c-MET-positive circulating tumor cells and cell-free DNA as independent prognostic factors in hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer

Abstract

Background

Endocrine therapy resistance in hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (HR+/HER2−) breast cancer (BC) is a significant clinical challenge that poses several unmet needs in the management of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of c-MET-positive circulating tumor cells (cMET+ CTCs), ESR1/PIK3CA mutations, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC).

Methods

Ninety-seven patients with HR+ mBC were prospectively enrolled during standard treatment at Samsung Medical Center. CTCs were isolated from blood using GenoCTC^® and EpCAM or c-MET CTC isolation kits. PIK3CA and ESR1 hotspot mutations were analyzed using droplet digital PCR. CfDNA concentrations were calculated using internal control copies from the ESR1 mutation test. Immunocytochemistry was performed to compare c-MET overexpression between primary and metastatic sites.

Results

The proportion of c-MET overexpression was significantly higher in metastatic sites than in primary sites (p = 0.00002). Survival analysis showed that c-MET+ CTC, cfDNA concentration, and ESR1 mutations were significantly associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.0026, 0.0021, and 0.0064, respectively) in HR+/HER2− mBC. By contrast, EpCAM-positive CTC (EpCAM+ CTC) and PIK3CA mutations were not associated with progression-free survival (PFS) in HR+/HER2− mBC. Multivariate analyses revealed that c-MET+ CTCs and cfDNA concentration were independent predictors of PFS in HR+/HER2− mBC.

Conclusions

Monitoring c-MET+ CTC, rather than assessing c-MET expression in the primary BC site, could provide valuable information for predicting disease progression, as c-MET expression can change during treatment. The c-MET+ CTC count and cfDNA concentration could provide complementary information on disease progression in HR+ /HER2− mBC, highlighting the importance of integrated liquid biopsy.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-024-01768-y.

Background

Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) accounts for more than 65–70% of BC cases, and four fifths of these are HR+/HER2-negative (HER2−). Endocrine resistance and late recurrence are major clinical concerns in patients with HR+ BC. Although the availability of effective endocine therapy has significantly improved survival rates, approximately 25–30% of patients develop primary or secondary endocrine resistance owing to intrinsic or acquired mechanisms [1]. Updated guidelines for the treatment of advanced BC suggest that cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) in combination with endocrine therapy improve the overall survival (OS) of patients; however, most patients eventually develop acquired drug resistance to CDK4/6i [2]. Several factors contribute to endocrine resistance, including genetic and epigenetic alterations in the estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) pathway, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR pathway, and HER2 reactivation or acquired mutations of HER2 [3]. Therefore, the development of novel biomarker assays to predict the occurrence of endocrine resistance or disease progression is essential for improving patient outcomes.

Liquid biopsy (LBx) provide real-time molecular profiling of cancer, and numerous studies have shown that LBx analytes are valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and recurrence monitoring of various cancers [4]. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) and cell-free (cf) circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are widely studied cancer-derived components in patients’ blood. CTCs play an essential role in metastasis and are strongly correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) and OS of cancer patients [5–7]. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved CellSearch^® system and Parsortix™ PC1 system. Surface marker-dependent CellSearch^® system enumerates epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) + CTCs, but not all CTCs express EpCAM [8]. Moreover, the mesenchymal phenotype of CTCs has been implicated in poor prognosis [9, 10]. Parsortix™ PC1 system, agnostic of cell surface biomarker, enriches CTCs with a certain size and deformability including mesenchymal CTCs and CTC clusters [11].

Targeted next-generation sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR)-based mutational analysis precisely detect mutations indicative of endocrine therapy resistance, aiding in treatment decision [12, 13]. Acquired mutations in ESR1 have been identified as a frequent driver of endocrine therapy resistance in HR+ mBC, especially in patients treated with aromatase inhibitor (AI), accounting for approximately 20% of recurrent cases [14]. Randomized clinical trials, including SOFeA, PALOMA3, and FERGI, have identified ESR1 mutations in a significant proportion (approximately 28–39%) of patients with HR+/HER2− mBC [15, 16]. Aberrations in the expression of targetable molecular biomarkers between primary and metastatic/recurrent tumors have been widely reported [17], and the findings from these studies highlight the importance of monitoring these biomarkers to guide therapy decision [18]. Recently, routine testing of ESR1 mutations at recurrence or progression on endocrine therapy in patients with ER+/HER2− mBC were strongly recommended [19].

MET (MNNG-HOS transforming gene) encodes receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET, which is essential for cell proliferation, morphogenesis, and wound healing. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces c-MET dimerization and autophosphorylation, activating various signal transduction pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/PI3K pathway for survival, migration, angiogenesis, and stemness [20]. The HGF/c-MET signaling pathway may be involved in various cellular processes, including carcinogenesis, proliferation, survival, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and drug resistance in cancer cells [21].

An association between c-MET alterations and drug resistance has been reported previously. In patients with HR+ mBC treated with exemestane plus everolimus, c-MET overexpression was reportedly associated with shorter PFS and higher frequency of visceral metastases [22]. In a phase II study nextMONARCH 1, 8% of patients with HR+/HER2− advanced BC treated with abemaciclib plus tamoxifen showed new MET genetic alterations that were potentially associated with drug resistance [23]. Patients with advanced gastric cancer reportedly show alterations in c-MET expression after chemotherapy and worse outcomes in the c-MET+ group [24]. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the association between c-MET signaling and chemoresistance [25].

