Table 1.

The available databases

Category	Database	Available data			URL	API
		Entities	Drug properties	Drug-related interactions
Drug omics data	DrugBank40	Drug, Target, Enzyme, Transporter, Protein, Disease, Gene, Carrier, Metabolite, Pathway, Compound, ATC, Adverse response	Type, Chemical structure, Category, Approval status, Chemical identifiers, Indication, Function, Action	Drug-drug interaction, Drug-food interaction, Drug-metabolite interaction, Drug-protein interaction, Drug-transcript interaction, Drug-target interaction	https://go.drugbank.com/	https://docs.drugbank.com/v1/
	KEGG42	Pathway, Gene, Genome, Protein, Compound, Glycan, Enzyme, Variant, Disease, Drug, ATC, Target, Metabolism	Structure, Drug class, Chemical reaction, Chemical structure similarity	Drug-drug interaction, Drug-gene interaction, Drug-disease interaction	https://www.kegg.jp/	https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/rest/keggapi.html
	PubChem46	Taxonomy, Compound, Protein, Gene, Pathway, Cell line, Substance, Side effect, Bioactivity, Target	Structure, Indication	Chemical-chemical interaction, Chemical-gene interaction, Chemical-disease interaction	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/	https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug
	DrugCentral47	Drug, Target, Disease, Protein	Substructure, Adverse event, Similarity, Active ingredient, Indication, Drug mode of action, Pharmacologic action, Pharmacokinetic properties, Bioactivity	Drug-drug interaction, Drug-disease interaction, Drug-target interaction	https://drugcentral.org/	https://drugcentral.org/OpenAPI
Drug knowledge graph	DRKG41	Anatomy, Biological process, Cellular component, Compound, Disease, Gene, Molecular function, Pathway, Pharmacologic class, Side effect, Symptom, ATC, Tax	SMILES	Compound-Compound interaction, Compound-side effect interaction, Compound-ATC classification interaction, Compound-pharmacologic class interaction, Compound-disease interaction, Compound-gene interaction	https://github.com/gnn4dr/DRKG	–
	Bio2RDF43	Drug, Gene, Protein, Compound, Disease, Cell	Chemical structure, Pharmacological property	Drug-adverse event interaction	http://bio2rdf.org/	https://github.com/bio2rdf/bio2rdf-api
Drug adverse effects	TWOSIDES44	Drug, Side effect	Indication	Drug-side effect interaction	https://www.tatonettilab.org/resources/tatonetti-stm.html	–
	SIDER45	Drug, Side effect, ATC, Target	Chemical structure, Indication	Drug-side effect interaction	http://sideeffects.embl.de	–

Note: ’-’ indicates that the database does not provide API.