Abstract
目的
探讨关节镜下改良肩峰下观察入路(以下简称改良观察入路)修补Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂的早期疗效。
方法
回顾性分析2020年10月—2022年11月符合选择标准的52例Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂患者临床资料,均在关节镜下经改良观察入路完成手术。男15例,女37例;年龄41~76岁,平均63.4岁。12例有外伤史,40例无明显诱因。患者主要临床症状为肩关节疼痛,熊抱试验均为阳性。出现症状至入院时间为3~26个月,平均7.2个月。术前及术后12个月,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国肩肘外科医师协会(ASES)评分和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分评价肩关节疼痛及功能情况;术前及术后3、12个月测量肩关节前屈、外展、外旋活动度和内旋肌力;术后3~6个月MRI复查肌腱愈合情况、肌腱连续性和张力;末次随访时统计患者满意度。
结果
术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、神经损伤等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间12~37个月,平均18.5个月。术后12个月VAS评分、ASES评分及UCLA评分均优于术前(P<0.05)。术后3、12个月肩关节前屈、外展活动度和内旋肌力均较术前改善,术后12个月优于3个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而术后3个月肩关节外旋活动度与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),12个月时较术前及术后3个月改善(P<0.05)。术后3~6个月31例患者行MRI复查,其中28例肩胛下肌腱结构完整、张力良好、肌腱愈合,3例肌腱再撕裂。末次随访时,患者对手术疗效非常满意41例(78.8%)、满意7例(13.5%)、不满意4例(7.7%)。
结论
关节镜下经改良观察入路修补Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂,可获得满意手术视野以及操作空间,术后早期疗效满意、肌腱再撕裂率低。
Keywords: Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂, 关节镜, 改良观察入路, 早期疗效
Abstract
Objective
To investigate short-term effectiveness of arthroscopic repair via modified subacromial viewing portal (hereinafter referred to as modified viewing portal) in treatment of LafosseⅠsubscapularis tendon tears.
Methods
A clinical data of 52 patients with LafosseⅠsubscapularis tendon tears, who underwent the arthroscopic repair via modified viewing portal between October 2020 and November 2022 and met the selective criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. There were 15 males and 37 females with an average age of 63.4 years (range, 41-76 years). Twelve patients had trauma history and the other 40 patients had no obvious inducement. The main clinical symptom was shoulder pain and the hug resistance tests were positive in all patients. The interval between symptom onset and admission ranged from 3 to 26 months (mean, 7.2 months). The shoulder pain and function were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score before operation and at 12 months after operation. The shoulder range of motion (ROM) of forward flexion, abduction, and external rotation and the internal rotation strength were measured before operation and at 3 and 12 months after operation. MRI was performed at 3-6 months after operation to assess the tendon healing and the structural integrity and tension of reattached tendon. Patient’s satisfactions were calculated at last follow-up.
Results
All incisions healed by first intention, no complication such as incision infection or nerve injury occurred. All patients were followed up 12-37 months (mean, 18.5 months). The VAS, UCLA, and ASES scores at 12 months after operation significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). The ROMs of abduction and forward flexion and the internal rotation strength at 3 and 12 months significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05); and the ROMs at 12 months significantly improved compared to that at 3 months (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the ROM of external rotation at 3 months compared to that before operation; but the ROM at 12 months significantly improved compared to that before operation and at 3 months after operation (P<0.05). Thirty-one patients underwent MRI at 3-6 months, of which 28 patients possessed intact structural integrity, good tendon tension and tendon healing; 3 patients underwent tendon re-tear. At last follow-up, 41 patients (78.8%) were very satisfied with the effectiveness, 7 were satisfied (13.5%), and 4 were dissatisfied (7.7%).
Conclusion
Arthroscopic repair via modified viewing portal for Lafosse Ⅰsubscapularis tendon tears, which can achieve the satisfactory visualization and working space, can obtain good short-term effectiveness with low overall re-tear risk.