Therefore, we hypothesized that c-MET-positive (c-MET+) CTCs may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with HR+ mBC. To address the prognostic impact of c-MET+ CTCs, we developed a c-MET+ CTC-detection assay. These assays were applied in a prospective study to investigate the prognostic value of LBx analytes in patients with HR+ mBC. This study aimed to evaluate whether c-MET+ CTCs can be detected in the blood and whether c-MET+ CTCs and cfDNA are predictors of disease progression in patients with HR+ mBC.

Materials and methods

Study design

This prospective, partially blinded, single-center study included 97 patients with HR+ mBC to investigate the prognostic impact of LBx analytes including cMET+ CTC in patients with HR+ mBC. Patients were recruited during their standard treatment course at Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul, Republic of Korea, between May and December 2020. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the SMC (IRB No. 2019-08-119) and was conducted per the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. During treatment, peripheral blood samples were collected once using cell-free DNA BCT (Streck, La Vista, NE, USA), and a volume of 20 mL was obtained. Patient characteristics and tumor histology details were extracted from the pathology reports at the Department of Pathology, SMC. Disease progression was evaluated using radiography images based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1) guideline [26]. PFS was defined as the time from blood collection to radiological disease progression or death from any cause.

Evaluating the analytical performance of the c-MET + CTC assay using spiking

The human BC cell line (MCF7) and human gastric cancer cell line (SNU5) were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Cell lines were authenticated by short tandem repeat profiling analyses in Korea Genome Information Institute, and the e-Myco VALID Mycoplasma PCR detection kit (iNtRon Biotechnology, Inc., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea; Cat#25245) was used to verify that the cells were not contaminated with mycoplasma. The cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, Rockville, MD, USA; Cat#15140122) at 37 °C in a 5% humidified CO₂ incubator. To evaluate the c-MET+ CTC isolation method, SNU5 and MCF7 cells were spiked into RPMI-1640 culture medium or healthy human blood samples, which were obtained with written informed consent under IRB approval from the SMC (IRB No. 2021-08-063). Briefly, cells were spiked into 1 mL of the cell culture medium or healthy human blood samples. Cells were incubated with anti-c-MET monoclonal antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads and isolated as described in the c-MET CTC isolation kit using GenoCTC^® (Genobio Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Detailed methods for the spiking experiments are provided in the Additional file 1. The recovery and separation rates were calculated using the following equations:

$$\text{Recovery}\text{rate}\left(\%\right)=\frac{\text{Output}\text{cells}\left(\text{Waste}+\text{collected}\text{cells}\right)}{\text{Total}\text{input}\text{cells}}\times 100$$

$$\text{Separation}\text{rate}\left(\%\right)=\frac{\text{Collected}\text{cells}}{\text{Output}\text{cells}\left(\text{Waste}+\text{collected}\text{cells}\right)}\times 100$$

EpCAM + or c-MET + CTC isolation and multi-color immunocytochemical analysis

All blood samples were processed within four days of the blood draw, with 73% of the samples processed within one day. CTCs were isolated using GenoCTC^® (Genobio Corp), an immune magnetophoretic CTC isolation device, according to a previously published protocol [27]. Briefly, 4 mL of blood was incubated with anti-c-MET or anti-EpCAM monoclonal antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which are components of EpCAM or c-MET CTC isolation kits (Genobio Corp), for 30 min at room temperature. After incubation with the reagents, the samples were loaded onto the GenoCTC^® device and CTC isolation was performed.

CTCs collected from the GenoCTC^® device were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was removed and approximately 10 µL of the sample was maintained for slide preparation. The CTC suspension and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were gently placed on glass slides and dried in a hybridizer (Dako Colarado Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) at 37 °C. PBMCs were isolated from 1 mL of blood using LymphoPrep™ (STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) as described by the manufacturer. The cells were stained using a GenoCTC profiling kit (Genobio Corp), as described previously [27]. The cells were visualized using a Nikon Eclipse microscope equipped with an Infinity# camera (Nikon Eclinpse Inc., Tokyo, Japan), and the images were analyzed and enumerated using GenoAnalyzer v1.0 software (Genobio Corp). CTCs were defined as DAPI+, CK-18+, or CD45-. PBMC slides were used as the CD45+ slides. CTC status of patients was determined as high and low based on the CTC counts in 4 mL blood exhibiting maximal statistical significance in PFS of HR+ mBC. EpCAM+ CTC was considered high if ≥ 4 CTCs/4 mL blood and low if < 4 CTCs/4 mL blood, while c-MET+ CTC was high if ≥ 3 CTCs/4 mL blood and low if < 3 CTCs/4 mL blood.

