is not always completely yellow, sometimes the base can be dark brown (Fig. 7C); the hind coxa varies from partly to totally dark brown (Fig. 7D).
Description.
See Wu et al. (2021).
Hosts.
Macrohomotomasinica Yang & Li, 1984 (Hemiptera: Homotomidae).
Distribution.
China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Fujian).
. Psyllaephagus latiscapus
Xu, 2000
D704EE1C-C096-5FC7-A6A9-E53AC4C5E771
Figures 8–10.
Psyllaephaguslatiscapus ♀ 8 body in dorsal view 9 body in lateral view 10 head in dorsal view.
Figure 11.
PsyllaephaguslatiscapusA antenna ♀ B antenna ♂.
Psyllaephagus latiscapus Xu, in Xu et al. 2000a: 39. Holotype ♀, China, Zhejiang (ZUIE), examined by YZZ.
Psyllaephagus latiscapus Xu: Tang et al. 2016: 69; Wu et al. 2021: 7.
Material examined.
China – Zhejiang • Holotype ♀, Hangzhou, 26.V.1957, ex. Pachypsyllaceltidisgemma, 5720-9, lge. QH Chen (ZUIE); Shandong • 4♀♀, 1♂, Qingdao, 24 Oct. 1962, ex. Pachypsyllaceltidisgemma on Celtissinensis, leg. QH Chen.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 2.0 mm, head with metallic blue; tegulae entirely pale yellow; antenna with scape strongly expanded, ~ 2.3× as long as wide (Fig. 11A); postmarginal vein nearly as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 8); mid and hind coxae dark brown; ovipositor exserted, the exserted part ~ 1/5 of metasoma. OL ~ 1.5× MT.
Description.
See Xu et al. (2000a).
Host.
Pachypsyllaceltidisgemma Riley, 1885 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).
Distribution.
China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian, Yunnan).
Comments.
The material above was treated as P.punctatus by Zhang (2001) in his thesis, which was not formally published but later cited by Tang et al. (2016) and Wu et al. (2021).
. Psyllaephagus longifuniculus
Xu, 2000
8983B009-24CC-5366-90CD-D06099B029CE
Figure 12.
PsyllaephaguslongifuniculusA antenna ♀ B fore wing ♀ C fore leg ♀ D mid leg ♀ E hind leg ♀ F ovipositor ♀ G antenna ♂.
Psyllaephagus longifuniculus Xu, in Xu et al. 2000: 40. Holotype ♀, Shaanxi (ZUIE), examined by YZZ.
Material examined.
China – Shanxi • Holotype ♀, Wugong, 21.Aug.1954, Dept. Plant Protection, Northwest Agric. Univ., ex. Thysanogynalimbata, C5526-1a (ZUIE); China – Zhejiang • 6♀♀, Lishui, 16.Jun.1981, leg. DX Liao; Beijing • 8♀♀, 5♂♂, 11.Nov.1995, ex. Thysanogynalimbata, leg. YZ Zhang; 9♀♀, 13♂♂, 09.Jun.2017, ex. Thysanogynalimbata, leg. YZ Zhang.
Diagnosis.
Female. All coxae dark brown; F1 at least as long as or slightly longer than pedicel; F1–F5 obviously longer than broad, F6 slightly longer than broad or subquadrate (Fig. 12A); OL ~ 1.5× MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 2.2 mm, with blue green sheen; basal 1/2 of tegula pale yellow, the rest dark brown; antenna completely dark brown; all coxae dark brown; hind femur dark brown, but apical ~ 2/5 yellow; wings hyaline, venation brown (Fig. 12B).
Head with reticulate sculpture, HW ~ 3.0× HL in dorsal view, 2.9× as wide as frontovertex; ocellus forming an obtuse triangle, angle slightly more than 90°; OCL ~ 0.8× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 1.1× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 4.0× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with one tooth and a broad truncation; antenna with scape slightly expanded and ~ 4.8× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 1.8× as long as wide; F1–F5 longer than broad, F6 quadrate; clava 3-segmented, approximately as long as F4–F6 combined, nearly 3.0× as long as wide (Fig. 12A). Relative measurements: SL 14.4; SW 3.
