Abstract
Gamma-herpesviruses can be found in most primates including Old World an New World monkeys. The gamma-herpesvirinae are grouped into two classes: lymphocryptoviruses (gamma1) and rhadinoviruses (gamma2). The lymphocryptoviruses include Epstein-Barr virus, lymphocryptovirus of rhesus monkeys, and Herpesvirus papio of baboons. Rhadinoviruses that infect New World monkeys include Herpesvirus saimiri, whose natural host is the squirrel monkey, and Herpesvirus ateles, which infects spider monkeys. Rhadinoviruses that infect hominoids and Old World monkeys include Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, also known as HHV-8, and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (155.3 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alexander L., Denekamp L., Knapp A., Auerbach M. R., Damania B., Desrosiers R. C. The primary sequence of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus isolate 26-95: sequence similarities to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and rhesus monkey rhadinovirus isolate 17577. J Virol. 2000 Apr;74(7):3388–3398. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3388-3398.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Auerbach M. R., Czajak S. C., Johnson W. E., Desrosiers R. C., Alexander L. Species specificity of macaque rhadinovirus glycoprotein B sequences. J Virol. 2000 Jan;74(1):584–590. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.584-590.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beaufils P., Choquet D., Mamoun R. Z., Malissen B. The (YXXL/I)2 signalling motif found in the cytoplasmic segments of the bovine leukaemia virus envelope protein and Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A can elicit early and late lymphocyte activation events. EMBO J. 1993 Dec 15;12(13):5105–5112. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06205.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biesinger B., Tsygankov A. Y., Fickenscher H., Emmrich F., Fleckenstein B., Bolen J. B., Bröker B. M. The product of the Herpesvirus saimiri open reading frame 1 (tip) interacts with T cell-specific kinase p56lck in transformed cells. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 3;270(9):4729–4734. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.9.4729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bosch M. L., Harper E., Schmidt A., Strand K. B., Thormahlen S., Thouless M. E., Wang Y. Activation in vivo of retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, a simian homologue of human herpesvirus-8. J Gen Virol. 1999 Feb;80(Pt 2):467–475. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-2-467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Choi J. K., Ishido S., Jung J. U. The collagen repeat sequence is a determinant of the degree of herpesvirus saimiri STP transforming activity. J Virol. 2000 Sep;74(17):8102–8110. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.17.8102-8110.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Damania B., DeMaria M., Jung J. U., Desrosiers R. C. Activation of lymphocyte signaling by the R1 protein of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus. J Virol. 2000 Mar;74(6):2721–2730. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2721-2730.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Damania B., Li M., Choi J. K., Alexander L., Jung J. U., Desrosiers R. C. Identification of the R1 oncogene and its protein product from the rhadinovirus of rhesus monkeys. J Virol. 1999 Jun;73(6):5123–5131. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.5123-5131.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Desrosiers R. C., Bakker A., Kamine J., Falk L. A., Hunt R. D., King N. W. A region of the Herpesvirus saimiri genome required for oncogenicity. Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):184–187. doi: 10.1126/science.2983431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Desrosiers R. C., Sasseville V. G., Czajak S. C., Zhang X., Mansfield K. G., Kaur A., Johnson R. P., Lackner A. A., Jung J. U. A herpesvirus of rhesus monkeys related to the human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol. 1997 Dec;71(12):9764–9769. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.12.9764-9769.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Desrosiers R. C., Silva D. P., Waldron L. M., Letvin N. L. Nononcogenic deletion mutants of herpesvirus saimiri are defective for in vitro immortalization. J Virol. 1986 Feb;57(2):701–705. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.2.701-705.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devergne O., Cahir McFarland E. D., Mosialos G., Izumi K. M., Ware C. F., Kieff E. Role of the TRAF binding site and NF-kappaB activation in Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1-induced cell gene expression. J Virol. 1998 Oct;72(10):7900–7908. doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.7900-7908.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Devergne O., Hatzivassiliou E., Izumi K. M., Kaye K. M., Kleijnen M. F., Kieff E., Mosialos G. Association of TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 with an Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 domain important for B-lymphocyte transformation: role in NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Dec;16(12):7098–7108. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.12.7098. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eliopoulos A. G., Dawson C. W., Mosialos G., Floettmann J. E., Rowe M., Armitage R. J., Dawson J., Zapata J. M., Kerr D. J., Wakelam M. J. CD40-induced growth inhibition in epithelial cells is mimicked by Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded LMP1: involvement of TRAF3 as a common mediator. Oncogene. 