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Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2023 Nov 20;54(6):1233–1238. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20230960506

糖尿病足患者炎症标志物特征及其与足溃疡预后关系

Characteristics of Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Foot Patients and Their Relationship With Prognosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Jing WU 1, Bista Raju 1, Panpan ZHA 1, Hongping GONG 1,2, Yan REN 1, Zhenyi LI 1, Lihong CHEN 1, Guanjian LIU 3, Dawei CHEN 1, Chun WANG 1, Xingwu RAN 1,Δ
PMCID: PMC10752772  PMID: 38162051

Abstract

Objective

To explore the characteristics of baseline inflammatory markers in diabetic foot patients and their relationship with the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.

Methods

The clinical data of diabetic foot patients (n=495) admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University since 2016 were retrospectively collected through the hospital electronic medical record system to analyze the characteristics of inflammatory markers and their relationship with the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers.

Results

White blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher in patients defined as grade 4 on the Wagner Scale than those in patients defined as grade 0-3 on the Wagner Scale. Neutrophil percentage (NE%) was higher in Wagner grade-4 patients than those in Wagner grade-0 and grade-1 patients and higher in Wagner grade-3 patients than those in Wagner grade-0 patients. NE%, CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels were positively correlated with the severity of diabetic foot, with the respective odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) being 1.038 (1.019-1.056), 1.019 (1.012-1.026), 8.225 (2.015-33.576), and 1.017 (1.008-1.025). Using Wagner grade-0 patients as the reference, patients with higher WBC were more likely to progress to Wagner grade 2, 3, and 4, with the respective OR (95% CI) values being 1.260 (1.096-1.447), 1.188 (1.041-1.356), and 1.301 (1.137-1.490); patients with higher ESR were more likely to progress to Wagner grade 3 and 4, with the respective OR (95% CI) values being 1.030 (1.006-1.054) and 1.045 (1.019-1.071). Baseline ESR (P=0.008), CRP (P=0.039), and IL-6 (P=0.033) levels were lower in patients who had received antibiotics prior to their admission than those in patients who had not received antibiotics before admission. The levels of WBC, NE%, ESR, PCT, and IL-6 were lower in the full recovery group than those in the group of patients who did not respond to treatment. The higher the levels of NE% and IL-6, the worse the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers became, with the respective OR (95% CI) values being 1.030 (1.010-1.051) and 1.008 (1.002-1.013).

Conclusion

The severity of diabetic foot ulcers increased with the rise in baseline levels of inflammatory markers. Elevated baseline NE% and IL-6 levels suggest a poor prognosis. Our findings suggest that early assessment of diabetic foot infection and standardized antibiotic therapy should be implemented to improve the prognosis.

Keywords: Diabetic foot ulcers, Diabetic foot infection, Inflammatory markers, Prognosis


糖尿病足(diabetic foot, DF)是糖尿病患者最常见也最具破坏性的慢性并发症之一,常合并溃疡、皮肤软组织感染和(或)深部组织破坏,极大地增加了患者住院、下肢截肢和死亡风险[1]。糖尿病足感染(diabetic foot infection, DFI)通常始于足部皮肤保护性包膜破坏后病原微生物侵袭,感染扩散至肌腱、关节和骨骼等深层组织,进一步增加疾病负担[2]。通过获取溃疡组织标本行病原微生物培养是确诊感染并指导抗生素使用的金标准[3],但临床上培养结果往往滞后,如果坚持根据培养结果应用抗生素可能延误病情导致感染蔓延,严重威胁患者生命。炎症标志物如C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)和白细胞介素6(interleukin-6, IL-6)等对快速评估感染存在、确定感染程度、监测感染进展和治疗反应具有重要临床价值[4]。基线炎症标志物水平对疾病预后也有一定的预测作用[5-6]。因此本研究通过分析DF患者基线炎症标志物特征及其与疾病预后的关系,以期为临床DFI的诊疗和预后提供依据。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究纳入2016年1月1日–2019年6月30日在四川大学华西医院内分泌代谢科糖尿病足诊治中心住院的DF患者。纳入患者符合国际糖尿病足工作组(The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, IWGDF)诊断标准(Wagner 0-4级)。排除合并其他系统疾病(如脑膜炎、血液系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等)者;入院前4周内曾接受与DF无关的手术及激素或免疫抑制剂治疗者。由于Wagner 5级患者仅有8例,故研究时剔除了该部分患者。本研究得到四川大学华西医院临床医学伦理委员会批准(2019年审96号),鉴于系回顾性提取数据,免除患者知情同意。