Mesoscutum slightly convex; mesoscutum and scutellum with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; MSW ~1.5× MSL, and the center of the posterior margin protrudes backward to cover junction of axillae; marginal vein subquadrate, slightly longer wide, stigmal vein ~ 6.5× as long as wide, postmarginal vein ~ 2.7× as long as wide, PMV ~ 0.4× STV; mid tibia spur 0.9×–as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 64; FWW 27.
Metasoma slightly shorter than mesosoma; cercal plates located at the halfway point of the metasoma; hypopygium with apex reaching ~ 2/3 of metasoma; ovipositor not exserted; OL ~ 5.3× GL, and 1.2× MT.
Male. Body length ~ 1.6 mm; generally similar to female except color and structure of antenna, antenna pale brown, scape and pedicel short, funicular segments protrude laterally, clava unsegmented (Fig. 12G).
Variation.
In P.longifuniculus, a little variation was found in lengths of F1 and F6: F1 is not always shorter than the pedicel, sometimes it is ~ 1.1× as long as pedicel; F6 is sometimes quadrate (Fig. 12A).
Host.
Thysanogynalimbata Enderlein, 1926 (Hemiptera: Carsidaridae).
Distribution.
China (Beijing, Shaanxi, Zhejiang).
. Psyllaephagus longiventris
Trjapitzin, 1964
109F012A-D3DA-508B-B159-18BC71713830
Figure 13.
Psyllaephaguslongiventris ♀ A antenna B mandible C fore wing D mesonotum E fore leg F mid leg G hind leg H ovipositor.
Psyllaephagus longiventris Trjapitzin, 1964: 237. Holotype ♀, Kazakhstan (ZISP), not examined.
Kaszabicyrtus acutigastris Szelényi, 1971: 390–391, Holotype ♀, Mongolia. Synonymized by Szelényi (1972: 372).
Psyllaephagus longiventris : Myartseva 1984: 143, 235–236; 1986: 216, 255, 257; Tang 2016: 70–72.
Material examined.
China – Xinjiang • 7♀♀, 2♂♂, Turpan, 03.Aug.2012, leg. HY Hu group; 11♀♀, 5♂♂, Xinjiang, Turpan, 11.Aug.2012, leg. HY Hu group. 5♀♀, Altai, 11.June.2023, leg. BY Zou.
Diagnosis.
Female. Legs yellow, but mid and hind coxae dark brown; ocelli forming right triangle; mandible with two teeth and a truncation (Fig. 13C); F1–F5 longer than broad (Fig. 13A); metasoma almost 2.0× as long as mesosoma; the ovipositor protrudes ~ 2/5 of metasoma (Fig. 13H); OL ~ 1.6× MT.
Description.
See Tang et al. (2016).
Host.
Caillardiarobusta Loginova, 1956 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang); other countries: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
. Psyllaephagus obliquus
Zou & Zhang sp. nov.
7852D023-C800-54E8-B9AF-72A05D8C4A1E
https://zoobank.org/F91EE53B-2AFB-4614-A7E8-19731147E1F6
Figure 14.
Psyllaephagusobliquus sp. nov. ♀ A antenna B fore wing C fore leg D mid leg E hind leg F ovipositor.
Type material.
Holotype ♀ [on slide], China – Guizhou, Zunyi, 28.Aug.2017, ex Edentatipsyllashanghaiensis, leg. YZ Zhang and YG Qin (deposited in IZCAS). Paratypes 10♀♀, 2♂♂, same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.5 mm; all coxae dark brown and hind femora; scape distinctly expand, ~ 3.2× as long as wide; F6 transverse; clava strongly obliquely truncated at apex (Fig. 14A); OL ~ 1.4× MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 1.8 mm, with blue-green sheen; basal ~ 1/2 of tegula yellow, remainder dark brown; scape nearly completely dark brown; pedicel dark brown except apex yellow; funiculus from dark brown to yellow brown; clava yellowish brown; all coxae, hind femur except apices dark brown; wings hyaline, venation brown (Fig. 14B).
