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Random-effects meta-analysis of standard mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for studies that obtained data for immediate free recall [50,52,55,56,61,63,66,69,81,95,105,106,108]. Data markers represent the SMD, and their size represents the weight assigned to each study. Horizontal bars represent the 95% CI. The black diamonds represent pooled summary analyses. The P symbol represents p significance.
