Figure 8.

The schematic model for immune responses during viral clearance in the oral MmuPV1 infection mouse model. Several key innate immune cells that are involved in viral clearance of males (M) and females (F) are shown. Both Stat1 and CCR2ko mice showed increased dermal dendritic cell population in the infected tongues when compared with B6 mice. In contrast, CCR2ko male mice recruited increased numbers of ly6G+ granulocytes to the infected tongues than corresponding B6 and Stat1ko males. A similar pattern of sex difference in macrophages and neutrophils was found in B6 and Stat1ko mice. Both sexes elicited similar levels of CD8 T-cell-mediated immune responses after MmuPV1 infection. Intriguingly, significantly higher levels of anti-E4 IgG (especially IgG3 subtype) were found in females irrespective of mouse strain with increased levels in both CCR2 and Stat1ko female mice. Symbols: “>” higher; “<” lower; and “=” comparable levels of immune cell population/responses were detected between males (M) and females (F).