Head with reticulate sculpture, HW ~ 2.2× the HL in dorsal view, and ~ 2.8× wide as frontovertex; ocellus forming an angle ~ 100°; OCL ~ 1.2× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 0.4× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 3.6× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation; upper margin of torulus upper than lower margin of eye; scape distinctly expanded, ~ 3.2× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 2.7× as long as wide, approximately as long as F1 and F2 combined; F1 longer than broad, F2–F5 subquadrate, F6 almost wider than long; clava 3-segmented, nearly 2.2× as long as wide, approximately as long as F4–F6 combined; the apex of clava strongly obliquely truncated (Fig. 14A), the truncated parts ~ 1/2 clava length. Relative measurements: HW 21; HL 9; FV 7.5; OOL 0.8; POL 7.2; OCL 2.4; SW 2.6; SL 9.
Mesoscutum slightly convex; mesoscutum and scutellum with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; MSW ~ 1.4× MSL; scutellum and mesoscutum dorsally with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; marginal vein ~ 1.3× as long as wide; stigmal vein ~ 4.1× as long as wide, postmarginal vein ~ 2.0× as long as wide, PMV ~ 0.3× of STV; mid tibia spur 0.8× as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 50; FWW 22.
Metasoma approximately as long as mesosoma; cercal plates located in the 1/2 of metasoma; hypopygium reaching ~ 3/4 of metasoma; ovipositor slightly exserted; OL ~ 5.3× GL, and 1.4× MT.
Male. Length 1.6–1.8 mm; generally similar to female in body coloration, except the antenna yellow; clava and flagellum have long bristles.
Host.
Edentatipsyllashanghaiensis Li & Chen, 2008 (Hemiptera: Psyllidae).
Distribution.
China (Guizhou, Shanghai).
Etymology.
The specific name refers to its strongly obliquely truncated clava.
Comments.
Using the key of Trjapitzin (1989), the species runs to P.stenopsyllae (Tachikawa, 1963), but can be separated from P.stenopsyllae by a combination of the following characters: scape ~ 3.2× as long as wide (in P.stenopsyllae, scape ~ 3.7× as long as wide); F2–F5 quadrate, F6 transverse (in P.stenopsyllae, F2–F5 obviously longer than wide, F6 quadrate); clava approximately as long as F4–F6 combined and the apex of clava strongly obliquely truncated (in P.stenopsyllae, clava slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined, and with apex more or less rounded). Psyllaephagusobliquus is similar to P.nipponicus (Ishii, 1928) but can be separated from P.nipponicus by pedicel ~ 2.5× as long as wide (in P.nipponicus, pedicel ~ 2× as long as wide); F1 ~ 1.2× as long as wide (in P.nipponicus, F1 quadrate); metasoma as long as mesosoma (in P.nipponicus, metasoma shorter than mesosoma).
. Psyllaephagus ogazae
Sugonjaev, 1968
447BF98A-0EC5-5BB2-81C0-EB44BD12236B
Psyllaephagus ogazae Sugonjaev, 1968: 593. Holotype ♀, Uzbekistan (ZISP), not examined.
Psyllaephagus ogazae : Trjapitzin, 1989: 260; Tang et al. 2016: 76.
Material examined.
China – Xinjiang • 18♀♀, 7♂♂, Hoboksar, 29.Jul.2012, ex Caillardianotata on Haloxylonammodendron, leg. HY Hu’s group; 23♀♀, 9♂♂, Hoboksar, 06.Jun.2016, ex. Caillardianotata on Haloxylon sp., leg. HY Hu’s group; 11♀♀, Fukang, 03.Jun.2018, leg. HY Hu’s group.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length 1.5–2.2 mm, with coppery green sheen; legs including all coxae, femora, and tibiae dark brown; ocelli forming a right-angled triangle; marginal vein and postmarginal vein almost absent (Fig. 15B); metasoma short, ~ 0.6–as long as mesosoma; OL ~ 6× GL, and 1.2× MT.
Description.
See Tang et al. (2016).
Variation.
Very little variation seen in our material: the hind tibia is not always dark brown, sometimes the apical 1/3 might be brownish yellow (Fig. 15G).
Host.
Caillardiarobusta Loginova, 1956 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang); other countries: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
. Psyllaephagus stenopsyllae
(Tachikawa, 1963)
3BCA6677-5093-5BB1-9D42-DF06376EBA95
Figure 16.
Psyllaephagusstenopsyllae ♀ A antenna B fore wing C mesonotum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Metaprionomitus stenopsyllae Tachikawa, 1963: 182. Holotype ♀, Japan, not examined.
Psyllaephagus stenopsyllae : Trjapitzin 1967: 177; Tan and Zhao 1999: 175; Xu et al. 2000: 9; Japoshvili et al. 2016: 392.
