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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2023 Dec 12;56(1):106–110. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.01.017

应用三维软组织空间线角模板法评价颏部对称性

Preliminary evaluation of chin symmetry with three dimentional soft tissue spatial angle wireframe template

Liang LYU 1,*, Mingjin ZHANG 1,*, Aonan WEN 2,3, Yijiao ZHAO 2,3, Yong WANG 2,3, Jing LI 1, Gengchen YANG 1, Dawei LIU 1,*
PMCID: PMC10845189  PMID: 38318904

Abstract

Objective

To develop an efficient and robust method based on three dimensional facial landmarks for evaluating chin region asymmetry at the soft tissue level and to compare it with the traditional mirror-overlap analysis method in order to test its availability.

Methods

Standard symmetrical face was used for mental tubercle coordinate transformation so as to filter soft tissue three dimensional spatial angle and construct corresponding three dimensional spatial angle wireframe template. Ten patients aged 12-32 years with clinical chin region asymmetry diagnosis at the Department of Orthodontics of Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from November 2020 to November 2021 were randomly selected. Three dimensional soft tissue face scan data of the patients were collected by three dimensional face scanner and the landmark points were automatically determined by the Meshmonk non-rigid registration algorithm program, and in this way, the asymmetric three dimensional spatial angle wireframe template and corresponding spatial angle parameters were generated. Mirror-overlap analysis of face scan data was also performed in Geomagic Studio 2015 software and deviation color maps were generated. This study took mirror-overlap analysis as the gold standard method, the response rate of chin region asymmetry was eva-luated by the outcomes of the mirror-overlap analysis and three dimensional spatial angle wireframe template analysis.

Results

Nine three dimensional spatial angle indicators were selected through coordinate transformation, and the response rate was calculated using mirror-overlap analysis as the gold standard method. Among these ten selected patients, the response rate of the total chin region asymmetry was 90% (9/10). Using the deviation value of mirror-overlap analysis as a reference, the response rate of chin region asymmetry in the X dimension was 86%, the response rate of chin region asymmetry in the Y dimension was 89%, and the response rate of chin region asymmetry in the Z dimension was 100%.

Conclusion

The three dimensional soft tissue spatial angle wireframe template proposed in this study has some feasibility in evaluating chin region asymmetry at the soft tissue level, and its ability to recognize asymmetry separately in the three dimensional direction is better than the mirror-overlap analysis method, and the indicators recognition rate still needs to be further improved.

Keywords: Three-dimensional, Chin asymmetric, Aesthetic, Anthropometric analysis


面部对称性被认为是面部美学的基本问题[1-2],正畸的一个重要目标就是面部变美,因此,对于面部对称性的分析尤为关键。颏部作为颜面较为突出的部位之一,对面部下1/3的外形及美学存在重要影响,在面部轮廓形态的评价中占有很重要的位置[3-4]。在正畸及正颌外科的临床中,颏部对称性与颞下颌关节、咬合、软组织相关,是面部对称性中最可能因正畸治疗而改变的部位之一,因此,颏部的不对称研究在正畸、颌面外科的诊断分析还是疗效评价中都占有举足轻重的意义[2,5-6]

沈刚[7]根据面部偏斜不对称畸形的成因将其分类为:(1)单纯颌位性,即只有位置变化,无形态及结构异常;(2)关节源性,即由两侧颞下颌关节不对称性吸收或增生而导致;(3)颌骨发育性,即因先天性或遗传性原因形成的颌骨结构不对称或形态异常。现阶段用于颏部不对称评价的数据载体包括二维方向中的头颅正位定位片、正面像以及三维方向中针对硬组织的锥形束电子计算机断层扫描,针对软组织层面的三维面部扫描诊断方式仍缺乏明确标准,此前有研究使用面部不对称指数作为评价不对称的方法[8-9],但该方法在临床应用中存在由于少量标志点无法准确形象描述面部特征,使得可视化能力存在一定不足,基于标志点坐标计算不对称指数往往依赖于标准参考平面的获得以及标志点的识别精确度,这仍然需要进一步研究和完善[10-11]。此外,基于三维数据的镜像重叠不对称分析方法也是当前较为常用的评价方法,利用镜像重叠方法计算偏差并形成偏差色谱图,可以较为直观的识别颏部不对称的程度和部位,但同样存在低估不对称程度的可能性[12-13]

本研究提出了基于软组织标志点的三维软组织空间线角模板评价方法来评价颏部不对称情况,旨在结合可视化及精确性,更好地应用于临床诊疗,并与传统“金标准”镜像重叠法进行对比,以初步探究该方法对于颏部不对称的评价能力。

1. 资料与方法

本实验获得北京大学口腔医院生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:PKUSSIRB2021026208),研究对象包括患者和健康人均签署知情同意书。

