Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants Whose Children Had Neurodevelopmental Assessments.
| Characteristics at enrollment | No. (%) of participants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First randomization preconception interventions | Second randomization | |||||
| Yes (n = 982) | No (n = 730) | Preconception, pregnancy and early childhood interventions, group A (n = 509) | Preconception interventions only, group B (n = 473) | Pregnancy and early childhood interventions only, group C (n = 380) | Control, group D (n = 350) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 23.8 (3.0) | 23.8 (3.1) | 24.4 (3.5) | 24.6 (3.0) | 24.4 (3.2) | 24.6 (3.0) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 152.5 (5.8) | 152.3 (5.5) | 152.6 (6.0) | 152.3 (5.7) | 152.6 (5.6) | 152 (5.3) |
| <150 cm | 320 (32.6) | 252 (34.5) | 160 (31.4) | 160 (33.8) | 132 (34.7) | 120 (34.3) |
| BMI | ||||||
| ≥25 | 224 (22.8) | 168 (23.0) | 117 (23.0) | 114 (24.1) | 85 (22.4) | 87 (24.9) |
| 18.5 to 24.99 | 591 (60.2) | 445 (61.0) | 306 (60.1) | 297 (62.8) | 235 (61.8) | 208 (59.4) |
| <18.5 | 167 (17.0) | 117 (16.0) | 86 (16.9) | 62 (13.1) | 60 (15.8) | 55 (15.7) |
| Joint or extended familya | 686 (69.9) | 502 (68.8) | 353 (69.4) | 333 (70.4) | 264 (69.5) | 238 (68.0) |
| Education ≥12 y | ||||||
| Participant | 475 (48.4) | 355 (48.6) | 241 (47.4) | 234 (49.5) | 189 (49.7) | 166 (47.4) |
| Spouse | 499 (50.8) | 356 (48.8) | 254 (49.9) | 245 (51.8) | 195 (51.3) | 161 (46.0) |
| Homemaker | 931 (94.8) | 698 (95.6) | 482 (94.7) | 449 (94.9) | 365 (96.1) | 333 (95.1) |
| Annual family income, median (IQR), US$ | 3000 (1923-3590) | 2307 (1692-3333) | 3077 (1923-3589) | 2821 (1923-3590) | 2307 (1731-3589) | 2307 (1692-3205) |
| Family below poverty lineb | 15 (1.5) | 41 (5.6) | 9 (1.8) | 6 (1.3) | 18 (4.7) | 23 (6.6) |
| Family member covered by health insurance scheme | 55 (5.6) | 115 (15.8) | 28 (5.5) | 27 (5.7) | 57 (15.0) | 58 (16.6) |
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Large hospitals | 412 (81.0) | 274 (57.9) | 321 (84.5) | 213 (60.8) | ||
| Small hospitals or birthing centers | 86 (16.9) | 162 (34.3) | 47 (12.4) | 107 (30.6) | ||
| Home birth | 11 (2.1) | 37 (7.8) | 12 (3.1) | 30 (8.6) | ||
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
a
Joint or extended family includes adult relatives other than the enrolled parents and siblings living together in a household.
b
Families having an annual income of less than 24 000 Indian rupee (INR; US $360; 1 INR equivalent to US $0.015).