Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 96,679 participants by quartiles of E-DII scores in the UK Biobank.
| Characteristics 1 | E-DII Scores from Diet 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-Value 3 | |
| E-DII score range (min, max) | –6.27, –1.40 | –1.39, –0.03 | –0.02, 1.29 | 1.30, 6.06 | |
| N | 24,170 | 24,170 | 24,170 | 24,169 | |
| Mean (SD) | |||||
| Age, years | 57.28 (7.45) | 56.96 (7.66) | 56.27 (7.90) | 55.37 (8.07) | <0.001 |
| Average total energy intake, kcal/day 4 | 1865.85 (440.72) | 1992.27 (452.66) | 2091.82 (477.10) | 2225.64 (533.89) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.27 (4.52) | 26.39 (4.38) | 26.67 (4.39) | 27.15 (4.64) | <0.001 |
| N (%) 5 | |||||
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 7503 (31.04) | 9911 (41.01) | 11,981 (49.57) | 14,289 (59.12) | |
| Female | 16,667 (68.96) | 14,259 (58.99) | 12,189 (50.43) | 9880 (40.88) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| Asian or Asian British | 208 (0.86) | 187 (0.77) | 229 (0.95) | 255 (1.06) | |
| Black or Black British | 205 (0.85) | 136 (0.56) | 165 (0.68) | 210 (0.87) | |
| Chinese | 70 (0.29) | 66 (0.27) | 63 (0.26) | 51 (0.21) | |
| Mixed | 131 (0.54) | 92 (0.38) | 119 (0.49) | 145 (0.60) | |
| Other ethnic groups | 169 (0.70) | 114 (0.47) | 126 (0.52) | 129 (0.53) | |
| White | 23,321 (96.49) | 23,500 (97.23) | 23,397 (96.80) | 23,279 (96.32) | |
| Unknown | 66 (0.27) | 75 (0.31) | 71 (0.29) | 100 (0.41) | |
| Education qualification 6 | <0.001 | ||||
| College or university degree/vocational qualification | 17,729 (73.35) | 17,817 (73.72) | 17,698 (73.22) | 16,995 (70.32) | |
| National examination at age 17–18 | 1453 (6.01) | 1477 (6.11) | 1505 (6.23) | 1564 (6.47) | |
| National examination at age 16 | 3303 (13.67) | 3203 (13.25) | 3265 (13.51) | 3685 (15.25) | |
| Unknown | 1685 (6.97) | 1673 (6.92) | 1702 (7.04) | 1925 (7.96) | |
| Townsend deprivation index 7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Least deprived, −6.26–−3.32 | 8149 (33.72) | 8352 (34.56) | 8158 (33.75) | 7535 (31.18) | |
| Intermediate, −3.31–−1.09 | 8093 (33.48) | 8259 (34.17) | 8027 (33.21) | 7815 (32.33) | |
| Most deprived, –1.08–10.27 | 7908 (32.72) | 7534 (31.17) | 7956 (32.92) | 8794 (36.39) | |
| Unknown | 20 (0.08) | 25 (0.10) | 29 (0.12) | 25 (0.10) | |
| Cigarette smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 14,247 (58.94) | 14,347 (59.36) | 14,011 (57.97) | 13,039 (53.95) | |
| Past smokers, ≥15 cigarettes/d | 3725 (15.41) | 3651 (15.11) | 3888 (16.09) | 4130 (17.09) | |
| Past smokers, <15 cigarettes/d | 1748 (7.23) | 1649 (6.82) | 1586 (6.56) | 1465 (6.06) | |
| Past smokers, amount unknown | 3319 (13.73) | 3260 (13.49) | 3145 (13.01) | 2921 (12.09) | |
| Current smokers, ≥15 cigarettes/d | 222 (0.92) | 292 (1.21) | 418 (1.73) | 1010 (4.18) | |
| Current smokers, <15 cigarettes/d | 343 (1.42) | 364 (1.51) | 424 (1.75) | 712 (2.95) | |
| Current smokers, amount unknown | 512 (2.12) | 565 (2.34) | 658 (2.72) | 838 (3.47) | |
| Unknown status | 54 (0.22) | 42 (0.17) | 40 (0.17) | 54 (0.22) | |
| Alcohol drinking status 7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 818 (3.38) | 646 (2.67) | 645 (2.67) | 738 (3.05) | |
| Past drinkers | 802 (3.32) | 636 (2.63) | 561 (2.32) | 743 (3.07) | |
| Current drinkers, ≤7.1 g/d | 8206 (33.95) | 7557 (31.27) | 7157 (29.61) | 7423 (30.71) | |
| Current drinkers, 7.2–18.6 g/d | 8025 (33.20) | 8042 (33.27) | 7614 (31.50) | 6665 (27.58) | |
| Current drinkers, >18.6 g/d | 6306 (26.09) | 7280 (30.12) | 8184 (33.86) | 8580 (35.50) | |
| Unknown status | 13 (0.05) | 9 (0.04) | 9 (0.04) | 20 (0.08) | |
| Sleep quality 8 | |||||
| Healthy | 9174 (37.96) | 8835 (36.55) | 8381 (34.68) | 7638 (31.60) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 10,701 (44.27) | 10,891 (45.06) | 11,167 (46.20) | 11,619 (48.07) | |
| Poor | 525 (2.17) | 607 (2.51) | 684 (2.83) | 900 (3.72) | |
| Unknown | 3770 (15.60) | 3837 (15.88) | 3938 (16.29) | 4012 (16.60) | |
| Physical activity level 7,9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Low, ≤1102 MET-minutes/week | 5799 (23.99) | 6643 (27.48) | 7274 (30.10) | 8022 (33.19) | |
| Medium, 1103–2604 MET-minutes/week | 7115 (29.44) | 7161 (29.63) | 6977 (28.87) | 6457 (26.72) | |
