Abstract
Background
Many studies have covered the prevalence of obesity in different populations. However, studies on the prevalence and predictors of obesity among medical staff are lacking. The aim of our study is to investigate the prevalence of obesity among medical staff and to identify the related predictors.
Methods
Using a snowballing recruitment strategy in the form of an electronic questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1201 medical staff from cooperative hospitals between January and March 2022. We designed a questionnaire to investigate the participants’ demographic, lifestyle, diet, physical activity, and work status.
Results
The overall prevalence of obesity was 8.5%, with males (13.7%) having a greater incidence than females (5.7%) (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that alcohol drinking (OR, 2.34; 95% CI 1.23–4.42, p = 0.01), sugar-sweetened beverages consumed > 3/week (OR, 2.50; 95% CI 1.02–6.15, p = 0.046), and working a night shift > 1/week (OR, 2.17; 95% CI 1.02–4.61, p = 0.043) were independent predictive factors for obesity in men. For women, having midnight snack having midnight snack (OR, 2.93;95% CI 1.24–6.96, p = 0.015), good sleep quality (OR, 4.47; 95% CI 1.10–21.70, p = 0.038), and working a night shift > 1/week (OR, 3.62; 95% CI 1.73–7.57, p = 0.001) were independently associated with obesity.
Conclusions
Obesity presented a low prevalence among medical staff. Alcohol drinking, drinking sugar-sweetened beverages > 3/week, and night shift > 1/week predicted a higher risk of obesity in males. In females, having midnight snack, good sleep quality, and night shift > 1/week were independently associated with obesity.
Level of evidence: V, descriptive study.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40519-024-01643-x.
Keywords: Obesity, Medical staff, Prevalence, Factors
Introduction
Obesity is a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and several types of cancer [1, 2], making it a major public health issue worldwide. In the past decades, the prevalence of obesity has rapidly increased globally. In China, social, economic, environmental, dietary, and physical activities have experienced dramatic change. The percentage of the population that is overweight or obese has been increasing. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that 34.3% of adults over 18 years of age are overweight (BMI over 24 kg/m2) and 16.4% are obese (BMI over 28 kg/m2) [3]. The reason for this change may be that diets tend to include more animal-based foods, refined grains, and highly-processed foods. People today also have more sedentary lifestyles and reduced levels of physical activity [3]. Furthermore, stress is often related to the increased prevalence of obesity, because stress can affect eating habits [4, 5].
Medical staff, including doctors, nurses, anesthesiologists, laboratory physicians, and paramedics are among the groups of professionals who possess rich medical knowledge. They have sufficient knowledge about obesity and know how to change their lifestyle to avoid becoming overweight or obese. We hypothesized there would be a lower prevalence of obesity among medical staff. However, working in shifts is an occupational feature of the medical field [6]. Shift work makes medical staff sleep deprived, increases their workload, and leaves them with little time for physical activity. In addition, medical staff tend to be sedentary and highly stressed. Because of these factors, they are more likely to be overweight or obese. Several studies have examined the prevalence of obesity and its related factors in various fields [7–9], but there is a scarcity of data on medical staff.
Understanding the prevalence of obesity and its predictors among medical staff is useful for strengthening health management, preventing obesity and its associated comorbidities, and directing prevention efforts. However, there is yet to be any studies aimed at specially investigating the prevalence and related factors of obesity in medical staff. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the prevalence and predictors of obesity among medical staff.
Methods
Study design
This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical staff from January to March 2022. Data was collected using a self-administered online questionnaire, distributed through Questionnaire Star and WeChat apps. A snowballing recruitment strategy was used: participants were asked to share the study with their friends and colleagues through their personal networks. Informed consent was requested before participants answered any questions; participants who disagreed were unable to continue filling out the questionnaire.