Material examined.
China – Jiangxi • 6♀♀, Ganzhou, 15.Oct.2012, ex. Macrohomotomasinica, leg. DY Huang; Fujian • 7♀♀, 2♂♂, Huian, 20.May.2012, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. YZ Zhang; Sichuan • 17♀♀, 3♂♂, Chengdu, 21.Jun.2018, ex. Macrohomotomagladiatean on Ficus sp., leg. YZ Zhang.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 2.0 mm; all coxae and hind femora dark brown (Fig. 16D–F); scape slightly expanded at apex; clava slightly short than F3–F6 combined (Fig. 16A); ovipositor exserted, exserted part ~ 1/5 metasomal length (Fig. 16G); OL ~ 1.9× as long as MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 2.2 mm, head with metallic green sheen; mesoscutum and scutellum with bluish violet sheen; metasoma with coppery sheen; basal ~ 1/4 of tegula pale yellow, the remainder dark brown; antenna completely dark brown; all coxae dark brown; hind femur dark brown, but apical ~ 1/4 yellow; wings hyaline, venation brown (Fig. 16B).
Head with reticulate sculpture, HW ~ 3.3× the HL in dorsal view, 3.1× wide as frontovertex; ocellus forms an obtuse triangle, angle ~ 110°; OCL ~ 1.0× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 1.1× diameter of posterior ocellus; POL ~ 4.0× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with one tooth; scape slightly expanded and ~ 4.3× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 1.8× as long as wide; F1–F5 longer than broad, F6 quadrate; clava 3-segmented, nearly 2.3× as long as wide, shorter than F4—F6 combined. Relative measurements: SL 10.9; SW 2.5.
Mesoscutum slightly convex; mesoscutum and scutellum with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; MSW ~ 1.4× as MSL; marginal vein subquadrate, slightly longer wide, stigmal vein ~ 7.2× as long as wide, postmarginal vein ~ 1.6× as long as wide, PMV ~ 0.7× STV; mid tibia spur 0.8× as long as basitarsus. Relative measurements: FWL 51.6; FWW 36.3.
Metasoma nearly as long as mesosoma; cercal plates located in middle of metasoma; hypopygium with apex reaching ~ 2/3 of metasoma; ovipositor exserted, exserted part of ovipositor ~ 0.1× as long as metasoma; OL ~ 4.8× GL, and 1.9× MT.
Hosts.
Macrohomotomagladiatuum Kuwayama, 1908, Stenopsyllanigricornis Kuwayama, 1910, Triozasyzygii Li & Yang, 1911 (Hemiptera: Triozidae).
Distribution.
China (Fujian, Hainan, Jiangxi, Taiwan); other countries: Japan, Iran.
. Psyllaephagus tangae
Zou & Zhang sp. nov.
326FD981-B794-58ED-9AD9-322BC9AA20EF
https://zoobank.org/04605f95-6f37-4b6f-be56-2f0fe70cb867
Figure 17.
Psyllaephagustangae sp. nov. ♀ A antenna B fore wing C mesonotum D fore leg E mid leg F hind leg G ovipositor.
Psyllaehagus nikolskajae Trjapitzin: Tang et al. 2016: 74 (misidentification).
Type material.
Holotype ♀ [on slide], China – Xinjiang, Changji, 21.Jul.2012, by sweeping, leg. HY Hu’s group (deposited in ICXU); Paratypes 11♀♀, same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Female. Body length ~ 1.0 mm; all coxae dark brown, hind femur dark brown; F4 smaller than F3 in size (Fig. 17A); clava longer than F3–F5 combined; sculpture of scutellum with large cells in basal half and small cells near apex (Fig. 17C); OL ~ 1.2× MT.
Description.
Female. Body length ~ 1.0 mm, with greenish blue sheen; head and face generally dark with blue reflections; axillae with purple sheen; mesoscutum, axillae, and scutellum with bronze sheen; tegula entirely yellow; scape dark brown except apex yellow; basal 1/2 of pedicel dark brown, the remainder yellow; funiculus yellow; all coxae dark brown; hind femur dark brown but yellow at apex (Fig. 17D–F); wings hyaline, venation brown.
