Table 1.

Summary of the progress of organoid development from single-cell to multi-cellular organoid structures.

Reference	Culture	Cell Source	Liver Organoids	Outcome
[28]	In vitro ASC expansion	ASC (Lgr5+)	Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes	Liver organoid
[62]	In vitro iPSC expansion	iPSCs, ECs, MSCs	Hepatocytes	Vascularized and functional human liver
[66]	In vitro decellularized liver matrix (LEM)	ASCs	Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes	Self-assembled liver organoids were recapitulated: hepatobiliary organogenesis, metabolic and secretory functions
[67]	In vitro-induced hepatic cells in LEM	iPSCs with ECs and MCs	Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes	Vascularized liver organoids were generated using induced hepatic tissue and dynamic liver-specific microenvironment as a drug testing platform
[64]	In vitro HBPO organoid structure	iPSCs with ECs and MSCs	Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes	Modeling of human hepato-biliary-pancreatic organogenesis from the foregut–midgut boundary
[68]	In vitro multi-cellular liver organoids composed of hepatocyte-, stellate-, and Kupffer-like cells	iPSCs and ECs	Hepatocyte-like cells, Kupffer-like cells, hepatic stellate-like cells	This model offers a new approach for studying inflammation and fibrosis in human liver disease such as steatohepatitis
[69]	In vitro chemically defined and serum-free environment	iPSCs and ESCs	Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes	Organized functional bile canaliculi system
[70]	In vitro expansion via modulation of Notch signaling	iPSCs	Hepatic endoderm, HscLCs, and endothelial cells	Functional vasculature and bile ducts in individual maps

Abbreviations: ASCs, adult stem cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; ESCs, embryonic stem cells; ECs, endothelial cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; OoC, organ-on-a-chip; (Lgr5+), stem cells expressing leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5; HscLCs, hepatic stellate cell-like cells; HBPO, hepatic–biliary–pancreatic organoid; mLO, multi-lineage liver organoids.