Isolation and analysis of cfDNA from PB samples

Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000× g for 15 min at 4 °C to separate plasma. cfDNA was extracted from 4 to 6 mL plasma samples using the QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Circulating nucleic acids were eluted in 100 µL of elution buffer. ESR1 and PIK3CA mutations in cfDNA samples were analyzed using Droplex PIK3CA and Droplex ESR1 Mutation Test Kits (Gencurix Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, ddPCR reagents were mixed with 12.9 µL eluted cfDNA/well in an 8-strip PCR tube. Primers and probe sets were designed to detect mutations in PIK3CA hotspot mutations (R88Q, N345K, E542, E545, Q546, E726, H1047, M1048, G1049) and ESR1 hotspot mutations (E380, S463, V534, L536, Y537, and D538). Positive and negative controls were mixed with the reaction mixture and placed in an 8-strip PCR tube. This mixture was entered into a QX200TM Droplet Generator (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and turned into droplets. The droplets were subjected to PCR in 96-well plates. After amplification, the droplets were counted using a QX200TM Droplet Reader (Bio-Rad). An internal control (IC) was designed to detect PIK3CA or ESR1 and was used as an indicator of the cfDNA concentration and mutation index. cfDNA concentration and mutation index were calculated as follows:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \text{cfDNA}\text{concentrations}/\text{mL}\text{plasma}& =\text{IC}\text{copies}/\text{well}\times \frac{\text{total}\text{DNA}\text{elution}\text{volume}}{\text{DNA}\text{loading}\text{volume/well}}\hfill \\ \hfill & \times \frac{1}{\text{plasma}\text{volume}\left(\text{mL}\right)}\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$

$$\text{Mutation}\text{Index}=\frac{\text{Mutant}\text{copies}\text{of}\text{PIK}3\text{CA}\text{or}\text{ESR}1}{\text{Total}\text{copies}\text{of}\text{PIK}3\text{CA}\text{or}\text{ESR}1}\times 100\%$$

The cfDNA concentration was calculated using IC copies from the Droplex ESR1 Mutation Test Kits. Patients were classified as having high or low cfDNA concentration using a cut-off value of 1490 copies/mL plasma, which was determined to have maximal statistical significance in PFS of HR+ mBC.

Analysis of c-MET expression in primary and metastatic sites of BC

Patients with primary BC (n = 980) were enrolled from the Breast Cancer Biomarker Study (BCBS) tissue microarray (TMA) cohort [28, 29], which comprised Korean patients with BC who did not receive cytotoxic chemotherapy or anti-HER2 therapy. The SMC IRB approved this study to determine the c-MET expression levels in this cohort (IRB 2020-09-119). The loss of tumor samples or clinicopathological data resulted in the exclusion of 260 patients. ER and PR statuses were defined based on pathology reports at the Department of Pathology, SMC, and HER2 status was independently scored as described in a previous study [28]. Twenty-seven metastatic sites in HR+/HER2− mBC were independently collected to evaluate c-MET overexpression. All clinicopathological data were anonymized and de-identified prior to the analysis. c-MET expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-Total c-MET (SP44) rabbit monoclonal antibodies (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA) and a Ventana Discovery XY automated system (Ventana Medical Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Membranous staining was scored as follows: 0, no reactivity; 1+, weak or moderate staining in < 50% of tumor cells; 2+, weak staining in ≥ 50% of tumor cells or strong intensity in > 10% of tumor cells; and 3+, strong staining in ≥ 50% of tumor cells. c-MET was considered positive if staining was scored as 2+ or 3+.

Statistical analysis

Associations between categorical variables were assessed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. For continuous variables, we performed an unpaired t-test between two groups. A log-rank test was used to estimate the Kaplan–Meier curve and compare PFS. Cut-off values were calculated using the maxstat R package, which estimates cut-off values based on standardized log-rank statistics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. All hazard ratios are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio version 1.4.1103 or GraphPad Prism version 9.3.1 software.

Results

Patient characteristics

Ninety-seven patients with HR+ mBC were enrolled in the study, with four exclusions owing to blood cell contamination during CTC isolation. The pathological and clinical characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1. The median age of the enrolled patients at the time of diagnosis was 45 years (range, 29–65 years). All patients had invasive ductal carcinoma, except for one patient with unavailable histology. Among the included patients, 69% (63/93) and 32% (30/93) were classified as having HR+/HER2− and HR+/HER2+ mBCs, respectively. High c-MET+ CTC counts were significantly associated with HER2 status in patients with HR+ mBCs (p = 0.02). Low cfDNA concentration was correlated with first line of palliative therapy (p < 0.001). The time intervals between treatment initiation and blood draw were not significant when grouped by c-MET+ CTC or EpCAM+ CTC status, or cfDNA concentration in HR+/HER2− or HR+/HER2+ mBC (Additional file 2: Fig. S1).

Table 1.