1.2. 研究方法

1.2.1. 数据收集

通过医院电子病历系统收集患者临床资料,人口学资料包括性别、年龄、吸烟/饮酒史、糖尿病病程、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、住院时间及结局;合并症包括高血压、冠心病、慢性肾脏疾病病史及糖尿病相关并发症;实验室检查包括糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c)、肝肾功能、血糖、血脂,以及入院48 h内白细胞计数(white blood cell, WBC)、中性粒细胞百分率(neutrophil percentage, NE%)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、CRP、PCT和IL-6。

1.2.2. 分组

基于Wagner分级系统对DF严重程度进行分组。根据患者住院期间溃疡结局将预后分为痊愈组(完全愈合/接受小截肢后痊愈)、有效组(好转)、无效组(无改善、恶化、需要大截肢或死亡)。

1.2.3. 统计学方法

采用IBM SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。连续变量采用Inline graphic或中位数(四分位距)、分类变量采用数量(百分比)进行统计描述。组间差异性分析,符合正态分布的连续变量采用t检验或单因素方差分析,否则采用Mann-Whitney U或Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验,分类变量采用卡方检验。采用多分类logistic回归分析相关因素与DF严重程度和预后之间的关系,根据平行性检验和模型拟合信息检验结果选择不同类型的回归分析方法,若平行性检验结果P>0.05则采用有序多分类logistic回归分析,反之采用无序多分类logistic回归。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 基线资料

本研究共纳入495例住院DF患者,中位年龄66.00(57.00~75.00)岁,中位BMI 23.10(21.25~25.40)kg/m2,男性325例(65.66%)。其中Wagner 0级68例(13.74%),Wagner 1级38例(7.68%),Wagner 2级61例(12.32%),Wagner 3级213例(43.03%),Wagner 4级115例(23.23%)。随着Wagner分级的增加,男性、合并糖尿病视网膜病变、外周动脉病变的患者比例增加,HbA1c、空腹血糖、肌酐水平升高,血红蛋白、白蛋白和三酰甘油水平降低,住院时间延长(均P<0.05)。而DF严重程度不同组间年龄、BMI、糖尿病病程、糖化血清白蛋白、尿素、估算肾小球滤过率、尿酸、总胆固醇、高/低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、吸烟/饮酒情况、合并高血压、冠心病、慢性肾脏病和糖尿病周围神经病变的差异无统计学意义。

由于Wagner 0级的DF患者足部尚未发生溃疡,其预后情况无法按照痊愈、有效和无效进行分组,故在预后分析时剔除。最终共纳入427例患者,痊愈组122例(28.57%),有效组237例(55.50%),无效组68例(15.93%)。预后越差者具有更高的基线HbA1c与谷草转氨酶水平及更低的基线白蛋白、血脂水平(P<0.05)。不同预后组间的其他检验及人口统计学指标差异无统计学意义。

2.2. 糖尿病足严重程度与基线炎症标志物的关系

表1所示,随着DF严重程度增加,基线炎症标志物水平逐渐升高(P<0.0001)。其中Wagner 4级患者WBC、ESR、CRP、PCT和IL-6水平高于Wagner 0-3级患者(P<0.05);Wagner 4级患者NE%高于Wagner 0级(P<0.0001)和Wagner 1级患者(P<0.0001),Wagner 3级高于Wagner 0级(P<0.0001)。

表 1. Baseline levels of inflammatory markers of DF patients with different Wagner grades.

