Abstract
目的
明确CPNE3在胃癌组织中表达情况与患者远期预后的关系,探究其调控胃癌细胞凋亡的作用和分子机制。
方法
纳入2013年2月~2017年10月104例于我院行胃癌根治术的患者,通过癌症和肿瘤基因图谱(TCGA)的公共数据和免疫组织化学染色分析CPNE3在胃癌中的表达和对患者肿瘤进展与远期预后的影响。GO富集分析预测CPNE3在胃癌中的生物学功能。采用干扰和过表达CPNE3以及对照慢病毒载体转染MGC803细胞,获取对照组(NC)、敲低组(si-CPNE3)、过表达组(LV-CPNE3)细胞,采用PI3K/AKT抑制剂(LY294002)干预LV-CPNE3组细胞获取LY294002组。流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡,Western blot检测Bax、Cleaved Caspase-3、Bcl-2、p-PI3K和p-AKT表达。
结果
TCGA预测分析和免疫组化结果显示CPNE3在胃癌中高表达(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示CPNE3高表达组患者5年生存率显著降低(P<0.01)。单因素及Cox回归分析显示CPNE3高表达、CEA≥5 μg/L、CA19-9≥37 kU/L、T3-T4期和N2-N3期是影响胃癌根治术后5年生存率的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析显示CPNE3预判术后5年死亡的敏感度为79.59%,特异性为74.55%(P<0.05)。GO富集分析预测显示CPNE3可能与负向调控胃癌细胞凋亡有关。体外实验显示,si-CPNE3组的细胞凋亡率以及Bax、Cleaved Caspase-3表达的增多,而Bcl-2表达减少;LV-CPNE3组则结果相反(P<0.05)。机制分析显示,si-CPNE3组p-PI3K、p-AKT表达降低,LV-CPNE3组则增多(P<0.05);另外,LY294002减弱了CPNE3过表达对胃癌细胞凋亡的抑制作用(P<0.05)。
结论
CPNE3在胃癌组织中高表达且对患者的远期预后具有预测价值,可能与其通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制胃癌细胞的凋亡有关。
Keywords: 胃癌, CPNE3, 细胞凋亡, 预后, PI3K/AKT
Abstract
Objective
To explore the correlation of CPNE3 expression with long-term prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) and the possible mechanism.
Methods
We retrospectively collected the data of 104 GC patients undergoing radical surgery in our hospital from February, 2013 to October, 2017. TCGA database and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze CPNE3 expression level in GC tissues and its effects on tumor progression and long-term prognosis of the patients. GO analysis was performed to predict the biological role of CPNE3 in GC. We also conducted cell experiments with MGC803 cells and observed the effects of CPNE3 knockdown, CPNE3 overexpression and LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT inhibitor) treatment on cell apoptosis and cellular expressions of apoptotic proteins using flow cytometry and Western blotting.
Results
TCGA analysis and immunohistochemistry both showed high expressions of CPNE3 in GC (P < 0.05). The patients with high CPNE3 expressions had a reduced 5-year survival (P < 0.01), and a high CPNE3 expression, CEA level≥5 μg/L, CA19-9 level ≥37 kU/L, T3-T4 stage, and N2-N3 stage were all independent risk factors for a lowered 5-year survival rate after surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of CPNE3 for predicting 5-year mortality was 79.59% and 74.55%, respectively (P < 0.05). GO analysis predicted that CPNE3 negatively regulated GC cell apoptosis. In MGC803 cells, CPNE3 knockdown significantly increased cell apoptosis, enhanced Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 expressions and decreased Bcl-2 expression, while CPNE3 overexpression produced the opposite results (P < 0.05). The cellular expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT were significantly decreased following CPNE3 knockdown and increased following CPNE3 overexpression (P < 0.05). Treatment with LY294002 obviously attenuated the inhibitory effect of CPNE3 overexpression on apoptosis of MGC803 cells (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
CPNE3 is highly expressed in GC tissues and affects the long-term prognosis of the patients possibly by inhibiting GC cell apoptosis through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling.