Questionnaire
We designed a self-administered online questionnaire based on similar questionnaires [10–12]. The questionnaire (Online Appendix) consisted of two sections. The first section covered basic demographic data, such as gender, age, height, weight, years of work, education background, hospital level, practice category, department, and comorbidities. Another section assessed the lifestyle of participants, including diet, physical activity, and work status.
BMI was calculated by dividing participants’ height (m) in square meters by their body weight in kilograms (kg). BMI was classified as underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (range, 25.0–27.9 kg/m2), or obese (≥ 28.0 kg/m2) [13]. Smokers were defined as those who currently smoked and also those who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime [14]. Alcohol drinkers were defined as participants who reported consuming alcohol more than once a week. Night snacking was measured by the question: ‘Do you often eat a snack at night (more than three times a week)?’ Sleep quality was determined by asking: ‘How do you rate your sleep quality,’ for which the three responses were: good, fair and bad.
Statistical analysis
The data was incorporated into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 13.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Data was calculated by descriptive statistics and frequency counts. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical data are presented as a number (percentage). The groups were compared with a Chi-square test or a Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis (Enter) was performed to explore possible predictive factors for obesity. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Characteristics of the study participants
A total of 1,201 medical staff completed the questionnaires, including 785 (65.4%) women and 416 (34.6%) men. Overall, the mean BMI (kg/m2) was 23.1 ± 3.8, the mean age (years) was 35.3 ± 8.6, and the mean amount of work experience (years) was 12.6 ± 9.1. Demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| n (%) | Means ± SD | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | – | |
| Male | 416 (34.6) | |
| Female | 785 (65.4) | |
| Age (years) | 35.3 ± 8.6 | |
| 20–29 | 357 (29.7) | |
| 30–39 | 466 (38.8) | |
| 40–49 | 291 (24.2) | |
| ≥ 50 | 87 (7.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.8 | |
| < 18.5 | 80 (6.7) | |
| < 24 | 689 (57.4)) | |
| 24–27.9 | 330 (27.5) | |
| ≥ 28 | 102 (8.5) | |
| Years of work (years) | 12.6 ± 9.1 | |
| ≤ 5 | 329 (27.4) | |
| 6–10 | 251 (20.9) | |
| 11–15 | 228 (18.9) | |
| ≥ 15 | 393 (32.8) | |
| Education | – | |
| Associate degree | 190 (15.8) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 750 (62.5) | |
| Master’s degree | 196 (16.3) | |
| Doctoral degree | 65 (5.4) | |
| Hospital level | – | |
| Tertiary hospital | 893 (74.4) | |
| Secondary hospital | 266 (22.1) | |
| Primary hospital | 42 (3.5) | |
| Personnel category | – | |
| Nurses | 458 (38.1) | |
| Doctors | 665 (55.4) | |
| Others | 78 (6.5) | |
| Department | – | |
| Internal medicine | 151 (12.6) | |
| Surgery | 487 (40.6) | |
| O&G | 53 (4.4) | |
| Pediatrics | 13 (1.1) | |
| Emergency | 42 (3.5) | |
| Operation room | 308 (25.4) | |
| Others | 147 (12.3) | |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 70 (5.8) | |
| Diabetes | 27 (2.2) | |
| Heart disease | 10 (0.8) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 89 (7.4) | |
| Hyperuricemia | 101 (8.4) |
BMI body mass index, O&G obstetrics and gynecology
The analysis showed that there are significant differences in the categories of gender (p < 0.01), hospital level (p < 0.01), departments (p = 0.003), and practice categories (p < 0.01) between BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 and < 28 kg/m2 (Table 2).
Table 2.