不同Wagner分级DF患者的基线炎症标志物水平

Factor Total (n=495) Wagner grade P
Grade 0 (n=68) Grade 1 (n=38) Grade 2 (n=61) Grade 3 (n=213) Grade 4 (n=115)
 WBC: white blood cell count; NE: neutrophil percentage; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; IL-6: interleukin-6. * Median (P25-P75). a P<0.05, vs. Wagner grade 1; b P<0.05, vs. Wagner grade 2; c P<0.05, vs. Wagner grade 3; d P<0.05, vs. Wagner grade 4.
WBC/(×109 L-1)* 6.95 (5.51-8.91) 6.29 (5.28-7.47)c, d 6.32 (4.98-7.02)d 6.52 (5.24-8.56)d 6.82 (5.38-8.61)d 8.80 (6.56-11.37) <0.0001
NE/% 69.89±10.57 65.44±10.59c, d 65.89±8.95d 67.39±9.13 70.48±10.17 74.05±10.83 <0.0001
ESR/(mm/1 h)* 47.50 (28.50-69.75) 31.50 (16.00-47.75)c, d 30.50 (15.75-37.50)c, d 37.00 (24.00-74.00)d 48.50 (32.50-68.00)d 68.00 (50.00-81.00) <0.0001
CRP/(mg/L)* 7.44 (2.93-25.23) 2.93 (1.73-4.34)a, b, c, d 4.24 (2.78-7.46)c, d 4.71 (2.79-13.10)d 8.15 (3.15-20.75)d 25.60 (7.07-74.50) <0.0001
PCT/(ng/mL)* 0.06 (0.04-0.09) 0.05 (0.03-0.07)d 0.05 (0.04-0.08)d 0.05 (0.03-0.07)d 0.06 (0.03-0.09)d 0.07 (0.05-0.17) <0.0001
IL-6/(pg/mL)* 10.42 (5.18-25.25) 4.21 (2.47-6.53)c, d 6.26 (2.90-11.07)c, d 6.31 (2.92-11.28)c, d 11.17 (5.70-24.57)d 25.45 (11.63-45.01) <0.0001

采用多因素logistic回归分析进一步探究基线炎症标志物对DF严重程度的影响,有序多分类logistic回归结果显示,NE%、CRP、PCT和IL-6基线水平与DF严重程度正相关;无序多分类结果显示,以Wagner 0级患者为参照,高WBC水平者更易出现Wagner 2-4级 ,高ESR者病情进展至Wagner 3-4级的风险更高,比值比(odds ratio, OR)〔95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI)〕值为1.030(1.006~1.054)和1.045(1.019~1.071),见表2

表 2. Effect of baseline inflammatory markers on the severity of DF.

基线炎症标志物对DF严重程度的影响

Risk factor Wagner gradea Grade 1b Grade 2b Grade 3b Grade 4b
P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI)
 The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 1. a Ordinal logistic regression; b multinomial logistic regression, use Wagner grade 0 as a reference; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.
WBC/(×109 L-1) 0.708 1.039 (0.851-1.268) 0.001 1.260 (1.096-1.447) 0.011 1.188 (1.041-1.356) <0.0001 1.301 (1.137-1.490)
NE/% <0.0001 1.038 (1.019-1.056)
ESR/(mm/1 h) 0.820 0.996 (0.96-1.032) 0.116 1.021 (0.995-1.049) 0.014 1.030 (1.006-1.054) 0.001 1.045 (1.019-1.071)
CRP/(mg/L) <0.0001 1.019 (1.012-1.026)
PCT/(ng/mL) 0.003 8.225 (2.015-33.576)
IL-6/(pg/mL) <0.0001 1.017 (1.008-1.025)

2.3. 入院前抗生素治疗对基线炎症标志物的影响

考虑到入院前抗生素治疗对基线炎症标志物水平的影响,依据患者入院前是否使用抗生素进行分组分析,184例 (40.00%)患者明确记录曾在入院前使用抗生素,276例(60.00%)患者明确未使用抗生素。入院前使用抗生素的患者ESR (P=0.008)、CRP(P=0.039)和IL-6(P=0.033)的基线水平低于未用抗生素者(P<0.05),而抗生素使用对其他炎症标志物的影响无明显差异,见表3

表 3. The effect of pre-admission antibiotic use on baseline inflammatory markers of DF patients.

入院前抗生素使用对DF患者基线炎症标志物的影响

Factor Antibiotic use record (n=460) Use of antibiotics before admission (n=184) No use of antibiotics before admission (n=276) P
 The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 1. * Median (P25-P75).
WBC/(×109 L-1)* 6.96 (5.51-8.93) 6.95 (5.54-8.84) 6.98 (5.51-9.20) 0.745
NE/% 70.18±10.51 69.50±9.72 70.64±11.00 0.245
ESR/(mm/1 h)* 47.50 (28.50-69.75) 39.50 (20.00-67.25) 50.00 (33.00-76.25) 0.008
CRP/(mg/L)* 7.43 (2.92-25.15) 5.71 (2.74-16.40) 8.50 (3.15-28.05) 0.039
PCT/(ng/mL)* 0.06 (0.04-0.09) 0.05 (0.03-0.08) 0.06 (0.04-0.10) 0.151
IL-6/(pg/mL)* 10.35 (5.17-25.25) 8.77 (4.24-20.11) 11.09 (5.58-28.71) 0.033

2.4. 基线炎症标志物及抗生素使用与足溃疡预后的关系

表4所示,基线WBC、NE%、PCT和IL-6水平越低,患者预后越好,且在治疗无效和痊愈组间的差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。有序多分类logistic回归结果提示,高NE%和IL-6基线水平与DF患者预后情况的恶化正相关,OR(95%CI)值分别为1.030(1.010~1.051)和1.008(1.002~1.013),而入院前使用抗生素与否则对预后的影响不显著(表5)。

表 4. Baseline inflammatory markers of DF patients with different prognosis.