1.1. 数据获取

从2021年3月至2022年3月就诊于北京大学口腔医院正畸科的初诊患者中选取10例临床诊断为颏部偏斜的患者,年龄12~32岁。纳入标准:①非遗传性发育颏部偏斜不对称畸形;②无颜面软组织创伤史;③体重指数正常;④患者知情同意。排除标准:①存在遗传性发育畸形;②有面部创伤史;③体重指数异常;④患者资料不完整或拒绝参与研究。通过Bellus 3D Arc 1拍摄系统(Campbell公司, 美国)获得患者三维面部图像数据。患者数据处理工作使用逆向工程软件Geomagic Studio 2015(3D System公司,美国)和MeshLab 2020(CNR-ISTI Visual Computing实验室,意大利)进行重叠分析;使用普氏分析算法软件MATLAB R2019b (MathWorks公司,美国)、开源非刚性配准程序MeshMonk(https://github.com/TheWebMonks/meshmonk,比利时)进行9处标志点自动识别获取[14]。使用Bellus 3D Arc 1系统扫描受试者,扫描过程中受试者保持自然头位,双眼平视前方,表情自然,确保面部轮廓区域无遮挡。在软件Geomagic Studio 2015中对数据进行初步剪裁处理,患者面部扫描数据保留范围上界为发迹线,下界为颈角,左右界涵盖双耳,所有数据均使用“.obj”格式采集并读取处理。

1.2. 标志点选择和颏部不对称评价指标确定

获取患者面部数据后,确定面部软组织标志点额点(glabella, G)、鼻根点(soft tissue nasion, STN)、鼻尖点(soft tissue pronasale, STO)、鼻下点(subnasale, Sn)、口角点(cheilion, Ch)、颏结节点(soft tissue mental tubercle, Mt)、下唇缘点(sublabrale inferior, Ls)、颏顶点(gnathion, Gn)、关节耳屏点(tragus, Tr)。在确定9处标志点后,对标志点按照图 1所示的连接方式进行连接,构建形成三维软组织空间线角模板,并读取模板中测量值,参考此前研究使用的标准对称人脸[14],以图 2所示方式对于左侧颏结节点Mt进行垂直向(X)、冠状向(Y)、矢状向(Z)三维方向移动5 mm,读取与颏部相关的空间线角指标。

图 1.

空间线角模板标志点示意图

Landmarks of three-dimensional spatial angles templates

G, glabella; STN, soft tissue nasion; STO, soft tissue pronasale; Sn, subnasale; Ch, cheilion; Mt, soft tissue mental tubercle; Ls, sublabrale inferior; Gn, gnathion; Tr, tragus.

图 1

图 2.

颏结节点三维坐标平移变换示意图

Three-dimensional coordinate translation transformation of soft tissue mental tubercle

A, front view; B, lateral view. Green arrow indicates the horizontal translation of the Mt coordinate by 5 mm, light blue arrow indicates the vertical translation by 5 mm, and dark blue arrow indicates the sagittal translation by 5 mm. Mt, soft tissue mental tubercle.

图 2

1.3. 镜像重叠及三维软组织空间线角模板对比检验

使用Geomagic Studio 2015软件,首先创建镜像数据,然后与原始数据进行对齐并进行偏差分析,生成偏差色谱图[15],具体步骤如图 3所示。观察颏部色谱差异并记录该区域不对称情况,与三维软组织空间线角模板数据进行对比,观察颏部镜像重叠出现不对称时,空间线角模板数据对此问题是否同样进行反映,并作为该部位三维软组织空间线角模板的识别率,其中识别率公式为:某部位识别率 = 该部位空间线角模板检出数/实际镜像重叠检出数。

图 3.

镜像重叠偏差分析示意图

Process of three-dimensional image mirror and overlap analysis

A, original image; B, mirrored image; C, overlapped image after alignment; D, deviation color map.

图 3

2. 结果

2.1. 基于三维软组织的指标筛选

对颏结节点Mt分别进行三维方向5 mm距离的坐标变换后,观察空间线角模板变化情况,详细结果见图 4。根据结果,同一指标可能同时反映三维方向上的变化,因此针对每个维度的不同空间线角,选取了灵敏度前三的指标纳入模板分析中。X方向变换时,灵敏度前三的空间线角指标为,Tr-Mt/Mt-Ch = 5.8%,G-Mt/Mt-Sn = 9.4%,G-Mt/Mt-STN = 15.5%;Y方向变换时,灵敏度前三的空间线角指标为,Tr-Mt/Mt-Gn = 9.2%,G-Mt/Mt-STO = 7.3%,G-Mt/Mt-Sn = 10.9%;Z方向变换时,灵敏度前三的空间线角指标为,Tr-Mt/Mt-Ch = 11.4%,STO-Mt/Mt-Sn = 11.0%,G-Mt/Mt-STN = 12.4%。

图 4.

