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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2023 Dec 6;56(1):190–195. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.01.030

复杂根管上颌磨牙的根管治疗3例

Root canal therapy of maxillary molars with atypical canals: A report of three cases

Chen CHEN 1, Yuhong LIANG 2,*
PMCID: PMC10845192  PMID: 38318917

Abstract

Maxillary molar with three roots and 3 to 4 canals is a common occurrence. However, in addition to common root canal anatomy, there may be significant differences in the number, distribution, and morphological structure of root canals. The success of root canal treatment is dependent on ensuring that all the intricate details associated with it are meticulously followed. Failure to locate all canals could have a negative effect on the treatment as it may lead to initiation or continuation of periapical pathology. Missed canals were the main reason for patients reporting back for nonsurgical root canal retreatment. Moreover, the bacteria residing in such canals could also result in persistence of symptoms. Root canal anatomy is complex, and the recognition of anatomic variations could be a challenge for clinicians. This article presents three cases of endodontic management of maxillary molars with atypical canal morphology. In the three cases of this study, the patients underwent cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) examination before root canal treatment. The CBCT images revealed that the maxillary molars in case 1 and case 2 had 5 canals. Case 1: 2 mesiobuccal (MB, MB2), two distobuccal (DB and DB2), and one palatal canal. Case 2: 2 mesiobuccal (MB, MB2), one distobuccal (DB), and two palatal canals (MP and DP). In case 3, CBCT scan slices showed that the maxillary first molar presented as a C-shaped root canal with a rare tooth anomaly of taurodontism. Although C-shaped root canals were most frequently seen in the mandibular second molar, they might also appear in maxillary molars. A literature search revealed only a few case reports of C-shaped root canal systems in maxillary molars. Case 3 described the fusion between mesiobuccal and palatal roots of the maxillary first molar, forming a C-shaped mesiopalatal root canal. The above cases suggest that endodontists should always be aware of aberrancies in root canal system apart from the knowledge of normal root canal anatomy. CBCT as a means of diagnosis can be helpful for identifying and managing these complex root canal systems. This case series also highlights the importance of magnification and illumination. Through using an endodontic microscope, clinicians can identify root canals that are difficult to locate or overlooked with normal vision. A correct access opening is a most important step to locate and negotiate the orifices of root canals. The use of ultrasonic tips can refine the access cavity and allow controlled and delicate removal of calcifications and other interferences to the canal orifices, thereby helping to locate the extra orifices.

Keywords: Maxillary molar, Multi-canals, Root canal therapy


根管的清创与消毒是影响根管治疗成功率的关键因素[1],根管系统内的感染成分即残留的牙髓组织和细菌是根管治疗失败的主要原因[2],而遗漏根管则会造成感染清除不全,并可能导致患牙症状的开始或持续存在[3],因此熟悉和了解患牙根管解剖是去除根管系统感染、取得根管治疗成功的必要条件。上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙多为三牙根,其中近中颊根的根管变异较多,以存在双根管常见[4]。近年来,随着锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)在口腔领域应用的日益广泛,有研究者应用CBCT揭示并分析不同牙位牙齿的根管系统解剖结构。研究结果显示上颌第一、二磨牙除常见的根管类型外,其在根管数目和分布上可以存在较大差异[5-9],且根管形态结构亦呈现出多样性,可表现为C型根管[10-11],或伴牛牙症等[12-13]。复杂多变的根管系统解剖结构给临床治疗带来挑战。本研究对3例少见复杂根管的上颌磨牙进行报告,并总结根管治疗体会,以期为临床医师的诊疗提供参考。

1. 病例资料

1.1. 病例一

女,16岁,2周前因右上后牙冷热痛、咬合痛于外院行根管治疗,患牙治疗后疼痛未缓解,于2022年7月28日到北京大学口腔医院门诊部就诊。否认系统病史及药物过敏史。外院病历资料示16寻及近中颊(mesiobuccal,MB)、远中颊(distobuccal,DB)、腭(palatal,P)三根管,行根管预备,封氢氧化钙糊剂。临床检查发现右上第一磨牙(16牙)近中牙合面可见暂封材料,叩痛(+),不松动,牙龈轻度红肿。牙周探诊深度2~3 mm。CBCT示近颊、远颊和腭根尖周有小范围低密度影,远颊根尖周低密度影与上颌窦相通,疑似存在MB2、DB2根管影像,根管影像细小模糊不清(图 1),诊断16慢性根尖周炎(牙髓治疗中)。

图 1.