不同预后的DF患者的基线炎症标志物水平

Factor Total (n=427) Discharge prognosis P
Healing
group (n=122)
Effective treatment
group (n=237)
Group of patients not responding
to treatment (n=68)
 The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 1. * Median (P25-P75). a P<0.05, b P<0.01, vs. healing group.
WBC/(×109 L-1)* 7.12 (5.57-9.29) 6.77 (5.34-8.67) 7.19 (5.59-9.26) 7.91 (6.04-11.45)a 0.016
NE/% 70.60±10.40 68.43±9.30 70.90±10.36 73.45±11.68b 0.005
ESR/(mm/1 h)* 50.00 (31.00-74.00) 50.00 (26.25-71.75) 50.00 (32.50-73.50) 61.00 (34.00-78.00) 0.538
CRP/(mg/L)* 8.36 (3.39-27.60) 7.44 (2.80-26.70) 9.25 (3.77-25.55) 12.10 (3.87-43.70) 0.309
PCT/(ng/mL)* 0.06 (0.04-0.06) 0.05 (0.03-0.08) 0.06 (0.04-0.11) 0.07 (0.05-0.16)b 0.006
IL-6/(pg/mL)* 11.59 (5.62-29.18) 10.07 (4.21-21.09) 11.78 (5.75-31.42) 16.25 (7.36-38.30)a 0.01

表 5. Effect of baseline levels of inflammatory markers and antibiotic use on the prognosis of DF patients.

基线炎症标志物水平及抗生素使用对DF患者预后的影响

Risk factor Discharge prognosis
P OR (95% CI)
 The abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 1.
WBC/(×109 L-1) 0.249 1.024 (0.984-1.066)
NE/% 0.004 1.030 (1.010-1.051)
ESR/(mm/1 h) 0.935 1.000 (0.989-1.012)
CRP/(mg/L) 0.103 1.004 (0.999-1.009)
PCT/(ng/mL) 0.384 1.165 (0.826-1.643)
IL-6/(pg/mL) 0.005 1.008 (1.002-1.013)
No antibiotics 0.572 1.123 (0.751-1.681)

3. 讨论

作为糖尿病最具威胁性的慢性并发症之一,DF在全球范围内的疾病负担日益加重[7-8]。 DFI是造成患者住院、截肢和死亡风险升高的重要原因,未及时识别将导致局部感染扩散到更深层的软组织甚至骨骼,抑或造成全身感染[2]。通常根据典型临床炎症症状和体征来定义DFI,大多数有足部伤口的DF患者都有感染的临床证据[3, 9]。临床症状和体征可能会因神经病变或缺血存在而减弱,轻、中度感染时常缺乏全身表现,此时临床医生需要通过血液检测、影像学、病理学及病原培养等多种手段明确诊断并指导治疗。但在等待影像和培养结果期间,需要密切关注患者全血细胞计数以及炎症标志物水平以初步确定感染是否存在、感染严重程度和预判感染进展[2]