| High, >2604 MET-minutes/week | 7916 (32.75) | 7013 (29.02) | 6496 (26.88) | 6267 (25.93) | |
| Unknown | 3340 (13.82) | 3353 (13.87) | 3423 (14.16) | 3423 (14.16) | |
| BMI status | <0.001 | ||||
| Underweight, <18.5 kg/m2 | 165 (0.68) | 116 (0.48) | 89 (0.37) | 105 (0.43) | |
| Normal weight, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 10,600 (43.86) | 10,165 (42.06) | 9391 (38.85) | 8416 (34.82) | |
| Overweight, 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 9233 (38.20) | 9695 (40.11) | 10,123 (41.88) | 10,258 (42.44) | |
| Obese, ≥30 kg/m2 | 4172 (17.26) | 4194 (17.35) | 4567 (18.9) | 5390 (22.30) | |
| Vitamin/mineral supplement use | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 12,700 (52.54) | 13,908 (57.54) | 15,178 (62.80) | 16,706 (69.12) | |
| Yes | 11,470 (47.46) | 10,262 (42.46) | 8992 (37.20) | 7463 (30.88) | |
| NSAIDs use | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 18,799 (77.78) | 18,706 (77.39) | 18,590 (76.91) | 18,395 (76.11) | |
| Yes | 5371 (22.22) | 5464 (22.61) | 5580 (23.09) | 5774 (23.89) | |
| Depression status | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 20,997 (86.87) | 21,339 (88.29) | 21,303 (88.14) | 21,141 (87.47) | |
| Yes | 3173 (13.13) | 2831 (11.71) | 2867 (11.86) | 3028 (12.53) | |
| Number of related comorbidities 10 | 0.03 | ||||
| 0 | 10,631 (43.98) | 10,682 (44.20) | 10,759 (44.51) | 10,683 (44.20) | |
| 1–2 | 11,048 (45.71) | 10,913 (45.15) | 10,847 (44.88) | 10,778 (44.59) | |
| ≥3 | 2491 (10.31) | 2575 (10.65) | 2564 (10.61) | 2708 (11.2) | |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, Analysis of Variance; BMI, body mass index; E-DII, energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MET: Metabolic Equivalent Task; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SD, standard deviation. 1 The detailed assessment and categorization of baseline characteristics listed in this table are described in the Supplementary Method section. 2 The E-DII score from the diet of each individual was derived by linking DII with the average energy-adjusted dietary intake of 32 food parameters included in the DII from all rounds of 24 h dietary recalls with the typical diet indicated. 3 The p-value was calculated by ANOVA test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. 4 The average total energy intake for each individual was calculated by averaging the total energy intake from all the included rounds of 24 h dietary recalls. 5 Percentages for each E-DII quartile may not add up to 100% due to rounding. 6 ‘National examination at age 17–18’ refers to the intermediate qualifications, including ‘A levels/AS levels or equivalent’, and ‘National examination at age 16’ refers to the lowest qualifications, including ‘O levels/GCSEs or equivalent’ and ‘CSEs or equivalent’. 7 These characteristics were categorized into tertiles based on the population distribution at baseline. We only categorized daily alcohol intake among current drinkers because of data availability in this group only. 8 Sleep quality was assessed by a healthy sleep score, which was calculated by summing the number of low-risk sleep factors self-reported on the touchscreen questionnaire: (1) sleeping 7–8 h per day, (2) early chronotype (‘definitely a morning person’ or ‘more a morning than evening person’), (3) reported insomnia symptoms (never or rarely), (4) not reporting snoring, and (5) not reporting frequent daytime sleepiness (‘never/rarely’ or ‘sometimes’). For each factor, participants received a score of 1 if they had low risk for that factor. Sleep quality was defined as ‘poor’ (healthy sleep score ≤ 1), ‘intermediate’ (2 ≤ healthy sleep score ≤ 3), ‘healthy’ (healthy sleep score ≥ 4), and ‘unknown’ (any factor was missing). 9 Total physical activity was derived by summing MET-minutes per week for all activities, including walking, moderate, vigorous activity, and categorized into tertiles. 10 A total of seven chronic diseases at baseline related to diet and anxiety were included: cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type-2 diabetes mellitus, cancers, digestive diseases, and chronic kidney diseases. The number of related comorbidities was the sum of the seven diseases an individual was diagnosed at baseline based on self-reported medical conditions, medication use, and hospital inpatient records.