病例一  右上颌第一磨牙的CBCT图像和术后根尖片

Cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images and postoperative radiograph of the right maxillary first molar in case 1

A to D, CBCT images showing 3 roots and 5 canals. Red arrows indicated MB2 and DB2 root canals; E, postoperative radiograph of completed root filling; F, one-year follow-up X-ray. MB, mesiobuccal; DB, distobuccal.

图 1

治疗过程: 使用含1 ∶ 100 000肾上腺素的4%(质量分数)阿替卡因肾上腺素注射液(primacaine, Satelec公司, 法国)进行局部浸润麻醉,上橡皮障(Coltene公司, 瑞士),去除暂封材料,显微镜(OPMI Pico Zeiss, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG公司, 德国)下使用DG-16探针(KaVo公司, 德国)探查根管,应用超声波牙科治疗仪(P5 Newtron, Satelec公司, 法国)配合超声工作尖(ET20)辅助清理根管口钙化物,定位MB、MB2、DB、DB2、P 5个根管口,使用根管测量仪(Raypex5, VDW公司, 德国)确定工作长度。以#6、#8、#10先锋锉疏通MB2、DB2根管后,应用16 ∶ 1减速马达(ENDO-MATEDT, NSK公司, 日本),转速500 r/min,扭矩2.5 N·cm,使用HyFlex CM镍钛系统(Coltene公司, 瑞士)进行根管预备,HyFlex CM开敞锉(#25/0.08)扩大根管冠方1/3,然后依次使用#15/0.02、#20/0.04、#20/0.06、#25/0.06、#30/0.06,预备MB、MB2、DB、DB2根管,P根管预备至#40/0. 06。每根镍钛器械均达到工作长度,每次更换器械时,使用侧方开口的根管冲洗器(30#针头)每个根管注入2 mL 3%(质量分数)次氯酸钠溶液冲洗,使用氢氧化钙糊剂(Pulpdent Corporation公司, 美国)进行根管封药。1周后复诊,患牙症状消失。显微镜下进行终末冲洗,每个根管使用5 mL的次氯酸钠溶液,再用5 mL 17% (质量分数)EDTA溶液(Pulpdent Corporation公司, 美国)冲洗去除玷污层,最后再次使用次氯酸钠冲洗,在操作过程中间隔用有水模式,使用超声工作尖(IRR25-21)进行超声荡洗20 s,共1 min。干燥根管后,主牙胶尖(Dentsply Maillefer公司, 瑞士)配合iRoot SP根管封闭剂(Innovative Bioceramix公司, 加拿大),应用单尖法进行根管充填。冠方行树脂充填。一年后复诊,患牙无症状,拍摄根尖片示根尖周未见异常。

1.2. 病例二

男,45岁,2周前左上后牙发现龋洞于外院行根管治疗,后出现自发痛、咬合痛症状,于2023年3月30日到北京大学口腔医院门诊部就诊。外院病历资料示27寻及MB、MB2、DB、P四根管,行根管预备,封氢氧化钙糊剂。临床检查左上第二磨牙(27) 近中牙合面可见暂封材料,叩痛(+),不松动,牙龈轻度红肿。牙周探诊深度3~5 mm。CBCT示双腭根影像,根尖周牙周膜增宽影像,左侧上颌窦内可见半圆形高密度影(图 2),诊断27慢性牙髓炎(牙髓治疗中)。

图 2.

病例二  左上颌第二磨牙的CBCT图像和术后根尖片

Cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images and postoperative radiograph of the left maxillary second molar in case 2

A to D, anatomical structure of the left maxillary second molar was analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography, showing 4 roots and 5 canals, and red arrows indicated mesiopalatal root canal; E, postoperative radiograph of completed root filling.