Head with reticulate sculpture HW ~ 2.5× FV, HW ~ 3.2× HL, head finely reticulate, overlaid with regularly spaced shallow punctuations; ocelli forming an obtuse triangle, angle ~ 120°; OCL ~ 0.9× diameter of posterior ocellus; OOL ~ 0.6× diameter of posterior ocellus; mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation; antenna with scape 5.0× as long as wide; pedicel ~ 1.6× as long as wide; F1–F4 broader than long, F5 subquadrate, F6 quadrate; clava 3-segmented but not obvious; mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation. HW 17; HL 5.3; FV 7; OCL 1.4; OOL 0.96; SL 7.2; SW 1.4.
Mesoscutum distinctly convex; dorsally with reticulate sculpture similar to that on frontovertex; sculpture of scutellum with large cells in basal half and small cells near apex; marginal vein punctiform, slightly longer than wide; postmarginal vein ~ 1.5× as long as wide; stigmal vein 4.7× as long as wide, STV ~ 3.0× PMV; mid tibia spur ~ 0.6× as long as basitarsus. FWL 31.6; FWW 18.1.
Metasoma slightly shorter than mesosoma; cercal plates located in the posterior 1/2 of metasoma; hypopygium with apex reaching ~ 2/3 of metasoma; ovipositor not exserted (Fig. 17G); OL ~ 5.6× GL, and 1.2× MT.
Male. Unknown.
Etymology.
This species named after Miss Tang who contributed so much to the study of Encyrtidae.
Host.
Unknown.
Distribution.
China (Xinjiang).
Comments.
This species had been erroneously treated as P.nikolskajae in Tang et al. (2016). Further study of the morphological characters indicate it is an undescribed species. Using the key of Trjapitzin (1989), the species runs to P.tokgaevi Myartseva but differs as follows: clava nearly as long as F2–F6 combined (in tokgaevi, clava approximately as long as F3–F6 combined); OL ~ 5.6× GL (in tokgaevi, OL ~ 4.5× GL). Psyllaephagustangae is similar to P.belanensis but can be separated from P.belanensis by F4 smaller than F3 (in P.belanensis, F4 not smaller than F3 according to Trjapitzin 1968); F1 and F2 quadrate (in P.belanensis, F1 and F2 longer than wide); head as wide as thorax (in P.belanensis, head distinctly wider than thorax).
. Psyllaephagus taiwanus
Xu, 2000
0E8AF5CA-8E36-5729-BA80-B73A674A108B
Psyllaephagus taiwanus Xu, in Xu et al. 2000b: 9–10. Holotype ♀, China, Taiwan (TARI), not examined.
Diagnosis.
Female. Mid and hind coxae dark brown, hind femur and tibia dark brown, apical 1/3 of mid femora and basal 1/5 of mid tibia dark brown; clava as long as F3–F6 combined; sculpture of scutellum deeper and finer than that on mesoscutum; ovipositor slightly exserted.
Description.
See Xu et al. (2000b).
Host.
Triozasyzygii Li & Yang, 1911 (Hemiptera: Triozidae).
Distribution.
China (Taiwan).