Participant characteristics according to BMI categories
| ≥ 28 kg/m2 (n = 102) | < 28 kg/m2 (n = 1099) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | < 0.01 | ||
| Male | 57 | 359 | |
| Female | 45 | 740 | |
| Age (years) | 0.094 | ||
| 20–29 | 26 | 331 | |
| 30–39 | 33 | 433 | |
| 40–49 | 34 | 257 | |
| ≥ 50 | 9 | 78 | |
| Years of work (years) | 0.115 | ||
| < 5 | 26 | 303 | |
| 6–10 | 14 | 237 | |
| 11–15 | 19 | 209 | |
| ≥ 15 | 43 | 350 | |
| Education | 0.352 | ||
| Associate degree | 12 | 178 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 72 | 678 | |
| Master’s degree | 13 | 183 | |
| Doctoral degree | 5 | 60 | |
| Hospital level | < 0.01 | ||
| Tertiary hospital | 57 | 836 | |
| Secondary hospital | 39 | 227 | |
| Primary hospital | 6 | 36 | |
| Departments | 0.003 | ||
| Internal medicine | 7 | 144 | |
| Surgery | 60 | 427 | |
| Pediatrics | 1 | 12 | |
| O&G | 5 | 48 | |
| Emergency | 3 | 39 | |
| Operation room | 13 | 295 | |
| Others | 13 | 134 | |
| Practice category | < 0.01 | ||
| Nursing | 32 | 633 | |
| Doctor | 62 | 396 | |
| Others | 8 | 70 |
Bold values represent significant statistical significance
BMI body mass index, O&G obstetrics and gynecology
Prevalence of obesity
As shown in Fig. 1, of the 1201 participants, 8.5% (102/1201) of the medical staff fulfilled the necessary criteria to be considered obese. In male participants, the prevalence was 13.7% (57/416), whereas female patients had a prevalence of 5.7% (45/785). There was a significant difference between the prevalence of obesity in both genders (X2 = 22.22, p < 0.001). Over one-third (36.0%) were overweight or obese. In addition, 6.7% of participants were underweight.
Fig. 1.
Shows prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity among medical staff
Men aged 40–49 years (19.4%) have the highest prevalence of obesity, while the highest prevalence of obesity in women is found between the ages of 20–29. Figure 2 shows the prevalence of obesity among medical staff organized by age group and gender. By department, medical staff in the surgical department were more likely to be overweight and obese than other departments. Figure 3 illustrates the prevalence of obesity among medical staff by department.
Fig. 2.
Shows the prevalence of obesity among medical staff stratified by age groups and gender
Fig. 3.
Illustrates the prevalence of overweight and obesity among medical staff stratified by departments
Predictors of obesity
To explore the predictors of obesity, a multiple regression analysis (Enter) was performed to analyze the risk factors associated with obesity. For men, independent predictive factors for obesity were found to be drinking alcohol (OR, 2.34; 95% CI 1.23–4.42, p = 0.01), drinking sugar-sweetened beverages > 3/week (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.02–6.15, p = 0.046), and working the night shift > 1/week (OR, 2.17; 95% CI 1.02–4.61, p = 0.043). For women, having midnight snack (OR, 2.93; 95% CI 1.24–6.96, p = 0.015), good sleep quality (OR, 4.47; 95% CI 1.10–21.70, p = 0.038), and working the night shift > 1/week (OR, 3.62; 95% CI 1.73–7.57, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with obesity (Table 3).
Table 3.