Keywords: LafosseⅠ subscapularis tendon tear, arthroscopy, modified viewing portal, short-term effectiveness
Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂即肩胛下肌腱上1/3不完全撕裂,由于术中容易被漏诊,又被称为“隐匿性肩袖撕裂”[1-4]。该型肌腱撕裂范围超过足印区50%时需要手术修补[5],关节镜下修补术是常用术式,主要在关节内和传统肩峰下观察入路进行手术。肩胛下肌腱和小结节足印区获得清晰观察视野对于术中诊断至关重要,但是使用30° 镜头在关节内和肩峰下进行肩胛下肌腱修补时,均存在视野不佳的问题[6-9]。此外,还存在手术入路局限、操作空间狭窄等问题,影响手术疗效。
基于此,我科在传统肩峰下观察入路基础上进行改良,提出了关节镜下改良肩峰下观察入路(以下简称改良观察入路),术中使用30° 镜头即可获得肩胛下肌腱和小结节足印区满意手术视野以及无骨性阻挡的操作空间,术者还能灵活选择手术入路以保证准确穿入锚钉及缝线钩。2020年9月开始将其用于关节镜下Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂修补术。现回顾患者临床资料,总结该改良观察入路的可行性及早期疗效,为临床应用提供参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 接受关节镜下改良观察入路肌腱修补术;② 关节镜下检查明确为Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂;③ 肌腱撕裂范围大于足印区50%;④ 合并冈上肌腱撕裂;⑤ 经保守治疗3个月以上无效;⑥ 随访时间≥12个月。排除标准:① 不可修复肩胛下肌腱撕裂;② 合并肩关节活动受限;③ 合并严重糖尿病和其他心血管疾病;④ 巨大肩袖撕裂。2020年10月—2022年11月,共52例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。
本组男15例,女37例;年龄41~76岁,平均63.4岁。12例有外伤史,其中摔伤7例、交通事故伤5例;余40例均无明显诱因。患者主要临床症状为肩关节疼痛伴关节活动受限,熊抱试验均为阳性。出现症状至本次入院时间为3~26个月,平均7.2个月。
1.2. 手术方法
全身麻醉联合臂丛阻滞麻醉后,患者取侧卧位,使用30° 镜头进行手术。首先,从标准后侧入路将关节镜置入关节内,内旋和后推肱骨头显露肩胛下肌腱断端,使用刨刀对肌腱断端进行新鲜化处理,判断肌腱撕裂范围均超过足印区50%。将半脱位、脱位或者撕裂肱二头肌腱固定于胸大肌腱上缘或于盂上结节离断。
然后进行肌腱修补术,手术采用4个入路,分别为改良观察入路,位于喙突和肩峰前外侧角连线中点;锚钉植入专用通道,位于改良观察入路前内侧2 cm;缝线钩操作专用通道,位于改良观察入路远侧3~4 cm;传统肩峰下观察入路,位于肩峰前角和后角连线中点。见图1。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of surgical portals
手术入路示意图
A:改良观察入路 B:锚钉植入专用通道 C:缝线钩操作专用通道 D:传统肩峰下观察入路
A: Modified viewing portal B: Specific access for suture anchor insertion C: Specific access for applying suture hook D: Conventional subacromial viewing portal
具体操作如下:以传统肩峰下观察入路为观察通道,清理肩峰下滑囊,顺着喙肩韧带找出喙突,清理喙突和肩胛下肌腱间的滑囊,判断肌腱滑囊侧是否撕裂,本组肌腱撕裂均在关节侧,滑囊侧肌腱完整;2例喙肱间距<7 mm作喙突成形。由于镜头与肩胛下肌腱和足印区形成约10° 夹角,术者只能获得狭窄肌腱观察视野,足印区被内侧悬韧带完全遮挡。此时,将观察通道从传统肩峰下观察入路更换至改良观察入路。由于镜头与足印区形成约70° 夹角,只需将内侧悬韧带向远端牵开,即能观察到完整小结节足印区,内侧悬韧带得以完整保留。另外,通过留置针定位建立锚钉植入专用通道,新鲜化小结节足印区,将5.0 mm带线锚钉通过该通道以45° 角植于肩胛下肌腱前缘足印区,通过旋转肱骨头调整锚钉位置和角度。
观察通道保持在改良观察入路,由于镜头与肩胛下肌腱形成约70° 角,观察肌腱断端同时,还能获得肩胛下肌腱从足印区至喙突内侧缘的手术视野。通过留置针定位建立缝线钩操作专用通道,缝线钩通过该通道进行穿肌腱等操作。根据肌腱撕裂范围决定肌腱固定方式:本组45例撕裂范围为足印区50%~70%行单排修补,7例撕裂范围为70%~80%行Mason-Allen方式修补。最后于肩峰下和关节内探查修补后肩胛下肌腱解剖位置和张力恢复情况。见图2。
图 2.
