Table 1.
Studies included in the review.
| Study | Year | Study Design | Main Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afrooz N et al. [28] | 2022 | Review | Immune system suppression disrupts the pregnancy process by affecting the profiles of cytokines, coagulation systems (D-dimer), and hormones |
| Aho Glele L.S. et al. [15] | 2022 | Meta-analysis | COVID-19 infection is associated with preterm birth, and may be associated with preeclampsia |
| Alberca R.W. et al. [20] | 2020 | Review | A single case involving a second trimester miscarriage |
| Allotey J et al. [2] | 2020 | Systematic review and meta-analysis/435 studies | Pregnant women with COVID-19 have increased risk for preterm delivery, maternal death, and ICU admission. |
| Arican C.D. et al. [27] | 2022 | Article | Significant vascular changes in the placentas of infected pregnant women |
| Balachandren N. et al. [25] | 2022 | Prospective cohort study/3041 pregnancies | COVID-19 infection in the first trimester may have a higher risk of miscarriage |
| Batiha O. et al. [9] | 2020 | Review | Miscarriages were only reported in SARS infections. Preterm birth, preeclampsia, and caesarean delivery were more common in COVID-19-infected mothers |
| Baud D. et al. [21] | 2020 | Case report | One case of miscarriage during the second trimester of pregnancy related to placental infection |
| Bilal M.Y. et al. [29] | 2021 | Article | Infection by COVID-19 can lead to miscarriage, respiratory distress, and preterm delivery |
| Carneiro Gomes P.R. et al. [12] | 2021 | Review | Infection in the primordial germ cells causes a malfunction of the reproductive glands and a possible alteration in the gametes |
| Cavalcante M.B. et al. [8] | 2021 | Systematic review (17 studies)/meta-analysis (10 studies—223 cases) | Miscarriage rates in pregnant women with COVID-19 were 15.3% (95% CI 10.94–20.59) and 23.1% (95% CI 13.17–34.95) using fixed and random effect models, respectively |
| Cornish E.F. et al. [13] | 2022 | Review | A systematic analysis of placental pathology in 1008 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection found chronic inflammatory pathology (including chronic villitis) in 26% of cases and increased perivillous fibrin in 33% of cases |
| Hajialiakbari N, S.D. et al. [7] | 2022 | Meta-analysis (22 studies/8591 infected pregnant women, 141 abortions) | Miscarriage incidence was 3.9% (95% CI 0.023–0.063) in infected women with COVID-19 |
| Jing Y. et al. [30] | 2020 | Review | Pregnancy-related hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia may be associated with the abnormal expression of Ang II, ACE2, and Ang-(1–7) in COVID-19 infection |
| Kazami F.N. et al. [16] | 2021 | Systematic Review | Increased risk of miscarriage in COVID-19-positive women Placental inflammation may result in fetal growth retardation and induce abortion |
| Khosa S.N. et al. [24] | 2021 | Case series/76 women | Of 76 pregnant women, 41 (54%) had a miscarriage with positive COVID-19 tests and 24 (31.6%) had spouses who had COVID-19 positive tests |
| La Cour Freiesleben N. et al. [18] | 2021 | Cohort study/1019 women | Maternal COVID-19 infection in first trimester does not increase the risk of miscarriage |
| Lee W.Y. et al. [11] | 2021 | Review | SARS-CoV-2 infection, via ACE2 receptor, may disrupt ovarian function and oocyte quality |
| Li R. et al. [1] | 2020 | Review | COVID-19 affects the epithelial cell function in the endometrium and interferes with early embryo implantation COVID-19 can affect ovarian tissue potency and granulosa cell function and reduce oocyte quality |
| Litman E.A. et al. [14] | 2022 | Cohort study | There was no significant difference in the prevalence of stillbirths between women with and without COVID-19 (0.6% vs. 0.5%) |
| Liu C. et al. [10] | 2021 | Review | COVID-19 can affect the follicular membrane and granulosa cells of the ovary, reduce the quality of oocytes, and lead to miscarriages |
| Muyayalo K.P. et al. [31] | 2020 | Review | The increased IL-7/IL-7R signaling pathway has been associated with fetal miscarriage |
| Nateghi R. et al. [32] | 2021 | Review of literature | The higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 in COVID-19 disease may affect early embryo development |
| Rashidi B.H. et al. [26] | 2022 | Case series/38 women | No correlation in neonatal morbidity during pregnancy in pregnancies with COVID-19 infection |
| Rotshenker-Olshinka K. et al. [19] | 2021 | Cohort study/285 women | No correlation in first trimester miscarriages and ongoing pregnancies |
| Saadedine M. et al. [33] | 2023 | Review | A severe COVID-19 infection may raise Th17 cells and change the Treg/Th17 ratio, leading to uncontrolled systemic inflammation that affects pregnancy outcomes |
| Sandulescu M.S. et al. [34] | 2022 | Review | COVID-19 infection interferes with ACE2 receptors found at the endometrium and negatively affects embryo implantation and/or fetal distress in pregnant patients |
| Shanes E.D. et al. [22] | 2020 | Article | Higher incidence of maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM), with decidual arteriopathy in COVID-19 pregnancies |
| Sharma I. et al. [3] | 2021 | Review | COVID-19 affects granulosa cells and ovarian tissue and increases the risk of miscarriage and infertility |
| Sills E.S. et al. [35] | 2020 | Review | In COVID-19, preferential Th1 immunity stimulation is induced and may affect embryo implantation |
| Vesce F. et al. [36] | 2022 | Review | Miscarriages in COVID-19 patients, at immunopathological levels, might result from thromboembolic events, pro-inflammatory maternal immunological responses, or direct viral activity in the uterine environment |
| Villar J. et al. [17] | 2021 | Cohort study/2130 women | COVID-19 infection in pregnancy was associated with increased risk for neonatal complications |