1996 Nov 21;13(10):2243–2254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Foreman K. E., Bacon P. E., Hsi E. D., Nickoloff B. J. In situ polymerase chain reaction-based localization studies support role of human herpesvirus-8 as the cause of two AIDS-related neoplasms: Kaposi's sarcoma and body cavity lymphoma. J Clin Invest. 1997 Jun 15;99(12):2971–2978. doi: 10.1172/JCI119492. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franken M., Devergne O., Rosenzweig M., Annis B., Kieff E., Wang F. Comparative analysis identifies conserved tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 binding sites in the human and simian Epstein-Barr virus oncogene LMP1. J Virol. 1996 Nov;70(11):7819–7826. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7819-7826.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greensill J., Sheldon J. A., Renwick N. M., Beer B. E., Norley S., Goudsmit J., Schulz T. F. Two distinct gamma-2 herpesviruses in African green monkeys: a second gamma-2 herpesvirus lineage among old world primates? J Virol. 2000 Feb;74(3):1572–1577. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1572-1577.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoge A. T., Hendrickson S. B., Burns W. H. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 cyclin D homologue is required for efficient reactivation from latency. J Virol. 2000 Aug;74(15):7016–7023. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.7016-7023.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Izumi K. M., Cahir McFarland E. D., Riley E. A., Rizzo D., Chen Y., Kieff E. The residues between the two transformation effector sites of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 are not critical for B-lymphocyte growth transformation. J Virol. 1999 Dec;73(12):9908–9916. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.9908-9916.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Izumi K. M., Cahir McFarland E. D., Ting A. T., Riley E. A., Seed B., Kieff E. D. The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins TRADD and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) but does not induce apoptosis or require RIP for NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Aug;19(8):5759–5767. doi: 10.1128/mcb.19.8.5759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Izumi K. M., Kaye K. M., Kieff E. D. The Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 amino acid sequence that engages tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors is critical for primary B lymphocyte growth transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 18;94(4):1447–1452. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung J. U., Desrosiers R. C. Association of the viral oncoprotein STP-C488 with cellular ras. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;15(12):6506–6512. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.12.6506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung J. U., Desrosiers R. C. Identification and characterization of the herpesvirus saimiri oncoprotein STP-C488. J Virol. 1991 Dec;65(12):6953–6960. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.12.6953-6960.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung J. U., Lang S. M., Jun T., Roberts T. M., Veillette A., Desrosiers R. C. Downregulation of Lck-mediated signal transduction by tip of herpesvirus saimiri. J Virol. 1995 Dec;69(12):7814–7822. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7814-7822.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jung J. U., Trimble J. J., King N. W., Biesinger B., Fleckenstein B. W., Desrosiers R. C. Identification of transforming genes of subgroup A and C strains of Herpesvirus saimiri. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 15;88(16):7051–7055. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7051. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kasolo F. C., Monze M., Obel N., Anderson R. A., French C., Gompels U. A. Sequence analyses of human herpesvirus-8 strains from both African human immunodeficiency virus-negative and -positive childhood endemic Kaposi's sarcoma show a close relationship with strains identified in febrile children and high variation in the K1 glycoprotein. J Gen Virol. 1998 Dec;79(Pt 12):3055–3065. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-3055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lacoste V., Mauclère P., Dubreuil G., Lewis J., Georges-Courbot M. C., Gessain A. KSHV-like herpesviruses in chimps and gorillas. Nature. 2000 Sep 14;407(6801):151–152. doi: 10.1038/35025145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lagunoff M., Ganem D. The structure and coding organization of the genomic termini of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virology. 1997 Sep 15;236(1):147–154. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lagunoff M., Majeti R., Weiss A., Ganem D. Deregulated signal transduction by the K1 gene product of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 11;96(10):5704–5709. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5704. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee H., Choi J. K., Li M., Kaye K., Kieff E., Jung J. U. Role of cellular tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors in NF-kappaB activation and lymphocyte transformation by herpesvirus Saimiri STP. J Virol. 1999 May;73(5):3913–3919. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.3913-3919.