Schematic diagram of arthroscopic surgery
手术操作示意图
A:改良观察入路 D:传统肩峰下观察入路 SSC:肩胛下肌腱 GL:肩胛盂 H:肱骨头 a. 显露肩胛下肌腱断端;b~d. 以传统肩峰下观察入路为观察通道,肌腱观察视野狭窄;e~g. 以改良观察入路为观察通道,完整显示小结节足印区; h. 带线锚钉经锚钉植入专用通道植于肩胛下肌腱前缘足印区;i. 镜头与肌腱形成约70° 角,从足印区到喙突内侧缘肩胛下肌腱完整显示;j. 缝线钩在无骨性阻挡空间下穿肌腱;k. 单排修补肩胛下肌腱;l. 修补后肩胛下肌腱(改良观察入路);m. 修补后肩胛下肌腱(关节内)
A: Modified viewing portal D: Conventional subacromial viewing portal SSC: Subscapularis tendon GL: Glenoid H: Humeral head a. The subscapularis tendon tear was exposed; b-d. The poor visualization was obtained via the conventional subacromial viewing portal; e-g. The satisfactory visualization of footprint was obtained via the modified viewing portal; h. A suture anchor was inserted into the footprint near cartilage rim via the specific access for suture anchor insertion; i. The tendon from tear portion to medial edge of coracoid process was wonderfully visualized since the scope formed an angle of 70° with subscapularis tendon; j. The suture hook was passed through the tendon in the working space without bony barrier; k. The tendon was repaired with single-row repair technique; l. The repaired subscapularis tendon was observed through modified viewing portal; m. The repaired subscapularis tendon in the joint was observed
1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标
术后支具固定肩关节于外展中立位,第2天开始肩关节被动外旋功能锻炼,6周后拆除支具开始肩关节主动外旋功能锻炼,12周时开始逐步加强肩关节内旋力量训练。
术前及术后12个月,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国肩肘外科医师协会(ASES)评分和美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分评价肩关节疼痛及功能情况。术前及术后3、12个月测量肩关节前屈、外展、外旋活动度和内旋肌力。术后3~6个月MRI复查肌腱愈合情况、肌腱连续性和张力,判断有无肌腱再撕裂[10]。末次随访时统计患者手术满意度,分为非常满意、满意、不满意。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料采用Shapiro-Wilk检验行正态性检验,均服从正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示。手术前后VAS评分、ASES评分以及UCLA评分比较采用配对t检验;肩关节各向活动度以及内旋肌力比较采用单因素重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,不同时间点间比较采用 Bonferroni 法。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、神经损伤等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间12~37个月,平均18.5个月。术后12个月VAS评分、ASES评分及UCLA评分均优于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3、12个月肩关节前屈、外展活动度和内旋肌力均较术前改善,术后12个月较3个月进一步改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而术后3个月肩关节外旋活动度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),12个月时较术前及术后3个月改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。术后3~6个月31例患者行MRI复查,其中28例肩胛下肌腱结构完整、张力良好、肌腱愈合,3例肌腱再撕裂;其余患者因为临床效果满意拒绝复查MRI。见图3。
表 1.
Comparison of effectiveness evaluation indicators between pre- and post-operation(n=52, )
患者手术前后疗效评价指标比较(n=52,)
指标 Indicator |
术前 Before operation |
术后3个月 Three months after operation |
术后12个月 Twelve months after operation |
统计量 Statistical value |
P值 P value |
*与术前比较P<0.05,#与术后3个月比较P<0.05 *Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05; #compared with the value at 3 months after operation, P<0.05 | |||||
前屈活动度(°) | 78.26±34.79# | 81.53±34.88* | 153.36±26.06*# | F=98.995 | <0.001 |
外展活动度(°) | 63.65±25.82# | 65.19±25.16* | 151.73±28.12*# | F=231.798 | <0.001 |
外旋活动度(°) | 20.78±7.16 | 21.07±7.30 | 48.33±10.66*# | F=253.544 | <0.001 |
内旋肌力(级) | 3.03±0.73# | 4.01±0.75* | 4.51±0.64*# | F=82.864 | <0.001 |
VAS评分(分) | 8.6±1.3 | — | 1.7±0.9 | t=30.707 | 0.001 |
ASES评分(分) | 19.9±7.3 | — | 90.0±6.3 | t=41.222 | 0.001 |
UCLA评分(分) | 6.9±1.9 | — | 30.9±3.7 | t=40.226 | 0.001 |
图 3.