Keywords: gastric cancer, CPNE3, cell apoptosis, prognosis, PI3K/AKT
胃癌(GC)是全球第5大最常见的癌症,也是第3大常见的癌症死亡原因[1]。尽管近年来胃癌的综合治疗水平有所提升[2, 3],但其死亡率仍然居高不下[4, 5],发病机制不明是导致患者5年生存率低的重要原因[5]。细胞凋亡是维系细胞平衡稳态的重要方式[6],凋亡失衡可引发肿瘤等诸多疾病的进展[7, 8]。与此同时,癌细胞凋亡[9, 10]、异常增殖等恶性行为与患者远期预后密切相关,其受到紧密的分子网络调控[11],深入探索该研究领域有望为胃癌患者的靶向治疗和术后生存期的判断提供新的参考。CPNE3是钙依赖型的膜结合蛋白家族成员之一,普遍表达于多种组织和器官[12],在其N-端含有两个C2结构域,可充当钙依赖性磷脂结合膜序,从而参与细胞信号传递或膜泡运输;C-端包含A结构域,发挥着蛋白结合结构域的作用[13, 14]。既往研究报道CPNE3在多种癌组织中高表达[15-17]。且非小细胞肺癌和急性髓系白血病患者预后不良与其异常表达密切相关[15, 18]。然而CPNE3在胃癌中尚无研究报道。本研究拟通过癌症网络数据库与本机构胃癌患者的临床病理资料分析其在胃癌组织中的表达以及与患者远期预后的关系,采用生物信息学手段预测分析其在胃癌中的调控作用,并利用体外细胞学实验探索其作用机制,以期为胃癌的预后判断及寻求有效的治疗靶点提供新视野。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 资料采集方法
本研究纳入于2013年2月~2017年10月收治我院施行胃癌根治术的患者104例。纳入患者均未接受过其它治疗,无其他组织起源的恶性肿瘤。通过病案室电子病历系统收集患者相关临床资料:性别、年龄、肿瘤的临床分期、手术病理诊断、组织学分级、T分期及N分期、外周血肿瘤标志物浓度(CEA、CA19-9)等。运用电话随访的方式采集胃癌患者术后的相关生存资料:生存情况,死亡原因以及死亡时间。从病理科调取胃癌患者的胃癌及癌旁组织蜡块,用于CPNE3免疫组织化学染色。本研究项目经蚌埠医学院第一附属医院伦理委员会审核批准(批准号:伦科批字[2021]第203号)。
1.2. 检测方法
1.2.1. 免疫组织化学检测
将胃癌和癌旁组织蜡块制成4 μm切片,依次置于二甲苯及梯度酒精中脱蜡、水洗、枸橼酸钠抗原修复液中煮沸30 min、内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂孵育30 min和4 ℃下孵育一抗(CPNE3,Proteintech;1∶1000)过夜,PBS洗涤3次后与二抗(酶标山羊抗兔IgG聚合物,中杉金桥)孵育1 h,再经PBS洗涤、DAB显色、苏木素复染细胞核、中性树脂封片和采集图片,最后用Image J软件计算相对积分光密度(IOD)值。
1.2.2. 构建过表达及敲低CPNE3基因的胃癌细胞系
将人胃癌细胞系MGC803(国家生物医学实验细胞资源库)重悬于含有10 %胎牛血清(FBS)的RPMI 1640培养基中,置于37 ℃、5%CO2条件下培养密度达到70%~ 80%,然后分别采用CPNE3过表达(载体:GV358)、干扰(载体:GV248)和对照慢病毒载体(吉凯基因)对胃癌细胞系(MGC803)进行转染,6 h后更换含10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基,3 d后用含1 μg/mL嘌呤霉素的培养基筛选稳定表达细胞株,另采用PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂(LY294002,50 μmol/L,2 h)处理部分稳定过表达CPNE3的胃癌细胞,用于开展后续研究。
1.2.3. Western blot检测
