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. 2024 Jan 23;16(2):62. doi: 10.3390/toxins16020062

Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153

Felipe Penagos-Tabares 1,2,3,*, Michael Sulyok 4, Juan-Ignacio Artavia 5, Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz 6, César Garzón-Pérez 6, Ezequías Castillo-Lopez 2,7, Luis Zavala 5, Juan-David Orozco 5, Johannes Faas 5, Rudolf Krska 4,8, Qendrim Zebeli 2,7
PMCID: PMC10892486  PMID: 38393190

Error in Table

In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Table 3 as published. A section of Table 3 (Fusarium-Metabolites) was unintentionally deleted during the edition process. The corrected Table 3 appears below.

Table 3.

Occurrences and concentrations of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites detected in whole-plant corn silages and total mixed rations of Mexican dairy farms.

Group of
Metabolites		 Metabolite Positive
Samples 1
(%)		 Whole-Plant Corn Silages
(n = 19)		 Positive
Samples 1
(%)		 Total Mixed Rations
(n = 19)		 Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test
Concentration (µg/kg DM) 2 Concentration (µg/kg DM) 2 p-Value *
Average ± SD Median Range Average ± SD Median Range
Ergot
alkaloids 		Festuclavine + 5 – – 2.41 0 – – – >0.9999
Dihydroergosine + 26 1.35 ± 1.17 1.29 0.13–3.2 21 0.83 ± 0.97 0.44 0.18–2.28 0.0625
Chanoclavine + 5 – – 2.04 5 – – 12.5 >0.9999
Alternaria spp. Altenuisol + 32 2.5 ± 0 2.5 2.5–2.5 37 3.14 ± 1.7 2.5 2.5–6.99 0.7656
Alternariol + 5 – – 5.5 11 9.77 ± 6.04 9.77 5.5–14 0.75
Alternariolmethylether + 47 9.89 ± 7.59 5.5 5.5–27.4 42 6.39 ± 2.51 5.5 5.5–12.6 0.25
Altersetin + 26 6.76 ± 4.5 5.16 1.25–12.7 42 15.7 ± 9.86 12.3 4.18–34.3 0.0488
Infectopyron 21 97 ± 64 94 23.9–176 16 34.2 ± 3.38 36.1 30.3–36.2 0.1875
Macrosporin + 16 3.75 ± 0 3.75 3.75–3.75 11 3.75 ± 0 3.75 3.75–3.75 >0.9999
Tentoxin + 42 7.71 ± 4.86 6.38 3.1–16 79 6.91 ± 2.87 6.41 2.48–11.3 0.0932
Tenuazonic acid + 32 40.2 ± 10.4 37.5 30.1–60.4 53 49.4 ± 16.8 41.8 30.3–82.8 0.064
Aspergillus spp. Averufin + 42 3.6 ± 1.9 3.0 3.0–8.4 26 2.95 ± 0 2.95 2.95–2.95 0.125
Deoxygerfelin 0 – – – 11 2.41 ± 1.33 2.41 1.47–3.35 0.5
Flavoglaucin + 11 2.8 ± 0.97 2.8 2.11–3.49 100 40.7 ± 29.6 41.6 3.63–111 <0.0001
Fumigaclavine C + 5 – – 47.2 0 – – – >0.9999
Fumiquinazolin D + 0 – – – 11 11.8 ± 5.34 11.8 8.01–15.6 0.5
Kojic acid + 11 877 ± 130 877 785–69 5 – – 145 0.5
Kotanin A 11 2.5 ± 0 2.5 2.5–2.5 5 – – 2.50 >0.9999
Methylsulochrin 5 – – 4.5 11 4.5 ± 0 4.5 4.5–4.5 >0.9999
Phenopyrrozin 84 56.1 ± 28.1 53.1 16.2–132 79 12.4 ± 5.14 10.7 7.16–24.1 <0.0001
seco-Sterigmatocystin + 16 2.72 ± 1.8 3.58 0.65–3.91 42 0.9 ± 0.46 0.65 0.65–1.71 >0.9999
Sterigmatocystin + 0 – – 11 2.65 ± 0 2.65 2.65–2.65 0.5