图 2

治疗过程:局部浸润麻醉下,上橡皮障,显微镜下去除暂封物,向近中腭侧扩展开髓洞型,揭净髓顶,定位MB、MB2、DB、近中腭(mesiopalatal,MP)、远中腭(distopalatal,DP) 五根管,确定工作长度。#8和#10先锋锉疏通MP根管后,应用16 ∶ 1 NSK减速马达,转速300 r/min,扭矩2.5 N·cm,使用ProTaper NEXT镍钛系统(Dentsply Maillefer公司, 瑞士),依次应用Sx、X1(#17/0.04)、X2(#25/0.06)、X3(#30/0.07)镍钛器械进行根管预备。每次更换器械时,使用2 mL 3%(质量分数)次氯酸钠溶液冲洗每个根管,封入氢氧化钙糊剂。1周后复诊,患者诉患牙症状消失,显微镜下进行终末冲洗,使用主牙胶尖配合iRoot SP糊剂,应用单尖法进行根管充填。冠方树脂充填后行冠修复。

1.3. 病例三

男性,55岁,因右上后牙冷热痛一周,2023年6月1日于北京大学口腔医院门诊部就诊,2023年5月10日曾于北京大学口腔医院牙周科进行系统检查。临床检查:右上第一磨牙(16)牙冠完整,探痛(-),叩痛(+),松动Ⅰ度,牙龈轻度红肿,远中腭侧探诊深度8 mm,冷测疼痛。CBCT(牙周科拍摄)示16髓腔狭长,根分叉低,近中颊根与腭根根管融合,远中颊根双根管影像,根管影像模糊,根尖周膜增宽,远中腭侧牙槽骨吸收至根尖1/3。测量髓室底最高点到釉牙骨质界间距离为3.8 mm,牛牙症指数TI(taurodontic index)=5.2/12.5×100=41.6(图 3),诊断为16逆行性牙髓炎伴重度牛牙症。

图 3.

病例三  右上颌第一磨牙的CBCT图像和术后根尖片

Cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images and postoperative radiograph of the right maxillary first molar in case 3

A to C, CBCT view showing the fusion between mesiobuccal and palatal roots, forming a mesiopalatal root canal, and red arrows indicated two canals in the distobuccal root; D, analyzing the data of sagittal view for taurodontism; E, postoperative radiograph of completed root filling; F, 4-month follow-up X-ray.

图 3

治疗过程:局部浸润麻醉,上橡皮障,显微镜下开髓,髓腔窄长,使用超声工作尖(ET20、ET40)辅助清理髓室钙化物,发现半圆形的近中腭根管,定位MB、MB2、DB、DB2、P共5个根管口,以#6先锋锉疏通阻塞根管,#8、#10先锋锉扩大根管后,使用HyFlex CM镍钛系统进行根管预备,HyFlex CM开敞锉(#25/0.08)扩大根管冠方1/3,依次使用#15/0.02、#20/0.04、#20/0.06、#25/0.06、#30/0.06预备MB、MB2、DB、DB2根管,P根管预备至#40/0.06。每次更换器械时,使用2 mL 5.25%(质量分数)次氯酸钠溶液冲洗每个根管。封入氢氧化钙糊剂。1周后复诊,患牙症状消失。显微镜下进行终末冲洗,主牙胶尖配合AH Plus封闭剂(Dentsply, 德国),应用热牙胶充填机(B&L-beta Gutta Percha Heating System, B&L Biotech. Inc, 韩国)进行热牙胶根管充填。冠方行树脂充填。

2. 讨论

考虑到病例一、二为转诊病例,且皆在首次治疗后出现疼痛症状,因此在术前拍摄了CBCT。CBCT在揭示根管解剖结构和根尖病损,诊断根裂、牙根吸收等方面较根尖片更有优势[14]。病例一、二中的患牙均为少见五根管的上颌磨牙。上颌第一磨牙多为三牙根,根管数量以包含近中颊根双根管的四根管最为常见,三根管次之[5-7, 15]。远中颊根和腭根中根管解剖结构变异的发生率很低,为0%~2%[6-9]。病例一的上颌第一磨牙,CBCT显示三牙根五根管,近中颊根、远中颊根存在双根管,根管类型为Vertucci type Ⅳ (2-2),在初次就诊治疗时MB2和DB2根管被遗漏。CBCT示MB2、DB2根管影像细窄模糊,提示根管钙化严重,因此在术中应用光学显微镜,并配合超声设备精细寻查根管,使用锥度设计更为保守且更为柔韧的镍钛器械进行根管预备,在尽量清创的同时,避免过度预备和器械分离的发生,从而提高根管治疗的成功率。