收集稳定表达胃癌细胞株,经RIPA裂解提取总蛋白,每孔加样40 μg蛋白进行电泳(上层胶电压80 V,30 min;下层胶电压120 V,60 min),湿转法将蛋白转至PVDF膜(电压100 V,2 h)上。PVDF膜经5%脱脂牛奶封闭1 h、4℃过夜孵育一抗(CPNE3,proteintech,1∶1000;Bax、BCL-2、Cleaved Caspase-3、AKT(phospho Ser473)和p-PI3K,abcam,1∶1000)、TBST洗涤和孵育二抗[辣根酶标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L),中杉金桥,1∶3000]。最后,滴加ECL发光液置于多功能凝胶成像系统中采集图片,并使用Image J分析目的蛋白的相对表达量。
1.2.4. 流式细胞术分析
LV-CPNE3、si-CPNE3和NC组的胃癌细胞经胰酶消化后加入完全培养基重悬,于1000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞。PBS洗涤2次后,细胞经1×binding buffer重悬调整浓度至1~5×106/mL,取100 μL细胞悬液,加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC和5 μL PI混匀,置于室温条件下避光孵育10 min,加入400 μL的1×binding Buffer混合后,置于流式细胞仪中检测分析。
1.3. 生物信息学分析
使用癌症和肿瘤基因图谱(TCGA)的公共数据分析CPNE3信使RNA(mRNA)在癌及癌旁组织表达水平。cBioportal数据库获取CPNE3在胃癌中的共表达基因,利用DAVID生物信息数据库行基因本体注释(GO)富集分析,预测CPNE3在胃癌细胞中可能参与的生物学过程。
1.4. 统计学分析
运用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,采用t检验进行两组间均数比较;采用单因素方差分析进行3组间均数比较;卡方检验进行率的比较;Spearman法计算相关系数;采用Kaplan-Meier曲线表示术后生存率,其中Log-rank χ2用于比较组间生存率;Cox比例风险回归模型(95%可信区间)用于分析影响患者术后5年生存率的独立危险因素;ROC曲线分析CPNE3评估胃癌患者术后5年生存率的预测价值;P<0.05(双侧)为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. CPNE3在胃癌组织高表达
TCGA数据库预测结果显示,CPNE3在胃癌中的表达高于癌旁组织(图 1A,P<0.05);免疫组化分析发现,相对于癌旁组织,CPNE3在胃癌中的表达量升高(图 1B、C,P<0.05)。
图 1.
胃癌及癌旁组织中CPNE3的表达情况
Expression of CPNE3 in gastric cancer and adjacent tissues. A: Analysis of expression levels of CPNE3 in gastric cancer and adjacent tissues based on data from TCGA database. B, C: Immunohistochemical staining and IOD value analysis of CPNE3 in gastric cancer and adjacent tissues (n=104). *P < 0.05.
2.2. 胃癌组织中CPNE3表达量与患者恶性进展呈正相关
如表 1所示,在纳入病例中,依据CPNE3在胃癌组织中的相对表达量中位数(2.765)为界将病例分为CPNE3低表达组(n=52)和高表达组(n=52)两组,CPNE3高表达组CEA≥5 μg/L、CA19-9≥37 kU/L、T3-T4期及N2-N3期的胃癌患者比例高于低表达组(P<0.05)。
表 1.