Patient characteristics

	Total	c-MET+ CTC			EpCAM+ CTC			cfDNA concentration
		Low (< 3)	High (≥ 3)	P value	Low (< 4)	High (≥ 4)	P value	Low (< 1490)	High (≥ 1490)	P value
Age at diagnosis, n(%)
Median (range)	45 (29–65)	46 (29–65)	43 (32–59)		46 (29–65)	43 (33–63)		45 (29–63)	43 (31–65)
50<	60	48 (61.5)	12 (80.0)	0.28	48 (64.0)	12 (66.7)	1.00	33 (66.0)	27 (62.8)	0.92
50≥	33	30 (38.5)	3 (20.0)		27 (36.0)	6 (33.3)		17 (34.0)	16 (37.2)
Primary tumor subtype, n(%)
HR+/HER2−	63	57 (73.1)	6 (40.0)	0.02	51 (68.0)	12 (66.7)	1.00	34 (68.0)	29 (67.4)	1.00
HR+/HER2+	30	21 (26.9)	9 (60.0)		24 (32.0)	6 (33.3)		16 (32.0)	14 (32.6)
Ki67 status (cut point = 20%), n(%)
Low	29	25 (50.0)	4 (33.3)	0.47	26 (46.4)	3 (50.0)	1.00	15 (53.6)	14 (41.2)	0.47
High	33	25 (50.0)	8 (66.7)		30 (53.6)	3 (50.0)		13 (46.4)	20 (58.8)
NA	31	28	3		19	12		22	9
Histologic grade, n(%)
1	7	6 (8.3)	1 (8.3)	0.27	4 (5.9)	3 (18.8)	0.21	4 (9.3)	3 (7.3)	0.35
2	56	50 (69.4)	6 (50.0)		47 (69.1)	9 (56.3)		31 (72.1)	25 (61.0)
3	21	16 (22.2)	5 (41.7)		17 (25.0)	4 (25.0)		8 (18.6)	13 (31.7)
NA	9	6	3		7	2		7	2
Nuclear grade, n(%)
1	4	4 (5.6)	0 (0.0)	0.35	3 (4.5)	1 (5.9)	1.00	2 (4.7)	2 (4.9)	0.09
2	58	51 (70.8)	7 (58.3)		46 (68.7)	12 (70.6)		34 (79.1)	24 (58.5)
3	22	17 (23.6)	5 (41.7)		18 (26.9)	4 (23.5)		7 (16.3)	15 (36.6)
NA	9	6	3		8	1		7	2
ECOG performance score, n(%)
0	19	17 (22.1)	2 (13.3)	0.73	15 (20.3)	4 (22.2)	1.00	8 (16.3)	11 (25.6)	0.40
1	73	60 (77.9)	13 (86.7)		59 (79.7)	14 (77.8)		41 (83.7)	32 (74.4)
NA	1	22	0		22	0		1	0
Metastatic sites, n(%)
Visceral	59	49 (62.8)	10 (66.7)	0.99	48 (64.0)	11 (61.1)	0.86	30 (60.0)	29 (67.4)	0.68
Bone only	13	11 (14.1)	2 (13.3)		11 (14.7)	2 (11.1)		7 (14.0)	6 (14.0)
Others	21	18 (23.1)	3 (20.0)		16 (21.3)	5 (27.8)		13 (26.0)	8 (18.6)
Line of palliative therapy, n(%)
1	37	30 (38.5)	7 (46.7)	0.88	27(36.0)	10 (55.6)	0.25	30 (60.0)	7 (16.3)	< 0.001
2	22	19 (24.4)	3 (20.0)		20 (26.7)	2 (11.1)		7 (14.0)	15 (34.9)
≥ 3	34	29 (37.2)	5 (33.3)		28 (37.3)	6 (33.3)		13 (26.0)	21 (48.8)
Treatment, n(%)
Cytotoxic chemotherapy	35	32 (41.0)	3 (20.0)	0.32	28 (35.3)	7 (38.9)	0.61	17 (34.0)	18 (41.9)	0.33
Targeted agents	18	14 (17.9)	4 (26.7)		16 (21.3)	2 (11.1)		7 (14.0)	11 (25.6)
Endocrine therapy only	5	5 (6.4)	0 (0.0)		5 (6.7)	0 (0.0)		3 (6.0)	2 (4.7)
Endocrine therapy + CDK4/6i	31	24 (30.8)	7 (46.7)		23 (30.7)	8 (44.4)		21 (42.0)	10 (23.3)
Endocrine therapy + Targeted agents	4	3 (3.8)	1 (6.7)		3 (4.0)	1 (5.6)		2 (4.0)	2 (4.7)
Previous endocrine therapy, n(%)
Yes	76	65 (83.3)	11 (73.3)	0.46	61 (82.4)	15 (83.3)	1.00	43 (87.8)	33 (76.7)	0.27
No	17	13 (16.7)	4 (26.7)		13 (17.6)	3 (16.7)		6 (12.2)	10 (23.3)
Previous chemotherapy in any setting, n(%)
Yes	77	63 (80.8)	14 (93.3)	0.45	61 (81.3)	16 (88.9)	0.73	39 (78.0)	38 (88.4)	0.30
No	16	15 (19.2)	1 (6.7)		14 (18.7)	2 (11.1)		11 (22.0)	5 (11.6)

HR hormone receptor, ECOG Eastern Cooporative Oncology Group, CTC circulating tumor cell, cfDNA cell-free DNA

Isolation and enumeration results of EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTCs

Analytical performance data of the c-MET+ CTC assay used in the study are presented in Additional file 3: Fig. S2. For SNU5 cells spiked into culture media or healthy blood, the recovery rates were 58.7 ± 0.5% or 70.6 ± 5.5% (spiked in 10,000 cells) and 61.0 ± 9.2% or 64.7 ± 11.8% (spiked in 1000–3000 cells), respectively, and the separation rates were 73.4 ± 6.7% or 81.3 ± 13.6% (spiked in 10,000 cells) and 67.7 ± 7.1% or 85.3 ± 11.6% (spiked in 1000–3000 cells), respectively. For MCF7 cells which had a minimal c-MET expression, the recovery rates were 80.3 ± 7.8% (spiked in 10,000 cells) and 76.7 ± 11.2% (spiked in 1000–3000 cells); however, the separation rates were 2.0 ± 3.5% (spiked in 10,000 cells) and 0.0 ± 0.0% (spiked in 1000–3000 cells), respectively.