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee H., Guo J., Li M., Choi J. K., DeMaria M., Rosenzweig M., Jung J. U. Identification of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of K1 transforming protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Sep;18(9):5219–5228. doi: 10.1128/mcb.18.9.5219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee H., Veazey R., Williams K., Li M., Guo J., Neipel F., Fleckenstein B., Lackner A., Desrosiers R. C., Jung J. U. Deregulation of cell growth by the K1 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat Med. 1998 Apr;4(4):435–440. doi: 10.1038/nm0498-435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melendez L. V., Hunt R. D., King N. W., Barahona H. H., Daniel M. D., Fraser C. E., Garcia F. G. Herpesvirus ateles, a new lymphoma virus of monkeys. Nat New Biol. 1972 Feb 9;235(58):182–184. doi: 10.1038/newbio235182b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meléndez L. V., Daniel M. D., García F. G., Fraser C. E., Hunt R. D., King N. W. Herpesvirus saimiri. I. Further characterization studies of a new virus from the squirrel monkey. Lab Anim Care. 1969 Jun;19(3):372–377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller C. L., Burkhardt A. L., Lee J. H., Stealey B., Longnecker R., Bolen J. B., Kieff E. Integral membrane protein 2 of Epstein-Barr virus regulates reactivation from latency through dominant negative effects on protein-tyrosine kinases. Immunity. 1995 Feb;2(2):155–166. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(95)80040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller C. L., Lee J. H., Kieff E., Longnecker R. An integral membrane protein (LMP2) blocks reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency following surface immunoglobulin crosslinking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jan 18;91(2):772–776. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.2.772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicholas J., Ruvolo V., Zong J., Ciufo D., Guo H. G., Reitz M. S., Hayward G. S. A single 13-kilobase divergent locus in the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome contains nine open reading frames that are homologous to or related to cellular proteins. J Virol. 1997 Mar;71(3):1963–1974. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.1963-1974.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicholas J., Zong J. C., Alcendor D. J., Ciufo D. M., Poole L. J., Sarisky R. T., Chiou C. J., Zhang X., Wan X., Guo H. G. Novel organizational features, captured cellular genes, and strain variability within the genome of KSHV/HHV8. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1998;(23):79–88. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Palefsky J. M., Berline J., Penaranda M. E., Lennette E. T., Greenspan D., Greenspan J. S. Sequence variation of latent membrane protein-1 of Epstein-Barr virus strains associated with hairy leukoplakia. J Infect Dis. 1996 Mar;173(3):710–714. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rose T. M., Strand K. B., Schultz E. R., Schaefer G., Rankin G. W., Jr, Thouless M. E., Tsai C. C., Bosch M. L. Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species. J Virol. 1997 May;71(5):4138–4144. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.4138-4144.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sandberg M., Hammerschmidt W., Sugden B. Characterization of LMP-1's association with TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3. J Virol. 1997 Jun;71(6):4649–4656. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4649-4656.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schultz E. R., Rankin G. W., Jr, Blanc M. P., Raden B. W., Tsai C. C., Rose T. M. Characterization of two divergent lineages of macaque rhadinoviruses related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol. 2000 May;74(10):4919–4928. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.10.4919-4928.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Searles R. P., Bergquam E. P., Axthelm M. K., Wong S. W. Sequence and genomic analysis of a Rhesus macaque rhadinovirus with similarity to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J Virol. 1999 Apr;73(4):3040–3053. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.3040-3053.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strand K., Harper E., Thormahlen S., Thouless M. E., Tsai C., Rose T., Bosch M. L. Two distinct lineages of macaque gamma herpesviruses related to the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus. J Clin Virol. 2000 May;16(3):253–269. doi: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00080-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wong S. W., Bergquam E. P., Swanson R. M., Lee F. W., Shiigi S. M., Avery N. A., Fanton J. W., Axthelm M. K. Induction of B cell hyperplasia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with the simian homologue of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Exp Med. 1999 Sep 20;190(6):827–840. doi: 10.1084/jem.190.6.827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zong J. C., Ciufo D. M., Alcendor D. J., Wan X., Nicholas J., Browning P. J., Rady P. L., Tyring S. K., Orenstein J. M., Rabkin C. S. High-level variability in the ORF-K1 membrane protein gene at the left end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome defines four major virus subtypes and multiple variants or clades in different human populations. J Virol. 1999 May;73(5):4156–4170. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.4156-4170.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Dyk L. F., Virgin H. W., 4th, Speck S. H. The murine gammaherpesvirus 68 v-cyclin is a critical regulator of reactivation from latency. J Virol. 2000 Aug;74(16):7451–7461. doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7451-7461.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]