Table 3. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 12 Months .
| Outcomes | Group, No. (%)a | Mean difference (98.3% CI)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (n = 403) | B (n = 380) | C (n = 323) | D (n = 320) | Preconception intervention (A+B) vs none (C+D) | Pregnancy intervention (A+C) vs none (B+D) | Preconception and pregnancy intervention (A) vs none (D) | |
| Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3 c | |||||||
| Communication | 51.1 (10.5) | 48.5 (11.7) | 50.8 (10.2) | 48.2 (12.2) | 0.20 (−1.22 to 1.62) | 2.55 (1.08 to 4.02) | 2.89 (0.77 to 5.02) |
| Gross motor | 52.1 (10.8) | 49.7 (12.1) | 52.5 (10.3) | 48.4 (15.2) | 0.35 (−1.23 to 1.92) | 3.46 (1.84 to 5.09) | 3.98 (1.43 to 6.54) |
| Fine motor | 47.6 (12.3) | 44.9 (13.2) | 48.1 (10.5) | 42.8 (13.8) | 0.83 (−0.80 to 2.45) | 3.85 (2.22 to 5.49) | 4.79 (2.39 to 7.19) |
| Problem solving | 45.5 (12.2) | 45.1 (12.9) | 47.2 (11.5) | 43.5 (13.3) | −0.19 (−1.79 to 1.42) | 1.82 (0.14 to 3.50) | 1.90 (0.51 to 4.31) |
| Personal social | 42.7 (13.2) | 40.7 (13.1) | 42.2 (13.7) | 39.8 (14.7) | 0.73 (−1.04 to 2.50) | 2.29 (0.48 to 4.09) | 3.18 (0.59 to 5.77) |
| Observation of Mother-Child Interaction d | |||||||
| At 6 mo | 31.6 (4.9) | 30.7 (4.5) | 31.4 (4.7) | 30.5 (4.3) | 0.26 (−0.49 to 1.01) | 0.84 (−0.08 to 1.60) | 1.17 (−0.13 to 2.22) |
| At 12 mo | 35.6 (6.5) | 35.2 (6.2) | 36.2 (6.0) | 35.2 (6.5) | −0.29 (−1.13 to 0.55) | 0.73 (−0.12 to 1.58) | 0.34 (−0.93 to 1.60) |
| At 18 mo | 38.0 (5.8) | 38.2 (5.6) | 38.6 (5.5) | 37.6 (6.3) | −0.04 (−0.80 to 0.72) | 0.33 (−0.44 to 1.10) | 0.26 (−0.88 to 1.40) |
| Home Observation for Measurement of the Environmente | |||||||
| 24 mo | 42.8 (3.5) | 42.7 (3.4) | 43.1 (3.5) | 42.9 (3.3) | −0.23 (−0.75 to 0.30) | 0.12 (−0.41 to 0.65) | −0.05 (−0.82 to 0.73) |
Abbreviations: ASQ-3, Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition; HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.
Denotes the number (%) of children who were assessed for neurodevelopment, the secondary outcome of the previously published WINGS trial,11 using ASQ-3 tool. See footnote a in Table 2 for the group definitions.
Adjusted for clustering for twin births, maternal height, maternal body mass index at the time of pregnancy detection, paternal years of schooling, family income, below-the-poverty-line status, and place of delivery.
Scores range from 0 to 60 (higher scores indicate better development).
Assessments were conducted for a subsample of children: 6 months: 254 in group A, 223 in group B, 205 in group C, and 202 in group D; 12 months: 373 in group A, 348 in group B, 301 in group C, and 295 in group D; and 18 months: 398 in group A, 373 in group B, 313 in group C, and 313 in group D. The tool consists of a total of 19 items (score range, 0-3, with a maximum 57; higher scores indicate a more responsive interaction).
HOME assessments were conducted in a subsample (296 in groups A and B each, 213 in group C, and 192 in group D). Consists of 45 items with responses coded at either 0 (not observed or reported during visit) and 1 (observed or reported during visit). The maximum score possible is 45. Higher scores indicate better stimulation and learning opportunities at home.