Representative images of EpCAM+ and c-MET+ CTCs are shown in Fig. 1A. Among the included patients, 46.2% (43/93) had more than one EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTCs, 31.2% (29/93) had EpCAM+ CTCs, 27.9% (26/93) had c-MET+ CTCs, and 12.9% (12/93) had both EpCAM+ and c-MET+ CTCs in their PB samples. In patients with HR+ /HER2− mBC, 19.1% had EpCAM+ CTC high (≥ 4 CTCs/4 mL blood) and 9.5% had c-MET+ CTC high (≥ 3 CTCs/4 mL blood). In patients with HR+ /HER2+ mBC, 20% had EpCAM+ CTC high and 30% had c-MET+ CTC high (Fig. 1B). There was a significant difference (p = 0.043) in the number of c-MET+ CTCs between patients with visceral metastasis and those with non-visceral metastasis. Subgroup analysis with visceral metastasis had shown that patients with liver metastasis exhibited a significant difference (p = 0.019) in the number of c-MET+ CTCs when compared patients with non-visceral metastasis (Additional file 4: Fig S3). However, no correlation was observed between these groups in EpCAM+ CTCs (p = 0.37) (Fig. 1C, D).

Fig. 1.

CTC enumeration results of patients with HR+ mBC. A Representative images of c-MET- or EpCAM+ CTC. CTCs were independently captured using anti-EpCAM or anti-c-MET antibody and defined as DAPI+, CK18+, and CD45−. B Proportions of high EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTCs group by HER2 status. EpCAM+ CTC high represents four or more CTCs detected in 4 mL blood, and c-MET+ CTC high represents three or more CTCs detected in 4 mL blood. The number of EpCAM+ C or c-MET+ D CTCs in patients with detected CTCs by the presence of visceral metastasis. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; HR, hormone receptor; mBC, metastatic breast cancer; CTCs, circulating tumor cells; *p < 0.05

Prognostic values of EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTCs in patients with HR+ mBC

At the data cut-off (February 10, 2022), 64.5% of patients showed disease progression. The median follow-up time was 8.4 months (min–max, 0.7–20.3), and the median time to censoring was 18.7 months (min–max, 12.2–20.3). The c-MET+ CTC high group had shorter PFS (median PFS = 3.2 months, 95% CI 2.0–not estimable) than those in the c-MET+ CTC low group (median PFS = 8.0 months, 95% CI 5.6–11.4) (hazard ratio = 3.7, 95% CI 1.5–9.0, p = 0.0026) in HR+/HER2− mBC (Fig. 2A). However, no statistical significance was achieved between the c-MET+ CTC high (median PFS = 7.2, 95% CI 4.0–not estimable) and the c-MET+ CTC low group (median PFS = NA, 95% CI 10.6–not estimable) (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95% CI 0.8–7.2, p = 0.098) in HR+/HER2+ mBC (Fig. 2B). EpCAM+ CTC high groups did not correlate with shorter PFS in both the HR+/HER2− (hazard ratio = 1.4, 95% CI 0.7–2.8) (Fig. 2C) and HR+/HER2+ mBC (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95% CI 0.6–6.5) (Fig. 2D).

Fig. 2.

Progression-free survival (PFS) analysis based on EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTC count. Kaplan–Meier curves of PFS according to the level of c-MET+ CTC in A HR+/HER2−, B HR+/HER2+, or EpCAM+ CTC in patients with C HR+/HER2− and D HR+/HER2+ mBC. For combined analysis of the EpCAM+ and c-MET+ CTC, patients were classified into four groups: c-MET+ CTC low/EpCAM+ CTC low (G1), c-MET+ CTC low/EpCAM+ CTC high (G2), c-MET+ CTC high/EpCAM+ CTC low (G3), and c-MET+ CTC high/EpCAM+ CTC high (G4) in HR+ /HER2− (E) or HR+/HER− (F). PFS was calculated as the time from blood draw to either disease progression or death during standard therapy. CTCs, circulating tumor cells; HR, hormone receptor; mBC, metastatic breast cancer

For the combined analysis of EpCAM+ and c-MET+ CTCs, patients with HR+/HER2− and HR+/HER2+ were classified into four groups: c-MET+ CTC low/EpCAM+ CTC low (G1), c-MET+ CTC low/EpCAM+ CTC high (G2), c-MET+ CTC high/EpCAM+ CTC low (G3), and c-MET+ CTC high/EpCAM+ CTC high (G4). In patients with HR+/HER2−, G3 group was associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio = 4.5, 95% CI 1.5–13.3, p = 0.0071), whereas G4 group was not significantly associated with PFS (hazard ratio = 3.1, 95% CI 0.7–13.1, p = 0.13) (Fig. 2E). Conversely, in patients with HR+/HER2+ status, the G4 group was significantly associated with reduced PFS (hazard ratio = 8.2, 95% CI 1.9–35.0, p = 0.0045), whereas the G3 group was not associated with poor PFS (hazard ratio = 1.4, 95% CI 0.3–5.4, p = 0.67) (Fig. 2F).