Versicolorin C 16 6.05 ± 3.98 3.75 3.75–10.6 0 – – – 0.25
Fusarium spp. 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol + 11 142 ± 46.7 142 109–175 0 – – – 0.5
15-Hydroxyculmorin + 32 2090 ± 1510 1580 464–4410 26 1270 ± 195 1280 993–1510 0.1563
Acuminatum B + 32 151 ± 89.6 142 58.3–290 26 52.2 ± 21.8 55.8 27.6–83.2 0.1094
Antibiotic Y 5 – – 9.5 5 – – 9.5 >0.9999
Apicidin + 16 7.14 ± 2.32 7.23 4.78–9.41 5 – – 9.04 0.5
Aurofusarin + 68 168 ± 386 48.8 3–1420 84 83.4 ± 67.3 67.1 11.4–224 0.2247
Beauvericin + 100 57.8 ± 74.7 32.3 5.46–330 100 33.1 ± 24.3 29.1 3.84–84.2 0.2266
Beauvericin A + 89 0.96 ± 1.55 0.45 0.45–6.87 84 0.55 ± 0.27 0.45 0.45–1.42 0.0204
Bikaverin + 95 224 ± 253 99.4 15.3–879 100 115 ± 95.6 94.7 18.1–308 0.0204
Chrysogin + 0 – – – 5 – – 8.03 >0.9999
Culmorin + 58 865 ± 695 634 150–2090 58 505 ± 427 402 150–1420 0.0234
Deoxyfusapyron 11 22 ± 12 22 13.5–30.5 16 591 ± 603 521 26.2–1230 0.375
Deoxynivalenol + 53 1500 ± 1080 1370 323–3350 84 615 ± 491 376 78–1670 0.1928
DON-3-glucoside + 26 74 ± 95.5 19.5 19.5–240 37 60.3 ± 23.5 65 19.5–86.6 0.3984
Enniatin A + 11 1.02 ± 1.15 1.02 0.2–1.83 37 0.45 ± 0.37 0.2 0.2–1.19 0.3438
Enniatin A1 + 11 0.4 ± 0 0.4 0.4–0.4 79 1.03 ± 0.82 0.4 0.4–2.6 0.0002
Enniatin B + 0 – – – 68 4.63 ± 5.62 1.4 1.4–18.8 0.0002
Enniatin B1 + 11 1.45 ± 0 1.45 1.45–1.45 89 3.99 ± 3.78 1.45 1.45–12.2 <0.0001
Enniatin B2 + 0 – – – 16 0.29 ± 0.05 0.29 0.24–0.34 0.25
Epiequisetin + 16 3.37 ± 1.6 3.78 1.6–4.72 5 – – 1.6 0.375
Equisetin + 32 6.3 ± 6.27 3.05 1.6–14.7 42 5.19 ± 2.46 4.17 2.36–9.58 0.6836
Fumonisin A1 precursor + 16 63.2 ± 40.5 61.2 23.7–105 58 14.3 ± 14.1 9.16 3.55–48.9 0.3096
Fumonisin A2 + 11 43 ± 3.91 43 40.2–45.8 5 – – 18 0.5
Fumonisin B1 + 47 723 ± 1050 124 26.5–2700 84 218 ± 244 126 26.5–1010 0.2288
Fumonisin B2 + 42 301 ± 371 72.6 18–987 68 103 ± 100 61.5 18–395 0.7722
Fumonisin B3 + 16 276 ± 145 297 121–409 32 57.1 ± 41.8 40 26.5–131 >0.9999
Fumonisin B4 + 16 78.3 ± 70.5 61 18–156 32 26.1 ± 20 18 18–66.9 0.5625
Fusarium spp. Fungerin 0 – – – 5 – – 26.5 >0.9999
Fusaproliferin + 37 403 ± 628 166 61.5–1820 58 280 ± 252 226 60.8–989 0.3054
Fusapyron + 5 – – 1.5 5 – – 5.46–5.46 >0.9999
Fusaric acid + 89 1210 ± 840 1130 260–3220 74 562 ± 235 503 298–1190 <0.0001
Hydrolysed Fumonisin B1 + 16 37 ± 49.1 10 7.29–93.7 5 – – 30.4 0.75
Moniliformin + 89 88.9 ± 76.9 48 9–263 100 101 ± 67 78.8 27.6–247 0.1956
Nivalenol + 42 269 ± 184 209 103–614 68 872 ± 853 385 88.5–2600 0.0061
Sambutoxin + 37 0.37 ± 0.19 0.3 0.3–0.79 5 – – 0.3 0.0625
Siccanol + 89 4620 ± 3530 3960 525–12,350 95 2510 ± 1650 2370 409–6130 0.0028
W493 79 171 ± 190 80.7 3.55–694 74 86.6 ± 65.4 101 3.55–190 0.0256
Zearalenone + 68 58.7 ± 79.4 21.5 4.6–278 100 38.7 ± 57.2 17.8 4.6–246 0.9297
Total enniatins 47 5.96 ± 7.24 1.60 0.60–19 89 11.2 ± 9.8 7.11 1.85–37 0.0144
