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. 2023 Dec 19;21(12):e8539. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8539

Avian influenza overview September–December 2023

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control✉; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Cornelia Adlhoch, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Gražina Mirinavičiūtė, Éric Niqueux, Karl Ståhl, Christoph Staubach, Calogero Terregino, Katriina Willgert, Francesca Baldinelli, Kateryna Chuzhakina, Roxane Delacourt, Alexandros Georganas, Milen Georgiev, Lisa Kohnle
PMCID: PMC10730024  PMID: 38116102

Abstract

Between 2 September and 1 December 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (88) and wild (175) birds across 23 countries in Europe. Compared to previous years, the increase in the number of HPAI virus detections in waterfowl has been delayed, possibly due to a later start of the autumn migration of several wild bird species. Common cranes were the most frequently affected species during this reporting period with mortality events being described in several European countries. Most HPAI outbreaks reported in poultry were primary outbreaks following the introduction of the virus by wild birds, with the exception of Hungary, where two clusters involving secondary spread occurred. HPAI viruses identified in Europe belonged to eleven different genotypes, seven of which were new. With regard to mammals, the serological survey conducted in all fur farms in Finland revealed 29 additional serologically positive farms during this reporting period. Wild mammals continued to be affected mostly in the Americas, from where further spread into wild birds and mammals in the Antarctic region was described for the first time. Since the last report and as of 1 December 2023, three fatal and one severe human A(H5N1) infection with clade 2.3.2.1c viruses have been reported by Cambodia, and one A(H9N2) infection was reported from China. No human infections related to the avian influenza detections in animals in fur farms in Finland have been reported, and human infections with avian influenza remain a rare event. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general population in the EU/EEA. The risk of infection remains low to moderate for occupationally or otherwise exposed people to infected birds or mammals (wild or domesticated); this assessment covers different situations that depend on the level of exposure.

Keywords: avian influenza; captive birds; HPAI; humans, monitoring; poultry; wild birds

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Mirinavičiūtė G, Niqueux É, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Terregino C, Willgert K, Baldinelli F, Chuzhakina K, Delacourt R, Georganas A, Georgiev M and Kohnle L, 2023. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview September–December 2023. EFSA Journal 2023; 21(12): 8539, 62 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8539

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2023‐00717 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Jonida Boci, Keti Margariti and Ali Lilo (Albania); Sandra Revilla‐Fernández and Janna Vogelgesang (Austria); Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium); Aleksandra Miteva (Bulgaria); Tihana Miškić, Žaklin Acinger‐Rogić, Ivana Lohman, Ljupka Maltar, Martina Rubin, Lucija Stupar and Savić Vladimir (Croatia); Vasiliki Christodoulou (Cyprus); Tomáš Jarosil, Alexander Nagy, Lucie Kalaskova, Petr Kucinsky, Miraslava Lutzova, Hynek Siksta and Luděk Závada (Czechia); Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager, Heidi Huus Petersen, Louise Fensholdt, Michelle Fischer Carlsen and Lone Thing Mortensen (Denmark); Imbi Nurmoja (Estonia); Tuija Gadd, Ari Kauppinen, Lauri Kareinen, Niina Tammiranta and Tiia Tuupanen (Finland); Camille Boyer, Béatrice Grasland, Nolwenn Le Moal, Célia Locquet, Audrey Schmitz and François‐Xavier Briand (France); Anne Pohlmann, Timm Harder and Carola Sauter‐Louis (Germany); Helyes Georgina (Hungary); Brigitte Brugger (Iceland); Laura Garza Cuartero and Audrey Jenkinson (Ireland); Andrea Maroni Ponti, Paolo Mulatti, Luigi Ruocco, Francesca Scolamacchia, Isabella Monne, Bianca Zecchin and Ambra Pastori (Italy); Armend Cana and Kujtim Uka (Kosovo 1 ); Vicky Bink and Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg); Oxana Popa, (Moldova); Marcel Spierenburg, Nancy Beerens and Dennis Bol (Netherlands); Anne Døsen, Britt Gjerset, Silje Granstad, Siri Margrete Løtvedt, Lars Erik Lundblad Rondestveit and Ole‐Herman Tronerud (Norway); Aleksandra Podrażka, Krzysztof Śmietanka, Katarzyna Domańska‐Blicharz, Edyta Swieton and Katarzyna Wawrzak (Poland); Ioana Neghirla, Flavius Prelipcean and Iuliana Onita (Romania); Barbora Pavlíková, Martin Tinak and Zuzana Dirbakova (Slovakia); Aleksandra Hari and Brigita Slavek (Slovenia); Monserrat Agüero García and Azucena Sánchez (Spain); Malin Grant and Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Claudia Bachofen and Dominique Suter (Switzerland); Susan Cusack (United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)). ECDC would moreover like to thank the following experts for providing sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database used in the analysis: Chhorvann Chhea, Darapheak Chau, Sitha Prum, Visal Chhe, Sokha Dul, Sengly Manh, Phally Vy, Borann Sar, Chanthap Lon, Jessica E Manning, Sophana Chea and Savuth Chin (National Public Health Institute Cambodia); Jurre Siegers, Sokhoun Yann, Sonita Kol, Leakhen Pum, Savuth Chin, Darapheak Chau, Chhorvann Chhea and Erik Karlsson (Institut Pasteur du Cambodia). The authors also wish to thank Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands); Ian Brown from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from Ausvet Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment (Annex C); Paolo Calistri and Christian Gortázar from EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Erik Alm and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC as well as Inma Aznar from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu

Maps disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material on any maps included in this scientific output do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Food Safety Authority concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

1

This designation is without prejudice to positions on status and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and the International Court of Justice Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.

Approved: 13 December 2023

Note: This article was originally published on the EFSA website www.efsa.europa.eu on 14 December 2023 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

Contributor Information

European Food Safety Authority, Email: biohaw@efsa.europa.eu.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Email: ECDC.influenza@ecdc.europa.eu.

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