Frequency of the c-MET overexpression in primary and metastatic sites of BC

Clinicopathological factors were not related to c-MET overexpression in either primary BC (n = 358) or mBC (n = 27) of HR+/HER2−, as indicated in Additional file 5: Table S4. Additional file 6: Fig. S5A shows the representative IHC staining intensities for c-MET expression. c-MET overexpression was observed in 4.7% (17/358), 3.8% (4/104), 7.1% (7/98), and 13.6% (22/162) of the primary sites in HR+/HER2−, HR+/HER2+, HER2-enriched, and Triple-negative breast cancer samples, respectively (Additional file 7: Table S6). In HR+ HER2− mBC samples, 22.2% (6/27) were c-MET-overexpressing tumors (Additional file 6: Fig. S5B, Table S6). Significant differences were observed in the proportion of c-MET-overexpressing cancers between the HR+ /HER2− primary and mBC (p < 0.001).

The prognostic impact of hotspot mutations and cfDNA concentration

The effects of cfDNA concentration and cfctDNA mutations on PFS in cfDNA samples were investigated, as shown in the cfDNA analysis scheme (Fig. 3A). Importantly, ESR1 and PIK3CA copies/mL in plasma were strongly correlated (Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient = 0.92, p < 0.001; Fig. 3B).

Fig. 3.

Progression impact of ESR1 and PIK3CA concentration and mutations detected in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples. A Schematic diagram of the cfDNA analysis workflow. B Correlations between ESR1 template copies/mL plasma and PIK3CA template copies/mL plasma. Kaplan–Meier analysis of PFS by C cfDNA concentration in HR+/HER2− mBC, D cfDNA concentration in HR+/HER2+ mBC, E ESR1 hotspot mutation in HR+/HER2− mBC, and F PIK3CA hotspot mutation in HR+/HER2− mBC. HR, hormone receptor; mBC, metastatic breast cancer; PFS, Progression-free survival

The high cfDNA concentration group was significantly associated with reduced PFS in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC (p = 0.0021) (Fig. 3C), with a median PFS of 3.8 months (95% CI 3.3–7.1) in the high group compared to 11.2 months (95% CI 8.4–not estimable) in the low group. In patients with HR+/HER2+ BC, high cfDNA concentration was not associated with prognostic significance (p = 0.27) (Fig. 3D). Using the same cut-off of 1490 copies/mL of total PIK3CA templates in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC, the median PFS was 3.8 months (95% CI 3.3–7.9) in the high group compared to 12.1 months (95% CI 8.0–not estimable) in the low group (Additional file 8: Fig. S7).

CfctDNA Mutation analysis showed that 12.7% (8/63) of the patients with HR+/HER2− mBC had ESR1 hotspot mutations, of which seven had a mutation in exon 8 (534–538). ESR1 hotspot mutations resulted in reduced PFS (p = 0.0064) in these patients (Fig. 3E). In the PIK3CA hotspot mutation, 14.3% (9/63) of patients showed mutations, of which six had a mutation in exon 9 (542–546); however, the presence of PIK3CA mutation was not associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.86) in these patients (Fig. 3F).

Univariate and multivariate analysis of PFS predictors

Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses revealed an association between the patient characteristics of interest and PFS (Additional file 9: Table S8). In univariate analysis of the HR+/HER2− mBC, endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6i (hazard ratio = 0.45, 95% CI 0.24–0.82, p = 0.0096), chemotherapy (hazard ratio = 2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.0, p = 0.0074), cfDNA concentration (hazard ratio = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.5, p = 0.0028), ESR1 hotspot mutation (hazard ratio = 2.9, 1.3–6.4, p = 0.0084), and c-MET+ CTCs (hazard ratio = 3.6, 95% CI 1.5–9.0, p = 0.0047) were predictive factors for PFS. In contrast, the associations between PFS and EpCAM+ CTCs, c-MET+ CTCs, and cfDNA concentration were not significant in patients with HR+/HER2+ mBC. Multivariate analysis was conducted including endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6i (Fig. 4A) or chemotherapy (Fig. 4B) along with other variables in HR+/HER2− mBC. Multivariate analysis including the use of endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6i revealed that cfDNA concentration (hazard ratio = 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.8, p = 0.01), EpCAM+ CTCs (hazard ratio = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3–6.9, p = 0.009), and c-MET+ CTCs (hazard ratio = 5.8, 95% CI 2.1–15.9, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of progression in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. In the case of chemotherapy, cfDNA concentration (HR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.1, p = 0.007), EpCAM+ CTCs (HR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.3, p = 0.014), and c-MET+ CTCs (HR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.9–14.1, p = 0.001) were also independent predictors of progression in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. The baseline characteristics, CTC, cfDNA, and PFS data of each patient are presented in Additional file 10: Fig. S9.

Fig. 4.