本研究分析结果提示CRP可作为鉴别高危足患者及不同严重程度的足溃疡患者间感染程度的有效指标,而其余多项炎症标志物仅能提示重度(Wagner 4级)与非重度DF患者的炎症水平差异,并不能反映出非重度DF间的炎症水平差异。多因素logistic回归分析提示NE%、CRP、PCT和IL-6基线水平可以作为判断DF严重程度的指标,而WBC及ESR可作为中重度DF的预测因素。研究评估多种血液炎症因子对于判断DFI存在或严重程度的价值表明CRP和PCT相较于WBC或ESR具有更高的诊断准确性[10-11];但目前PCT和CRP在识别DFI存在和严重程度的能力并非完全一致。JONAIDI JAFARI等[12]发现与ESR和CRP相比,PCT不能作为鉴别感染和非感染性糖尿病足溃疡特异性指标,这同KORKMAZ等[4]的结果一致,且该研究还提出CRP=28 mg/L、IL-6=105.8 pg/mL、ESR=31 mm/1 h和WBC=11.6×109 L-1可以作为鉴别感染和非感染糖尿病足溃疡的切点。一项INDUCE研究提示,CRP和WBC有助于鉴别糖尿病患者非感染性和轻度感染足溃疡,而PCT无法鉴别出轻度感染足溃疡[13]。与之相反,JEANDROT等[14]研究提示PCT和CRP对于鉴别糖尿病患者感染和非感染性足溃疡是有价值的,且PARK等[15]研究还证实了PCT和CRP水平与糖尿病足感染严重程度呈正相关。最近发表的Meta分析结果表明CRP和PCT分别对于Wagner 2级和3级的DFI最具诊断意义[16]。鉴于多项研究以及本研究不同结果的存在,从临床角度而言可以确定一个用于判定感染存在及严重程度的综合评价指标,或进一步结合如血清淀粉样蛋白A等其他炎症相关标志物的检测结果,或建立一项特异性炎症指标对感染状况和程度进行综合评价。

本研究结果显示,WBC、NE%、PCT和IL-6的基线水平在治疗无效和痊愈组间存在显著差异,更低水平的基线炎症因子提示着更好的预后结果,logistic回归分析还表明NE%和IL-6基线水平越高,疾病预后越差。目前关于炎症标志物对糖尿病足预后评估价值的研究较少。回顾性研究发现ESR水平与DFI预后独立相关,>64.0 mm/1 h提示预后欠佳,而CRP、PCT和WBC对预测DFI患者的预后没有显著意义[17];另一项研究则指出PCT升高(>2 ng/mL)可作为急性DFI预后的预测因子[18]。KARKAS等[19]研究提示IL-6水平可能与DF患者截肢相关,在截肢组患者中IL-6水平显著升高。

指南建议应及时根据感染的临床特征和严重程度、可能的病原体线索、近期抗生素治疗史对DFI进行经验性抗生素治疗[3]。不规范使用抗生素还会大大增加DFI患者抗感染治疗的难度,导致细菌耐药、二重感染和感染扩散,并可能增加患者截肢风险[20-21]。鉴于此,部分DF患者在入院前或已接受抗菌治疗,特别是病情严重者,受此影响可能无法准确反映炎症标志物临床特征及其与预后的关系。本研究分析入院前抗生素治疗对炎症标志物的影响,结果显示入院前接受抗生素治疗能够显著降低ESR、CRP和IL-6水平,而其对预后影响不显著,这可能是因为入院前抗生素使用与否受医疗条件等多种因素影响,并不能反映患者的感染程度,且患者入院后接受抗感染治疗也会造成影响。

本研究的不足之处在于缺少Wagner 5级的DF患者的相应临床信息;而在预后分析仅提供了炎症标志物对近期预后的影响,缺乏更多随访信息以确定其对DF长期预后的影响;本研究系回顾性单中心研究,需要进一步多中心前瞻性研究探索炎症标志物基线水平及动态变化评估感染存在的诊断准确性以及与DF严重程度及预后的相关性。

综上所述,升高的基线炎症标志物水平伴随着DF严重程度增加和住院期间预后恶化,而抗生素的使用可以降低部分炎症因子水平。因此应该尽早评估糖尿病足溃疡感染状况并给予规范化抗生素治疗,以改善疾病预后。此外,炎症标志物水平并不能完全反映感染程度,仅能够作为入院早期抗感染治疗的指导,进一步干预方案的制定还需紧密结合其动态变化以及足溃疡局部炎症体征或症状、影像学、组织学和病原学等检查进行感染状况的综合评定来指导以改善DFI患者的预后。

*    *    *

作者贡献声明 吴静负责正式分析、研究方法、调查研究、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,Raju Bista负责调查研究、研究方法、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,查盼盼、龚洪平、任妍和李振怡负责调查研究和审读与编辑写作,陈利鸿和刘关键负责正式分析、研究方法和审读与编辑写作,陈大伟负责论文构思、提供资源、监督指导和审读与编辑写作,王椿负责论文构思、研究方法、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,冉兴无负责论文构思、经费获取、研究方法、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

四川省科技厅应用基础研究项目(No. 2018JY0608)和四川大学华西医院学科发展1.3.5工程项目(No. ZYGD18025)资助

Contributor Information

静 吴 (Jing WU), Email: wujing9711@163.com.

兴无 冉 (Xingwu RAN), Email: ranxingwu@163.com.

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