A 68-year-old female patient with Lafosse Ⅰsubscapularis tendon tear of right shoulder joint
患者,女,68岁,右侧LafosseⅠ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂
a. 术前MRI;b. 关节镜下示关节内肩胛下肌腱撕裂并回缩;c. 关节镜下示修补后肩胛下肌腱;d. 术后1周MRI示肩胛下肌腱缝合位置过深(白色箭头示肌腱缝合固定处,红色箭头示未被缝合的肌腱); e. 术后6个月MRI示肩胛下肌腱愈合良好
a. Preoperative MRI; b. The extension of subscapularis tendon tear under arthroscopy; c. The repaired subscapularis tendon under arthroscopy; d. MRI at 1 week after operation showed the over-sutured of the tendon (white arrow for the tendon knotting point, the red arrow for the un-sutured tendon); e. MRI at 6 months after operation showed that the tendon healed well
末次随访时,患者对手术疗效非常满意41例(78.8%)、满意7例(13.5%)、不满意4例(7.7%)。4例不满意均为术后肩关节疼痛和僵硬,但患者拒绝行关节粘连松解或再次关节镜手术;其中1例术后24个月仍存在肩关节多向活动受限,特别是外旋受限,分析与术中肌腱缝合过深有关。
3. 讨论
临床研究报道肩袖翻修术中常发现漏诊的肩胛下肌腱撕裂[4,11-12]。关节内进行肩胛下肌腱修补视野不佳是术中漏诊的一个重要因素[13]。Yoo等[14]报道肩胛下肌腱在小结节有多个不同足印区附着处,导致关节内足印区观察难度大。Wright等[15]认为关节镜手术时经后侧入路进入关节内,只能观察到整个肩胛下肌腱的1/4。为解决视野不佳问题,Yoon等[16]提出了杠杆推动动作,即屈曲和内旋上臂同时将肱骨头向后推,认为该动作有利于显露关节内肌腱和足印区。此外,切除内侧悬韧带对于观察小结节足印区至关重要,但是会导致不必要的医源性损伤[4,17]。采用70° 镜头也能在关节内获得肩胛下肌腱和小结节更佳的观察视野[18]。
经传统肩峰下观察入路进行肩胛下肌腱修补视野不佳是术中漏诊的另一个重要因素。由于Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂病变在肌腱关节侧,所以经上述入路在肩峰下间隙很难观察到肌腱撕裂[2]。由于镜头与肩胛下肌腱和足印区形成约10° 夹角,术者只能获得狭窄的肌腱观察视野,足印区被内侧悬韧带完全遮挡,只有将内侧悬韧带部分切除才能显露足印区。
我们提出的改良观察入路,术中镜头能与肩胛下肌腱和足印区形成约70° 夹角,只需使用30° 镜头就可以获得肌腱和足印区满意的手术视野,对撕裂进行准确诊断,还能提供满意的手术操作空间。该入路优势具体体现在以下几方面:第一,镜头与肩胛下肌腱形成的70° 夹角相当于70° 镜头,通过该操作术者不但能观察到肌腱断端,还能获得肩胛下肌腱从足印区至喙突内侧缘满意的手术视野,缝线钩穿肌腱会更加精准。第二,镜头与足印区形成的70° 夹角相当于70° 镜头,只需要将内侧悬韧带向远端牵开,就能观察到完整小结节足印区,不但避免了切除内侧悬韧带造成的医源性损伤,还可以将锚钉精准植入至足印区。第三,关节内手术时只能从前方入路进行操作,而改良观察入路是在肩峰下间隙进行手术,术者可以根据留置针定位选择最佳手术入路,保证了锚钉植入和缝线钩穿肌腱精准操作。第四,关节内缝线钩操作会受到肱骨头和喙突的阻挡,而改良观察入路在肩峰下间隙进行手术,不存在肱骨头阻挡;虽然喙突也会阻挡缝线钩,但是通过内旋肱骨头即可避免。本组患者术后早期肩关节疼痛及功能均获得明显改善,患者满意度达90%以上。
但是,通过临床应用我们发现该改良观察入路也存在一些不足。首先,该入路可以扩大肩胛下肌腱和足印区在肩峰下间隙的手术视野,但是无法改善上述结构在关节内的手术视野。其次,该入路是在非常规操控角度下进行器械操作,术者需要一定时间练习才能熟练操作。再次,失去肩峰骨性支撑的三角肌筋膜会垂落并阻挡手术视野,缝线打结时也会受到三角肌筋膜影响。
虽然本组患者总体获得较好早期疗效,但是有部分患者术后3个月时出现肩关节外旋受限,本组术后3个月外旋活动度与术前差异无统计学意义,与既往临床研究报道结果相似。Kim等[19]报道24例肩胛下肌腱修补术后外旋活动度为平均23°,较术前无明显改善。Gerber等[20]描述肩胛下肌腱修补术后肩关节外旋受限,尤其是开放手术后。但本组患者经正规功能康复训练后,关节外旋受限明显改善,术后12个月时与术前及术后3个月时差异均有统计学意义。1例患者术后2年仍存在肩关节外旋明显受限,结合术后影像学检查结果,分析与术中肌腱缝合过深有关。因此,我们认为肌腱缝合进针点不应超过肌腱撕裂5 mm以远。
综上述,关节镜下经改良观察入路修补Lafosse Ⅰ型肩胛下肌腱撕裂,可获得满意的肩胛下肌腱和足印区手术视野以及手术操作空间,术后早期疗效满意。但本研究为回顾性病例研究且缺少对照,随访时间有限,随访期间仅31例患者完成MRI复查,因此研究结论有待扩大样本量、延长随访时间进一步明确。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究方案经南华大学附属第二医院医学伦理委员会批准([2023]009)
作者贡献声明 黄沛冠:研究设计;王晓旭、邱明俊:研究实施;王蓓、洪亮、曾智:数据收集整理及统计分析;黄沛冠、颜虎勇、何春荣:文章撰写;谭光华:行政支持
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