Total fumonisins 47 1150 ± 1570 203 26.5–4410 89 325 ± 396 155 3.6–1670 0.3867
Total Type B trichothecenes 53 2000 ± 1230 1790 323–4230 89 1940 ± 1760 1156 78.0–5510 0.0505
Penicillium spp. 7-Hydroxypestalotin 53 17.3 ± 9.99 14.9 7.3–41.9 47 9.74 ± 4.87 9.74 2.6–16.7 0.0186
Asterric acid 5 – – 12.5 5 – – 12.5 N/A
Bilaid A 100 20.3 ± 22.9 11.4 5.78–87.6 95 8.53 ± 7.04 6.77 3.49–27.3 <0.0001
Citreoviridin + 0 – – – 21 42.9 ± 12.2 41.3 31.1–58 0.125
Citrinin + 0 – – – 5 – – 77.9 >0.9999
Cycloaspeptide A 0 – – – 5 – – 13.4 >0.9999
Cyclopenin 5 – – 2.85 0 – – – >0.9999
Mycophenolic acid + 11 90.2 ± 118 90.2 7–173 42 32 ± 42.9 11.4 7–127 0.1094
Mycophenolic acid IV + 5 – – 2.53 0 – – – >0.9999
NP 1243 5 – – 34.1 0 – – – >0.9999
Oxaline 16 68.9 ± 61.2 81.2 2.55–123 16 20.1 ± 14.9 12.9 10–37.2 0.5
Pestalotin 53 29.2 ± 13.5 28.7 8.61–59.2 58 12.4 ± 6.93 11.2 3.3–24.5 0.0282
PF 1163A 5 – – 3.32 5 – – 0.75 >0.9999
Questiomycin 5 – – 1.5 89 8.71 ± 7.72 8.6 0.6–23 <0.0001
Questiomycin Derivate 95 184 ± 111 164 34.9–407 95 118 ± 64.2 106 18.1–238 0.0002
Quinolactacin A 11 1.2 ± 0 1.2 1.2–1.2 21 1.2 ± 0 1.2 1.2–1.2 0.5
Other fungi Ascochlorin 21 11.9 ± 10.2 8.43 3.75–26.9 21 6.24 ± 4.99 3.75 3.75–13.7 0.625
Ascofuranone 21 2.26 ± 1.82 1.35 1.35–4.98 5 – – 1.35 0.3125
Bassianolide 37 3.17 ± 1.25 2.7 2.7–6 32 2.7 ± 0 2.7 2.7–2.7 0.5
Beauveriolide I_III 26 1.5 ± 0 1.5 1.5–1.5 16 4.22 ± 3.01 3.71 1.5–7.45 0.6563
Cercosporin 58 40.8 ± 25.6 36.5 13.2–87.9 79 72.2 ± 79.7 42.5 15.1–325 0.0479
Cytochalasin J 0 – – – 11 136 ± 26.5 136 117–155 0.5
Destruxin B + 0 – – – 21 1.25 ± 0.68 1.1 0.7–2.09 0.125
Ilicicolin A 5 – – 6.23 37 1.83 ± 0.61 1.6 1.6–3.21 0.2813
Ilicicolin B 79 18.9 ± 20.7 4.45 4.45–69.4 89 14.1 ± 9.96 13 4.45–28.9 0.6848
Ilicicolin E 5 – – 1.7 11 1.7 ± 0 1.7 1.7–1.7 >0.9999
Monocerin 89 115 ± 237 37.4 2.1–990 74 85.9 ± 133 37.2 2.1–502 0.0024
Mycousnine 0 – – – 11 0.75 ± 0 0.75 0.75–0.75 0.5
Myriocin + 16 67.9 ± 52.1 48.1 28.6–127 32 44.6 ± 26.2 41.1 15.7–92.6 0.5625
Phomalone 5 – – 6.14 0 – – – >0.9999
Sporidesmolide II 84 7.9 ± 13.2 2.92 0.75–44.7 74 4.4 ± 5.07 2.54 0.75–17.2 0.0643
Sporidesmolide III 5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0 – – – >0.9999
Unspecific
metabolites		 3-Nitropropionic acid 21 63 ± 60.9 43 18.5–147 21 18.5 ± 0 18.5 18.5–18.5 0.5
Asperglaucide 5 – – 5.99 100 27.3 ± 33.6 10.8 2.05–142 <0.0001
Asperphenamate 5 – – 4.89 79 5.98 ± 7.37 3.35 1.93–31.4 <0.0001
Brevianamid F 89 171 ± 77.8 166 61–408 89 116 ± 40.6 112 49.2–228 0.0021
Chrysophanol 47 226 ± 111 231 62.5–367 32 176 ± 65.1 205 62.5–226 0.0195
Citreorosein 53 24.1 ± 12.4 19.1 14.7–54.4 37 19.1 ± 6.67 15.8 12.5–30.1 0.123
Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) 100 4680 ± 2300 4570 926–8970 100 2180 ± 1110 1890 589–5360 0.0006
Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) 100 14,760 ± 3820 13,450 6890–2200 100 7080 ± 2300 6790 2160–11,570 <0.0001
Emodin 95 9.62 ± 5.31 9.22 3.5–23.1 95 46.9 ± 102 8.49 3.5–422 0.2312
Fellutanine A 95 128 ± 51.8 127 48.8–260 89 94.3 ± 38.7 86.7 34.8–199 0.0053
Iso-Rhodoptilometrin 58 1.58 ± 0.59 1.4 1.4–3.35 53 1.4 ± 0 1.4 1.4–1.4 0.5
N-Benzoyl-Phenylalanine 0 – – – 21 12.2 ± 2.47 12.1 9.56–15 0.125
Neoechinulin A 0 – – – 100 133 ± 78.4 102 29.6–304 <0.0001
Norlichexanthone 5 – – 1.9 47 1.9 ± 0 1.9 1.9 0.0078
Rugulusovine 100 355 ± 153 373 137–681 100 204 ± 93.8 197 53.5–407 <0.0001
Skyrin 68 2.06 ± 1.07 1.85 0.55–3.96 89 4.42 ± 6.13 2.48 0.55–27 0.0097
Ternatin 5 – – 6.32 0 – – – >0.9999
Tryptophol 42 258 ± 126 170 170–456 32 963 ± 817 642 170–2100 0.5508
Phytoestrogens Biochanin 5 – – 147 79 36.3 ± 13 34.5 20.2–61.6 0.0081
Coumestrol 26 56 ± 104 8 8–241 89 157 ± 126 109 45.5–479 0.0011
Daidzein 37 263 ± 351 89 89–1020 100 12,700 ± 6710 10,710 3820–27,620 <0.0001
Daidzin 68 428 ± 719 191 91–2730 100 63,690 ± 40,170 65,640 9350–125,770 <0.0001
Genistein 58 153 ± 272 47 47–947 100 11,760 ± 6170 11,190 3990–26,530 <0.0001
Genistin 63 1000 ± 1850 362 110–6700 100 118,150 ± 75,850 113,270 157,180–249,320 <0.0001
Glycitein 5 – – 324 89 4790 ± 1840 4450 2220–8220 <0.0001
Glycitin 11 364 ± 292 364 158–570 100 13,340 ± 7920 12,070 1080–27,390 <0.0001
Ononin 5 – – 46 100 176 ± 28 153.3 46–512 <0.0001
Other plant
metabolites		 Abscisic acid 42 1610 ± 2860 574 273–8670 100 1660 ± 636 1620 411–3270 0.0012
Anisodamine 16 514 ± 373 470 164–907 16 137.2 ± 101 141 34.5–236 0.375
Atropine 16 318 ± 85 360 219–374 11 69.1 ± 22.4 69.1 53.3–84.9 0.25
Hyoscine 16 427 ± 391 473 15–794 11 215.7 ± 93.1 216 150–282 0.375
Bacterial Nonactin 16 1 ± 0 1 1–1 26 1.3 ± 1.2 0.8 0.6–3.3 0.3906
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1 Samples with values > limit of detection (LOD). 2 Excluding data < LOD. In case values > LOD and < limit of quantification (LOQ), LOQ/2 was used for calculation. * Significant differences between each set of matched pairs presented p-value < 0.05. SD = Standard deviation; DM = Dry matter; + = metabolites classified as mycotoxins.

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. The original publication has also been updated.

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Reference

  • 1.Penagos-Tabares F., Sulyok M., Artavia J.-I., Flores-Quiroz S.-I., Garzón-Pérez C., Castillo-Lopez E., Zavala L., Orozco J.-D., Faas J., Krska R., et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins. 2023;15:153. doi: 10.3390/toxins15020153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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