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| Semen parameters | Patient | Reference limits* |
|---|---|---|
| Sperm volume (ml) | 5.5 | ≥ 1.5 |
| Sperm concentration (106 /ml) | 11.0 | ≥ 15 |
| Motility (A+B, %) | 6.0 | ≥ 40 |
| Vitality (%) | 68.0 | ≥ 58 |
| Normal spermatozoa (%) | 0.5 | ≥ 4 |
| Defective spermatozoa (%) | 99.5 | - |
| Defective sperm flagella (%) | 50.7 | |
| Short flagella (%) | 6.0 | - |
| Coiled flagella (%) | 30.0 | - |
| Absent flagella (%) | 10.5 | - |
| Sperm decapitation (%) | 34.0 | - |
Reference limits according to the WHO standards.
