Table 1.

Clinical trials exploring the efficacy of anti-TNF-α drugs on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Reference	Type of Study	Intervention	Main Findings
Tobinick et al., 2006 [107]	prospective, single-center, open-label, pilot study	25–50 mg of etanercept was administered once weekly by perispinal administration for 6 months	significant improvement in cognition in treated patients
Tobinick et al., 2008 [109]	prospective, single-center, open-label, pilot study	weekly administration of etanercept, 25–50 mg, perispinally for six months in 12 patients with mild to severe AD for 6 months	Significant improvement in cognition in treated patients and rapid improvement in verbal fluency and aphasia in two dementia patients, starting minutes after administration of perispinal etanercept.
Butchart et al., 2015 [106]	randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial registered with EudraCT (2009-013400-31) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01068353)	peripheral subcutaneous administration of etanercept 50 mg once weekly for 24 weeks; 41 participants with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease	Treatment well tolerated but no significant change in cognition, behavior, or global function.
Chen et al., 2010 [105]	pilot study	15 elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 8 received etanercept 25 mg twice weekly and 7 received adalimumab 40 mg twice monthly	Cognitive improvement in 11 of 15 participants; no improvement in depression.