Forest plot. Cox regression multivariate analysis of the impact of various variables on progression-free survival in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC including A endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6i (Endocrine + CDK4/6i) or B chemotherapy. HR, hormone receptor; CTCs, circulating tumor cells; cfDNA, cell-free DNA; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005

Survival analysis grouped by cfDNA concentration and c-MET+ CTCs or EpCAM+ CTCs

The combination of CTC- and cfDNA-derived information revealed their impact on the prognosis of patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. The patients were classified into four groups based on c-MET+ CTC count and cfDNA concentrations for Kaplan–Meier analysis. G1 included patients with low c-MET+ CTC counts and low cfDNA concentrations. Patients with low c-MET+ CTC counts and high cfDNA concentrations or high c-MET+ CTC counts and low cfDNA concentrations were classified into G2 and G3, respectively. G4 consisted of patients with high c-MET+ CTC and high cfDNA concentrations. Survival analysis among the four groups showed statistical significance (p < 0.001) in HR+/HER2− mBC patients (Fig. 5A). The median PFS of G1, G2, G3, and G4 was 12.8, 4.5, 5.5, and 2.8 months, respectively. Then, patients in G1 were re-classified into the low-risk group, and those in G2, G3, and G4 were classified as the high-risk group. The high-risk group comprised 50.8% (32/63) of patients and had a shorter PFS than the low-risk group (p < 0.001) (Fig. 5B). In high-risk and low-risk groups, median PFS was 3.9 months (95% CI 3.3–7.1) and 12.8 months (95% CI 9.1–not estimable), respectively. The PFS at 6 months in the low-risk and high-risk groups classified according to c-MET+ CTC count and cfDNA concentration was 77.4% (95% CI 64.0–93.6) and 31.2% (95% CI 18.7–52.2), respectively.

Fig. 5.

Survival analysis based on CTC and plasma cfDNA concentration in HR+/HER2− mBC. Kaplan–Meier analysis grouped by c-MET+ CTC (A, B) or EpCAM+ CTC (C, D) and cfDNA concentration. Patients with HR+/HER2− mBC were grouped into four (A, C) or two categories (B, D)

We evaluated the prognostic value of EpCAM+ CTCs and cfDNA concentrations using the same approach. The patients were grouped based on their EpCAM+ CTC and cfDNA concentrations, and Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed statistical significance (p < 0.001) among the four groups (Fig. 5C). After the patients were classified into low-risk or high-risk groups, 60.3% (38/63) of the patients were classified into the high-risk group, with significantly shorter PFS than the low-risk group (p = 0.0049) (Fig. 5D). In the high-risk and low-risk groups, the median PFS was 5.3 months (95% CI 3.5–7.9) and 14.0 months (95% CI 9.4–not estimable), respectively. The PFS at 6 months in the low-risk and high-risk groups categorized by EpCAM+ CTC count and cfDNA concentration was 72.0% (95% CI 56.4–91.9) and 42.1% (95% CI 29.0–61.1), respectively.

Discussion

The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of c-MET+ CTC or EpCAM+ CTC analysis, cfctDNA-derived ESR1 and PIK3CA mutations, and cfDNA concentration in patients with HR+ mBC. This is the first study to evaluate the integrated prognostic value of c-MET+ CTCs and cfDNA concentrations in patients with HR+ mBC. Although several studies have shown EpCAM+ CTCs as prognostic biomarkers in different cancer types, very few studies have evaluated c-MET expression in CTCs. Several studies have reported that c-MET expression in CTCs or c-MET+ CTCs can be detected in patients with cancer [30, 31]; however, survival analysis has not been conducted. One study reported that c-MET expression in CTCs enriched by size-based filtration showed poorer OS in a small number of patients with head and neck cancers (n = 11) but not in patients with BC [32].

The CellSearch^® system showed that EpCAM+ CTCs were correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients [33]. However, several studies have suggested that the count of CTCs with EMT phenotypes may be more appropriate than that of the epithelial phenotype for predicting therapeutic resistance and assessing prognosis [9, 10, 34]. Because c-MET signaling is associated with EMT [35, 36] and therapeutic resistance [22, 25], c-MET+ CTCs can provide information for predicting disease progression or therapeutic resistance. Since c-MET-overexpressing tumors in patients with HR+ mBC have shorter PFS and a higher frequency of visceral metastases [22, 37], c-MET+ CTCs are expected to be associated with disease progression.

In the present study, we detected c-MET+ CTCs in patients with HR+ mBC. Although 70% of patients with mBC are reported to have one or more CTCs/7.5 mL blood [38], only 46.2% (43/93) of patients with HR+ mBC had one or more EpCAM+ or c-MET+ CTCs/4 mL blood in the present study. This could be attributed to the small blood volume utilized for CTC enrichment (4 mL) or differences in the methods used for CTC enrichment. There was a significant difference in the number of c-MET+ CTCs between patients with visceral metastasis, especially in liver metastasis, compared to those with non-visceral metastasis who had detectable CTCs in their blood. However, given the limited sample size, caution is advised in interpreting the data.

In survival analysis, c-MET+ CTCs were associated with reduced PFS (p = 0.0026) in the HR+/HER2− mBC patients. In contrast, although several previous studies have shown that EpCAM+ CTCs are associated with prognosis [6], EpCAM+ CTCs in our cohort had no prognostic significance for PFS (p = 0.38). These results suggested that c-MET+ CTCs may have a more substantial prognostic impact than EpCAM+ CTCs in HR+/HER2− mBC. Given that the combined analysis of EpCAM+ CTCs and cfDNA concentration showed a significant association with PFS (p = 0.0049), patients with high cfDNA concentrations in the EpCAM+ CTCs low group might have decreased the prognostic value of EpCAM+ CTCs in our cohort. In addition, forest plot analysis showed that EpCAM+ CTCs had prognostic significance for PFS, suggesting that other factors affected the prognostic value of EpCAM+ CTCs in our cohort. We did not observe a significant correlation between c-MET+ CTCs or cfDNA concentration and PFS in HR+/HER2+ patients. Although this cannot be proven, we believe that it is mainly due to the small sample size of patients with HR+/HER2+ mBC (n = 30).