Multivariable analysis factors associated with obesity among medical staff in different gender
| Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 20–29 | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
| 30–39 | 0.48 (0.07–3.46) | 0.463 | 2.29 (0.16–32.02) | 0.539 |
| 40–49 | 0.60 (0.15–2.35) | 0.460 | 1.96 (0.19–20.23) | 0.572 |
| ≥ 50 | 1.15 (0.48–2.83) | 0.761 | 2.22 (0.26–18.95) | 0.466 |
| Years of work (years) | ||||
| < 5 | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| 6–10 | 1.00 (0.18–5.53) | 0.99 | 0.96 (0.18–5.22) | 0.961 |
| 11–15 | 0.80 (0.21–3.03) | 0.743 | 0.57 (0.14–2.35) | 0.438 |
| ≥ 15 | 1.12 (0.36–3.50) | 0.842 | 0.76 (0.21–2.86) | 0.702 |
| Education | ||||
| Associate degree | Ref. | |||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1.04 (0.15–6.88) | 0.981 | 1.57 (0.15–16.36) | 0.705 |
| Master’s degree | 2.32 (0.70–7.74) | 0.170 | 1.77 (0.19–16.92) | 0.621 |
| Doctoral degree | 1.11 (0.28–4.45) | 0.881 | 1.56 (0.14–17.53) | 0.720 |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.48–1.92) | 0.897 | 2.43 (0.20–29.27) | 0.484 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| Yes | 2.34 (1.23–4.42) | 0.01 | 2.32 (0.75–7.17) | 0.142 |
| Having midnight snack | ||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.63 (0.22–1.78) | 0.383 | 2.93 (1.24–6.96) | 0.015 |
| Conscious weight control | ||||
| No | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.27 (0.63–2.57) | 0.499 | 1.18 (0.58–2.38) | 0.645 |
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Poor | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| Fair | 2.15 (0.61–7.56) | 0.233 | 3.46 (0.75–15.86) | 0.110 |
| Good | 2.21 (0.62–7.88) | 0.220 | 4.87 (1.10–21.70) | 0.038 |
| Drinking coffee | ||||
| ≤ 3/week | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 3/week | 1.98 (0.53–7.40) | 0.308 | 1.08 (0.37–3.14) | 0.895 |
| Drinking tea | ||||
| ≤ 3/week | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 3/week | 1.19 (0.62–2.25) | 0.604 | 0.90 (0.37–2.13) | 0.805 |
| Drinking Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||
| ≤ 3/week | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 3/week | 2.50 (1.02–6.15) | 0.046 | 1.63 (0.68–3.84) | 0.268 |
| Exercise | ||||
| ≤ 2 h/week | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 2 h/week | 0.87 (0.46–1.65) | 0.677 | 1.90 (0.85–4.22) | 0.118 |
| Night shift work | ||||
| ≤ 1/week | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 1/week | 2.17 (1.02–4.61) | 0.043 | 3.62 (1.73–7.57) | 0.001 |
| Sleep time | ||||
| ≤ 7 h/day | Ref. | – | Ref. | |
| > 7 h/day | 0.83 (0.43–1.60) | 0.573 | 0.99 (0.52–1.89) | 0.975 |
Bold values represent significant statistical significance
OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
Discussion
Obesity is common in many populations, not only nurses [15, 16], but little is known about the prevalence and contributing factors of obesity in medical staff. The current study is the first of its kind to investigate the prevalence and possible predictive factors of obesity in medical staff. Our findings revealed a low prevalence of obesity (8.5%) among medical staff, and the prevalence varied by gender, age group, and department. Furthermore, we explored potential risk factors for obesity in medical staff. The results showed that drinking alcohol, drinking sugar-sweetened beverages > 3/week, and working a night shift > 1/week are independent predictors of obesity in men. In women, having midnight snack, good sleep quality, and working a night shift > 1/week were independently associated with obesity.
In this study, the overall prevalence of overweight and obese medical staff was found to be 27.5% and 8.5%, respectively, which is lower than the prevalence in the general Chinese population (34.3% and 16.4%) [3]. In addition, males had a higher prevalence of obesity (13.7%) compared to females (5.7%). A possible reason for this lower rate is that medical staff have a better understanding of obesity than the general population, even though their work means that they do not have enough leisure time to exercise and must work in shifts. Our data resembles a previous study conducted among German nurses, which reported that the prevalence of overweight nurses was 17.5%, while 5.4% were obese [16]. In a previous study on 4,878 Chinese nurses, it was found that 15.8% and 2.4% of nurses were overweight and obese, respectively [11]. For nurses in America, there is a higher prevalence: about 30% are overweight, 18.7% are obese and 5.2% are considered morbidly obese [16].