胃癌组织中CPNE3的表达量与胃癌患者临床及病理参数间的关系
Relationship between CPNE3 expression level and clinicopathological parameters of gastric cancer patients [n (%)]
Characteristic | n | CPNE3 expression | χ 2 | Ρ | |
Low (n=52) | High (n=52) | ||||
Gender | 0.175 | 0.676 | |||
Male | 70 | 36 (51.4) | 34 (48.6) | ||
Female | 34 | 16 (47.1) | 18 (52.9) | ||
Age (year) | 3.261 | 0.071 | |||
<60 | 41 | 25 (61.0) | 16 (39.0) | ||
≥60 | 63 | 27 (42.9) | 36 (57.1) | ||
CEA | 17.120 | <0.001 | |||
<5 μg/L | 47 | 34 (72.3) | 13 (27.7) | ||
≥5 μg/L | 57 | 18 (31.6) | 39 (68.4) | ||
CA19-9 | 15.592 | <0.001 | |||
<37 kU/L | 46 | 33 (71.7) | 13 (28.3) | ||
≥37 kU/L | 58 | 19 (32.8) | 39 (67.2) | ||
Tumor size | 0.650 | 0.420 | |||
<5 cm | 40 | 22 (55.0) | 18 (45.0) | ||
≥5 cm | 64 | 30 (46.9) | 34 (53.1) | ||
Histological type | 0.187 | 0.665 | |||
Adenocarcinoma | 74 | 38 (51.4) | 36 (48.6) | ||
Other | 30 | 14 (46.7) | 16 (53.3) | ||
Pathological grading | 0.041 | 0.839 | |||
G1-G2 | 39 | 19 (48.7) | 20 (51.3) | ||
G3-G4 | 65 | 33 (50.8) | 32 (49.2) | ||
T stage | 26.351 | <0.001 | |||
T1-T2 | 46 | 36 (78.3) | 10 (21.7) | ||
T3-T4 | 58 | 16 (27.6) | 42 (72.4) | ||
N stage | 12.480 | <0.001 | |||
N0-N1 | 54 | 36 (66.7) | 18 (33.3) | ||
N2-N3 | 50 | 16 (32.0) | 34 (68.0) |
2.3. 胃癌组织中CPNE3高表达影响患者术后5年生存率
Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析显示,CPNE3基因高表达患者预后差于低表达组(图 2A,P<0.01),Kaplan-Meier生存分析发现,相对于低表达组,CPNE3高表达组患者术后5年生存率显著降低(图 2B,Logrank χ2=34.386,P<0.001)。
图 2.
Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析CPNE3表达量与胃癌根治术后5年生存率的关系
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the relationship between CPNE3 expression level and 5-year survival rate of the patients after radical gastrectomy. A: Kaplan-Meier Plotter analysis of the relationship between CPNE3 expression with prognosis of gastric cancer patients. B: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the correlation between CPNE3 expression and 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy.
2.4. 影响胃癌患者根治术后5年生存率的单因素及Cox多因素分析
单因素分析的结果表明,CPNE3高表达、CEA ≥5 μg/L、CA19-9≥37 kU/L、肿瘤≥5 cm、T3-T4期、N2-N3期是影响胃癌根治术后5年生存率的危险因素(表 2,P<0.001)。Cox回归分析显示,CPNE3高表达、CEA ≥5 μg/L、CA19-9≥37 kU/L、T3-T4期、N2-N3期是影响胃癌根治术后5年生存率的独立危险因素(表 2,P<0.05)。
表 2.
影响104例胃癌根治术后5年生存率的单因素及多因素分析
Univariate and multivariate analysis of 5-year survival of the patients after radical gastrectomy
Characteristic | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
Log-rank χ2 | P | HR | 95% CI | P | ||
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval. | ||||||
Gender (female vs male) | 1.161 | 0.281 | ||||
Age (≥ 60 years vs<60 years) | 0.540 | 0.462 | ||||
CPNE3 expression (high vs low) | 34.386 | <0.001 | 2.200 | 1.067-4.538 | 0.033 | |
CEA level (≥ 5 μg/L vs<5 μg/L) | 19.688 | <0.001 | 2.247 | 1.186-4.256 | 0.013 | |
CA19-9 (≥ 37 kU/L vs<37 kU/L) | 20.133 | <0.001 | 2.507 | 1.320-4.763 | 0.005 | |
Histological type (adenocarcinoma vs other) | 2.344 | 0.126 | ||||
Pathological grading (G3-G4 vs G1-G2) | 0.402 | 0.526 | ||||
Tumor size (≥5 cm vs<5 cm) | 0.255 | 0.614 | ||||
T stage (T3-T4 vs T1-T2) | 22.735 | <0.001 | 2.200 | 1.079-4.484 | 0.030 | |
N stage (N2-N3 vs N0-N1) | 21.807 | <0.001 | 2.020 | 1.104-3.695 | 0.023 |
2.5. CPNE3表达对胃癌患者术后生存期有预测价值
以CPNE3相对表达量2.775为截点值,预判术后5年死亡的敏感性为79.59%,其特异性为74.55%,曲线下面积为0.792(P<0.001,图 3),CPNE3对预测胃癌术后生存期有预测价值。
图 3.