上颌第二磨牙较第一磨牙根管形态更为复杂多变,除最常见的三根三根管和三根四根管外,还可能出现单根、双根、四根甚至五牙根的情况[6-7]。病例二的患牙为四牙根五根管的上颌第二磨牙,其中近中颊根中有2个根管[vertucci type Ⅱ(2-1)型],远中颊根一个根管,以及近、远中两个独立的腭根和腭根管。在一项对包含668颗上颌第二磨牙的根管形态学研究中[16],只发现了一例的根管结构与病例二中的四牙根五根管相同。文献报道上颌第二磨牙双腭根在不同人群中的发生率分别为中国1.2%,印度1.1%,韩国1.82%[8, 16-18]。患牙在首诊治疗时发生了MP根管的遗漏,通过研读CBCT影像,在显微镜下向近中腭侧扩展开髓洞型,并制备操作便宜形,从而寻及MP根管口。

病例三的患牙为具有C型根管的上颌第一磨牙。C型根管是指横截面形态呈“C”形的牙根中存在的根管系统,多发生于下颌第二磨牙,而在上颌第一磨牙的发生率很低。de Moor[19]报道了在10年间进行根管治疗的2 175颗上颌第一磨牙,其中只有两例为C型根管。关于上颌第一磨牙根管形态学的研究发现[10-11],C型根管在不同人群中的的发生率仅为0.09%~4.00%。Qian等[11]应用CBCT观测中国人上颌第一磨牙的根管形态,其中0.54%表现为C型根管。

1984年,Newton等[20]报告了第一例上颌第一磨牙存在C型根管的病例。此后又有少量文献报告了具有C型根管的上颌第一磨牙的诊治。Martins等[10]将上颌磨牙C型根管按照不同牙根的融合情形分为5型:Type A(MB与P根融合)、Type B(MB与DB根融合)、Type C(DB与P根融合)、Type D(MP与DP根融合)、Type E(MB、DB、P三根融合)。病例三的患牙类型为Type A型,即近中颊根和腭根融合,形成半圆形的近中腭根管。目前尚未见病例报告此型C型根管的上颌第一磨牙[10, 19-27]。一项应用CBCT对上颌第一磨牙C型根管解剖结构的研究发现[10],5型中Type A的发生率最低,仅为0.1%。Qian等[11]和Chaintiou Piorre等[28]的研究结果也表明Type A更为罕见,发生率分别为4.94%和0%。此外,病例三患牙的远中颊根还为少发的双根管,且合并牛牙症,牛牙症是一种少见的髓腔形态变异,以髓室垂直高度增大、根分叉移向根尖区为主要特征,目前临床常用的牛牙症诊断标准为髓室顶最低点至髓室底最高点的距离除以髓室顶最低点至最长牙根根尖的距离,这个比值≥0.2,且髓室底最高点到釉牙骨质界间距离大于2.5 mm[29]。Keene[30]提出牛牙症指数(taurodontic index, TI)的概念,即髓室顶最低点至髓室底最高点的距离除以髓室顶最低点至最长牙根根尖的距离乘以100,并将其分为轻度(TI值20~30)、中度(30~40)和重度(>40)。本病例计算TI值为41.6,诊断为重度牛牙症,而且患牙根管钙化严重,尽管有CBCT的影像学辅助,以及口腔科显微镜的配合使用,治疗也颇为困难。在根管预备过程中,应用超声设备精细清理根管口钙化物,寻找定位根管口,先以#6、#8、#10先锋锉谨慎耐心疏通根管,后使用更为柔韧的镍钛器械进行机械预备,以避免器械分离的发生。C型根管由于其复杂的解剖形态,单纯通过机械清理方式并不能达到理想的清创效果。在本病例中使用5.25%次氯酸钠溶液频繁大量的冲洗根管,并充分浸泡,在终末冲洗时配合超声荡洗,以最大限度的去除根管内的感染。

以上病例提示,在临床实践中,医师既要掌握常见的根管解剖形态,也应充分考虑到上颌磨牙根管系统的多样性和复杂性。对于根管解剖复杂的疑难病例,CBCT的影像学辅助,以及牙科显微镜和超声设备的应用可以帮助寻找变异根管、发现C型根管,并制定更为完善的机械预备、化学冲洗和根管充填计划,从而获得根管治疗的成功。

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  陈晨:接诊患者,完成病例的诊断治疗以及资料的收集整理,撰写、修改论文;梁宇红:总体把关,对病例诊治过程中的困难和复杂问题给予分析指导,对论文的撰写修改作出指导并进行客观审定。

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