颏结节点坐标三维变换结果柱状图

Histogram of three-dimensional transformation results

Zg, zygion; Go, soft tissue gonion; Mt, soft tissue mental tubercle; Tr, tragus; Gn, gnathion; Ch, cheilion; Ex, exocanthion; Sal, soft tissue alare; G, glabella; STO, soft tissue pronasale; Sn, subnasale; STN, soft tissue nasion.

图 4

2.2. 三维空间线角模板识别率

重叠分析方法如图 5所示, 10例患者镜像重叠评价颏部不对称患者三维空间线角模板识别率为90%,其中X方向上的识别率为86%,Y方向的识别率为89%,Z方向的识别率为100%,详细数据见表 1

图 5.

图 5

颏部重叠分析图

Schematic diagram of mental overlap analysis

表 1.

镜像重叠法与三维空间线角模板法偏差识别能力对比

Comparison of deviation recognitize ability between mirror-overlap analysis and three dimensional spatial angle wireframe template

Dimension X Y Z Total deviation
Angle template, n 6 8 8 9
Mirror-overlap, n 7 9 8 10
Recognition rate 86% 89% 100% 90%

3. 讨论

随着审美认识的不断发展,人们对面部不对称的关注与日俱增。下颌骨、颏部不对称在面部不对称患者的发生率中最为显著,往往对患者造成明显的美学损害,并可能对其心理健康产生不良影响[16-17]。当前对颏部不对称的评价、识别研究仍未达成共识。随着三维技术的普及和应用,三维评价在颏部不对称识别方面的意义愈发重要[18-21],但相较于骨骼硬组织的三维评价以及传统的二维评价方法,三维软组织水平的不对称评价仍缺乏统一标准。在三维诊断中,用人体形态学方法评价美学问题受到研究者广泛关注,曾有学者尝试使用平均人脸模板来分析鼻唇美学[22-23],但针对单一人群形成的平均数值模板受到个体差异和种族差异影响时存在一定劣势。既往有研究指出[24],在对正畸医生及非医生群体进行颏部不对称主观识别中发现,Z维度的不对称往往因面部轮廓干扰而造成混淆。本研究基于软组织标志点开发了评价颏部不对称的三维软组织空间线角模板指标,在初步探索中相较镜像重叠金标准,三维软组织空间线角模板针对颏部不对称患者有着较好的识别率,其中对于Z维度的识别率达到100%,初步显示了三维空间线角模板法具有识别颏部不对称问题的能力,但对于X维度及Y维度不对称的识别上仍需进一步完善,后续需要进一步研究来优化具体空间线角指标,使该方法更为精准、易用。三维软组织空间线角模板法的另一缺点在于,为了使其更直观反映颏部特征而增加了标志点的数目,这会增大临床应用的技术敏感性。随着数字化技术的普及,人工智能技术辅助标志点的确定有希望进一步促进三维软组织评价技术的可用性[25],现阶段本文使用的人工智能辅助的定点误差为(1.85±1.13) mm[14],该精度可以初步满足临床探索的需求,但未来仍需进一步提高人工智能识别标志点的精确度,以便更好地满足临床需要。

在颏部不对称的评价中,目前常用的镜像重叠方法在问题的可视化及直观性上存在优势,但其在识别具体维度时存在一定的不足,无法直接定量地表达不对称发生的具体三维方向。基于软组织标志点形成的三维软组织空间线角模板法在三维方向上可以提示一定的可视化信息,同时,其测量数据可以帮助临床医生区分XYZ维度的不对称发生情况。

本研究以传统镜像重叠方法为参照,初步探究了一种新的基于人体形态学方法的不对称评价手段, 结果初步显示这一新的颏部三维软组织空间线角模板法对于不对称评价识别能力较好,同时在区分不对称发生的不同维度有一定优势, 未来仍需进一步的研究来完善空间线角模板的指标构成及其识别能力。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81970909, 82271009), 北京市自然科学基金(L222116), 中国牙病防治基金会项目(A2021-057), 北京大学口腔医院国家重大疾病多学科合作能力建设项目(PKUSSNMP-202020)

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinam (81970909, 82271009), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L222116), China Oral Disease Foundation (A2021-057), National Multidisciplinary Cooperative Diagnosis and Treatment Capacity Building Project of Peking University School of Stomatology (PKUSSNMP-202020)

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  王勇:提出研究思路;赵一姣:设计研究方案;温奧楠、李晶、杨庚辰:收集、分析、整理数据;吕梁、张铭津:撰写论文;柳大为:总体把关和审定论文。

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