The present study found that drinking alcohol was associated with obesity among male medical staff. This finding is in line with related studies that have reported there is a positive correlation between alcohol drinking and obesity in men [17–19]. The underlying reason for this correlation may be that alcohol increases the appetite through opioid, serotonergic, and GABAergic pathways in the brain, which may lead to increased food consumption [20]. Alcohol may also lead to increased body weight [21], because alcohol inhibits fat oxidation and energy storage [22]. Consuming sugar-sweetened beverages was also found to be related to obesity in males. There is increasing evidence that frequent sugar-sweetened beverage consumption leads to a high risk for obesity [23, 24], because consumption of liquid calories decreases satiety and leads to an incomplete compensatory reduction in calorie intake at subsequent meals [25].
Notably, night shift work was identified as an independent predictor of obesity in both men and women. Similar results were reported in other studies [26, 27]. A systematic review and meta-analysis including 74,651 nurses from 11 studies demonstrated that working night shifts may play a significant role in the development of obesity among nurses [28]. Working Night shifts reduces the amount of leisure time available for physical activity and influences the quality and quantity of sleep despite supplemental sleep during the day [27, 29]. Additionally, night shift work may also change night eating habits [30]. During night shifts, employees usually eat meals or snacks high in fat and sugar and drink sugar-sweetened beverages to cope with fatigue [28]. This shows that there is an intrinsic link between night shift work and midnight snack. Therefore, it becomes clear why having midnight snack t is also closely linked to obesity.
In our study, good sleep quality was only found to be associated with obesity in females. However, previous meta-analysis revealed that poor sleep quality seems to be associated with being overweight/obese, but it also noted that a causal link between sleep quality and obesity could not be established [31]. This is because participants in the current study answered how satisfied they were with their sleep, which is a subjective experience, rather than using a more credible method of assessment such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Further studies with larger sample sizes based on objective assessment are needed to better assess the relationship between sleep quality and obesity.
Conclusions
This study showed that obesity has a low prevalence among medical staff. Drinking alcohol, drinking sugar-sweetened beverages > 3/week, and working a night shift > 1/week indicate higher risk of obesity in males; in females, having midnight snack, good sleep quality, and working a night shift > 1/week are independently associated with obesity.
Strengths and limitations
One of the strengths of this study is that it is the first to explore the prevalence of obesity and its predictive factors among medical staff. Our study adds to the existing literature and provides new data regarding the prevalence of obesity in medical staff. However, several limitations should be acknowledged in the current study. First, the number of participants from different departments varies greatly; for example, there were only 13 participants from pediatrics, which may have led to bias in our results. Secondly, data was collected through a voluntary, self-reported questionnaire using a snowballing recruitment strategy rather than based on a population-based sample, leading to a potential selection bias. Finally, due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, the causal inferences that were made about the results need further verification. Given these limitations, further cohort studies with larger sample sizes would be valuable to better evaluate the prevalence of obesity and its predictive factors in medical staff.
What is already known on this subject?
Several studies have examined the prevalence of obesity and its related factors in various population. To our knowledge, no known studies have examined obesity and its related factors among medical staff.
What this study adds?
The current study adds to the data on obesity and its related factors among medical staff. Results from the current study suggest that obesity has a low prevalence among medical staff and dietary habits of medical staff may be related to obesity.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Acknowledgements
We thank the survey respondents for participating in this study
Author contributions
GG, and WC contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by GG, YL, ZD, CW and XC. Analysis was performed by GG and WC. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GG. DZY, JH and WC contributed to supervising the data analysis and writing the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University Flagship Specialty Construction Project-General Surgery (No: 711003).
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Guie Gao and Yuping Liu contributed equally to this work.
Contributor Information
Xiaomei Chen, Email: cxiaomei2015@163.com.
Wenhui Chen, Email: jnucwh2019@163.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.