To investigate the need to monitor c-MET+ CTCs in the blood, we evaluated the differences in c-MET overexpression rates between the primary and metastatic sites of HR+/HER2− BC. In the primary BC cohort (SMC-BCBS TMA), c-MET overexpression in HR+/HER2−, HR+/HER2+, HER2-enriched, and TNBC cases was 4.7%, 3.8%, 7.1%, and 13.6%, respectively. These results are similar to those of previous studies [39, 40]. Although HR+/HER2− BC metastatic sites were independently collected, 22.2% were classified as having c-MET overexpression. Moreover, the proportion of c-MET-overexpressing cancers was significantly higher in metastatic sites than in primary BC (p = 0.00002) in HR+/HER2− BC. The proportion of c-MET overexpression increases at metastatic sites; hence, monitoring c-MET-expressing cells rather than examining c-MET expression in the primary breast could provide valuable information for predicting the prognosis of HR+/HER2− mBC.

Based on the responsiveness of highly selective c-MET inhibitors to c-MET overexpressing cancer, we believe that the reduced PFS in the c-MET+ CTC high group suggests the potential effectiveness of c-MET inhibitors in treating patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. Indeed, treatment modalities for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer have changed since the US FDA approved c-MET inhibitors such as capmatinib (Tabrecta^®) and tepotinib (Tepmetko^®). Moreover, several clinical trials have reported the effectiveness of tepotinib and teliso-V in cancers overexpressing c-MET [41–43]. Although these clinical trials did not include patients with BC, c-MET inhibitors might improve the outcome of patients with HR+/HER2− with high c-MET+ CTCs, indicating the presence of cancer cells expressing c-MET. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate the cut-off values of c-MET+ CTCs for the treatment of HR+/HER2− mBC with c-MET inhibitors.

ESR1 and PIK3CA alterations are frequently observed in patients with mBC and have been identified in cfctDNA samples [44]. We used the ddPCR platform to detect ESR1 and PIK3CA hotspot mutations and calculate cfDNA concentrations, providing absolute quantification of nucleic acids without quantifying DNA concentrations using other techniques [45]. ESR1 and PIK3CA ctDNA mutations were detected in 12.7% and 14.3% of patients with HR+ mBC in cfDNA samples, respectively, and only ESR1 mutations were associated with shorter PFS (log-rank, p = 0.0064). The high correlation between ESR1 and PIK3CA template copy numbers suggests that cfDNA evenly represents DNA fragments from the cell. Consistent with previous studies [46, 47], cfDNA concentration was associated with prognosis in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC (log-rank test, p = 0.0021).

According to multivariate Cox regression analysis, c-MET+ CTCs, EpCAM+ CTCs, and cfDNA concentrations were independent predictors of disease progression in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. The current study demonstrated that CTCs and cfDNA can provide complementary information regarding disease progression, emphasizing the importance of integrated liquid biopsy. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies [48–50].

This study had several limitations. First, patients were not enrolled at the time of treatment initiation, even though the intervals between treatment initiation and blood draw were not significant when grouped by cMET+ CTC, EpCAM+ CTC, or cfDNA concentration in HR+/HER2− or HR+/HER2+ mBC. Further studies are required to determine the optimal monitoring intervals of each LBx analyte for achieving the best cost-effectiveness. Secondly, the cut-off values of each biomarker were calculated retrospectively, which may have led to overfitting. Appropriate cut-off values need to be confirmed in further studies of independent cohorts.

Regardless of these limitations, this study highlights c-MET+ CTCs and cfDNA concentrations as significant independent predictors of progression in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC. Further prospective studies are required to validate each biomarker, including the cut-off values and optimal time for testing. Based on the results of this study, a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the combination of ABN401, a highly selective MET inhibitor [51], with standard-of-care is planned in patients with HR+/HER2− mBC who have c-MET+ CTC, which could show predictive value of c-MET+ CTC.

Author contributions

JP, KJ, YKS, YHP, and YLC contributed to conception/design. JP, ESC, and CC analyzed the data. JP, ESC, CC, JYK, MS, JYS, JHL, JYC, NYK, HL, and MRK acquired the data. JP, YKS, YHP, and YLC interpreted the data. JP drafted the work and JP, MJK, YKS, YHP, and YLC revised the study critically. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Funding

This research was supported by Grants from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare (HI19C0141; to ES Chang, M Sung, JY Song, K Jung, and YL Choi), Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2022R1A6A1A03046247; to YK Shin), NRF Grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2022R1A2C2006322; to ES Chang, M Sung, JY Song, K Jung, and YL Choi), and Future Medicine 20*30 Project of the Samsung Medical Center (#SMO1230021; to YL Choi), Republic of Korea.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the SMC (IRB No. 2019-08-119) and was conducted per the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

Jieun Park and Young Kee Shin received consulting fees from ABION, Inc. Na Young Kim and Young Kee Shin currently hold stocks at ABION, Inc. Mi-Ran Kang currently holds stocks at Gencurix Inc. The other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this study.