Table 1.

Functions of probiotics.

Type	Strain	Function	References
Lactobacillus	Lactobacillus acidophilus	Used in the treatment of diarrhea and for relief from the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome; can reduce cytokines to relieve inflammatory bowel disease, modulate immunity, lower cholesterol, relieve diarrhea, and alleviate cancer.	[36,37,38]
	Lacticaseibacillus casei	Prevention or treatment of diseases that disrupt the intestinal microbiota: diarrhea and constipation, relief from the symptom of irritable bowel syndrome, and gingivitis, and the anti-inflammatory response.	[39,40,41,42]
	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Has anti-diabetic and anti-viral activity; used to treat obesity; has the ability to fight against pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the genitourinary tract, preventing the recurrence of urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women; prevents enteric colonization by Candida species and treats recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced colitis in children; and has an effect on symptoms of maternal depression and anxiety during the postpartum period.	[43,44,45,46,47,48]
	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	Has the ability to prevent the production of endotoxin; improves of the symptom of irritable bowel; and has antimicrobial activity and cholesterol lowering activity.	[49,50]
	Lactobacillus reuteri	Treatment of gingivitis in pregnant women and chronic periodontitis.	[50,51,52,53,54]
Bifidobacterium	Bifidobacterium infantis	Can improve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and inhibits the secretion of allergen induced IgE.	[55,56,57,58]
	Bifidobacterium adolescentis	Can reduce inflammation of the spleen and brain and changes the microbiota of cecum and colon.	[59]
	Bifidobacterium bifidum	Can reduce cholesterol; is used in the treatment of infant diarrhea; and has greater cytokine (IL-6) production and active phagocytic properties.	[60,61,62]
	Bifidobacterium longum	Used in treating diarrhea and provides relief from the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome; modulates the immune system through IL-10 production.	[63,64]
Other Lactic Acid Bacteria	Streptococcus thermophilus	Can produce antioxidant compounds and mitigate the risk of some types of cancer; has anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic effects and stimulates the gut immune system; and is useful in inflammatory bowel disease.	[65,66]
	Enterococcus faecium	Modulates the Th2-mediated pathologic response.	[67,68]
Other Microorganisms	Bacillus subtilis	Used in treating diarrhea, in the eradication of H. pylori, and in the production of vitamin K.	[69,70]
	Bacillus coagulans	Can regulate the balance of intestinal microbiota and improve immunity; promotes the metabolism and utilization of nutrients; and is able to resist high temperatures and has acid and bile resistance.	[71,72,73]
	Saccharomyces boulardi	Used in treating diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, and a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.	[74,75,76]
	Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917	Used in the treatment of intestinal diseases (diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis); can exhibit antagonistic effects on a variety of intestinal pathogenic bacteria; regulates the secretion of immune factors in vivo; and enhances the ability of host immunity.	[77,78,79]