CPNE3表达量对胃癌根治术后5年生存情况的预判价值
Predictive value of CPNE3 expression for 5-year survival of gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy.
2.6. GO富集分析显示CPNE3的表达对胃癌细胞起抑制凋亡作用
GO富集预测分析结果显示,CPNE3在胃癌中生物学功能可能与肿瘤细胞凋亡的负向调控有关(图 4)。
图 4.
生物信息学预测CPNE3在胃癌中的功能与作用
GO enrichment analysis of the possible biological functions of CPNE3 in gastric cancer.
2.7. 过表达CPNE3基因抑制胃癌细胞的凋亡
通过慢病毒转染干预MGC803细胞中CPNE3的表达,并采用Western blot进行验证(图 5A、B)。LV-CPNE3组胃癌细胞中Bax和Cleaved Caspase-3表达低于NC组,以及Bcl-2的表达量明显升高,而si-CPNE3则结果相反(P<0.05,图 5C、D)。流式细胞术结果显示过表达组胃癌细胞凋亡较对照组显著减少,而敲低组则结果相反(P<0.05,图 5E、F)。
图 5.
CPNE3抑制细胞凋亡
CPNE3 overexpression inhibits apoptosis of MGC803 cells. A, B: Detection of protein expressions of CPNE3 in the 3 groups by Western blotting. C, D: Effect of CPNE3 expression level on the expression of apoptosis related proteins and anti-apoptotic related proteins in gastric cancer cells. E, F: Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of CPNE3 expression level on cell apoptosis. NC: Normal control; si: si-RNA; LV: over-expression. *P < 0.05.
2.8. CPNE3通过激活PI3K/AKT通路负向调控胃癌细胞的凋亡
Western blot结果显示,过表达CPNE3组胃癌细胞系,p-PI3K、p-AKT蛋白水平较对照组增加,相反,敲低CPNE3则下降(P<0.05,图 6A、B)。在过表达CPNE3组予以PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂(LY294002)处理,流式细胞术结果显示胃癌细胞凋亡数目较过表达组增多(P<0.05,图 6C、D),Western blot结果显示LY294002组p-PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达量较过表达组减少(P<0.05,图 6F、G)。
图 6.
CPNE3调控胃癌细胞凋亡的机制
Mechanism verification of CPNE3-mediated regulation of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. A-C: Detection of protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT by Western blotting. D, E: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. F, G: Detection of protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT by Western blotting. *P < 0.05.