Key to Chinese species of Psyllaephagus (female)
| 1 | All coxae dark brown (Fig. 14C–E); rarely apex of fore coxa yellow (Fig. 3D) | 2 |
| – | At least fore coxa yellow (rarely basally dark brown) | 7 |
| 2 | All femora marked dark brown (Fig. 15E–G) | 3 |
| – | Only hind femur marked dark brown (Figs 12E, 16F, 17F) | 4 |
| 3 | Postmarginal vein nearly absent (Fig. 15C); F1–F5 slightly longer than broad; clava ~ as long as F4–F6 combined (Fig. 15A) | P.ogazae Sugonjaev |
| – | Postmarginal vein present, ~ 1/3 of stigmal vein length; all funicular segments transverse, clava ca as long as F3–F6 combined (Fig. 3A) | P.clavus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. |
| 4 | Clava longer than F3–F6 combined; F4 smaller than F3 (Fig. 17A) | P.tangae Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. |
| – | Clava shorter than F3–F6 combined; F4 not smaller than F3 in size | 5 |
| 5 | All funicular segments longer than wide; F1 as long as or slightly longer than pedicel; clava ~ 0.7× as long as F4–F6 combined (Fig. 12A) | P.longifuniculus Xu |
| – | At least one funicular segment not longer than wide; F1 shorter than pedicel; clava not less than 0.8× F4–F6 combined | 6 |
| 6 | Ovipositor distinctly exserted, the exserted part of ovipositor ~ 1/5 of metasoma (Fig. 16G); F1–F5 longer than wide, F6 subquadrate; clava slightly shorter than F4–F6 combined, and with apex more or less rounded (Fig. 16A) | P.stenopsyllae Tchikawa |
| – | Ovipositor not or slightly exserted, the exserted part of ovipositor less than 1/6 of metasoma; clava as long as F4–F6 combined, and with apex strongly obliquely truncated (Fig. 14A) | P.obliquus Zou & Zhang, sp. nov. |
| 7 | Scape distinctly expanded, less than 2.5× as long as broad (Figs 7A, 11A) | 8 |
| – | Scape not or only slightly expanded, more than 3× as long as broad (Figs 6A, 13A) | 9 |
| 8 | Metasoma ~ 1.25× as long as mesosoma; ovipositor strongly exserted, exserted part of ovipositor ~ 1/3 of metasoma (Fig. 7E) | P.guangxiensis Zu |
| – | Metasoma ~ as long as mesosoma, ovipositor slightly exserted, exserted part of ovipositor ~ 1/4 of metasoma (Figs 8, 9) | P.latiscapus Xu |
| 9 | Metasoma nearly 2.0× as long as mesosoma; ovipositor obviously exserted, exserted part of ovipositor ~ 1/3 of metasoma (Fig. 13H) | P.longiventris Trjapitzin |
| – | Metasoma slightly longer or shorter than mesosoma; ovipositor, if exserted, the exserted part of ovipositor not more than 1/5 of metasoma | 10 |
| 10 | F1–F5 transverse or at least broader than long (Fig. 4A) | 11 |
| – | F1–F5 longer than broad or quadrate (Fig. 2A) | 12 |
| 11 | Clava as long as F2–F6 combined; hind femur yellow at apex (Fig. 4F) | P.colposceniae Trjapitzin |
| – | Clava as long as F3–F6 combined; hind femur dark brown, basal 1/3 of hind tibia dark brown | P.taiwanus Xu |
| 12 | Ovipositor obviously exserted; the exserted part of ovipositor ~ 1/4 of metasoma; F6 quadrate (Fig. 2A); mid coxa yellow, but apical or so 1/3 dark brown (Fig. 2F) | P.caillardiae Sugonjaev |
| – | Ovipositor slightly exserted, the exserted part of ovipositor no more than 1/5 of metasoma; F6 ~ 1.1× as long as wide; mid coxa entirely dark brown | 13 |
| 13 | All funicular segments longer than broad; hind femur yellow (Fig. 5F) | P.densiciliatus Tan & Zhao |
| – | At least one segment of funicle not longer than broad; hind femur broadly dark brown (Figs 1G, 6F) | 14 |
| 14 | F1–F5 longer than broad, F6 quadrate (Fig. 1A); OL ~ 4.5× as long as GL (Fig. 1H) | P.arenarius Trjapitzin |
| – | F1 and F5 quadrate, F2–F4 longer than broad, F6 broder than long (Fig. 6A); OL ~ 5.5× as long as GL (Fig. 6G) | P.elaeagni Trjapitzin |
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Professor Yaogeng Tan (Hubei University) for providing photos of holotype of Psyllaephagusdensiciliatus and Dr George Japoshvili (Agricultural University of Georgia) for help of citations. We thank Dr. JS Noyes (Natural History Museum, London) and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and valuable advice about the MS.
Citation
Zou B, Hu H, Zhang L, Zhang Y (2023) A taxonomic study of Psyllaephagus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) from China. ZooKeys 1184: 327–359. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1184.109476
Additional information
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Funding
This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant No. 32170431) and the National Key R & D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFD1400200).
Author contributions
Conceptualization: YZ, BZ, HH. Data curation: BZ. Formal analysis: YZ, HH. Investigation: LZ. Methodology: LZ. Project administration: YZ. Resources: HH, YZ. Writing - original draft: BZ. Writing - review and editing: BZ.
Author ORCIDs
Boyu Zou https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5022-8669
Hongying Hu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-1072
Lanwei Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-8770
Yanzhou Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9713-5352
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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