3. 讨论
胃癌的发生发展错综复杂[19],揭示其潜在机制是当前胃癌研究的重要科学问题。其中,蛋白的异常表达在胃癌的进展及预后过程中发挥重要作用[20-22]。本研究运用了癌症网络数据库、纳入的本机构胃癌患者病理资料、GO富集预测和体外细胞学实验,分析了CPNE3在胃癌发生发展中的调控作用和分子机制,结果显示CPNE3在胃癌中高表达并影响患者远期预后,其部分通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路负向调控胃癌细胞的凋亡。
既往研究表明,CPNE3在结直肠癌及胶质母细胞瘤中的高表达与预后不良有关,且有可能作为评价结直肠癌及胶质母细胞瘤患者预后的生物标志物[17, 23]。基于此,本研究通过癌症网络数据库预测分析和免疫组化检测显示,CPNE3在胃癌组织中呈现高表达。为进一步探索CPNE3在胃癌中高表达是否影响患者的临床进展,对其表达量与患者的临床病理参数的关系进行分析,发现CPNE3高表达组CEA≥5 μg/L、CA19-9≥37 kU/L、T3-T4期和N2-N3期的患者比例显著高于低表达组。其次,Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示CPNE3基因高表达患者预后差于低表达组以及Cox回归模型结果显示,CPNE3高表达是胃癌患者不良预后的独立危险因素。最后,采用ROC曲线分析CPNE3对胃癌患者术后5年生存期的预测价值,其结果显示CPNE3预测胃癌术后5年生存情况的敏感性与特异性均大于70%。上述结果提示CPNE3与胃癌患者的不良预后相关,有望成为预测胃癌患者远期预后的新型生物标志物,但其在胃癌细胞中的作用途径和相关的分子机制仍有待进一步研究。
GO富集预测分析CPNE3可能参与对胃癌细胞凋亡的负向调控,且有研究报道在人胶质母细胞瘤中,CPNE3抑制癌细胞的凋亡[24];在肝癌细胞中,下调CPNE3增强了索拉非尼对裸鼠中MH-CC97-H细胞的凋亡促进作用[25]。但目前尚未有干预CPNE3调控胃癌细胞凋亡的相关研究,因此我们采用慢病毒转染的方法构建敲低和过表达CPNE3基因的胃癌细胞株。Western blot和流式细胞术结果显示,过表达CPNE3的胃癌细胞中促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Cleaved-Caspsae)的表达下调、抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2)的表达上调以及凋亡细胞的数量显著下降,而敲低CPNE3胃癌细胞的结果相反。这些结果共同证实了CPNE3负向调控胃癌细胞的凋亡,而其相关分子机制尚不清楚。
PI3K/AKT通路在肝癌、膀胱癌、肺癌等多种癌细胞的凋亡中起重要调控作用[26-31]。新近研究发现,CPNE3在人胶质母细胞瘤中可通过激活PI3K/AKT信号调节的细胞凋亡[24]。以上研究提示其在胃癌中对肿瘤细胞凋亡的负向调控作用可能与PI3K/AKT通路有关。Western blot数据显示,CPNE3过表达促进胃癌细胞中p-PI3K和p-AKT的表达,而敲低则抑制p-PI3K、p-AKT的表达。此外,PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂逆转了CPNE3过表达对胃癌细胞凋亡的抑制作用。这些结果提示CPNE3可能部分通过激活PI3K/AKT信号来实现对胃癌细胞凋亡的负向调控作用。
本研究证实CPNE3在胃癌中高表达,并与胃癌的恶性进展呈正相关,为其作为评估患者远期预后的潜在生物标志物提供了初步的理论依据。除此之外,体外研究发现CPNE3可能通过激活PI3K/AKT信号负向调控胃癌细胞的凋亡,这一结果拓展了其生物学功能,为发掘潜在的胃癌治疗靶点提供新的切入点。
本研究亦存在部分局限性,首先我们的研究为回顾性研究,从病历系统获取的信息有限;再者,受限于样本量不足,所得结果仍需扩大样本量进一步证实。另一方面,影响胃癌发生的分子机制极为复杂,本研究仅讨论了CPNE3调控胃癌细胞凋亡的作用,与PI3K/AKT通路的激活有关,而CPNE3的其他生物学功能及其在胃癌细胞中除PI3K/AKT通路以外其它可能调控凋亡的分子机制仍有待更深层面的探索。
综上所述,本研究显示CPNE3在胃癌中高表达且与患者不良预后有关,其可能是通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制胃癌细胞凋亡。因此,CPNE3有望为胃癌的分子靶向治疗提供新的理论依据。
Biography
段婷,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: duantingting2022@126.com
Funding Statement
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2020A0563);安徽省卫生健康科研项目(AHWJ2022a019);癌症转化医学安徽省重点实验室开放课题(KFDX202202);安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021ZD0083)
Contributor Information
段 婷 (Ting DUAN), Email: duantingting2022@126.com.
陆 国玉 (Guoyu LU), Email: 13033013637@163.com.
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