Abstract
Background and Purpose
Studies on outcome comparison after endovascular treatment (EVT) for large vessel occlusion (LVO) between large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardioembolism (CE) in the Asian population are scarce. We aimed to compare the baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes after EVT for anterior circulation LVO with LAA and CE in the Chinese population.
Methods
Patients were selected from the ANGEL registry and divided into LAA and CE groups. The primary outcome was the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2. The secondary outcomes were 90-day mRS distribution, 90-day mRS 0–1, 90-day mRS 0–3, and early neurological improvement. The safety outcomes included death, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and any intracranial hemorrhage. We conducted logistic regression models with adjustments to compare the outcomes.
Results
A total of 632 patients were included, of whom, 488 were in the LAA group and 144 were in the CE group. No significant difference in 90-day mRS 0–2 was observed between LAA and CE groups (55.7%vs.43.1%, odds ratio[OR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval(CI), 0.92–1.53, P=0.190). The LAA group exhibited a higher frequency of mRS 0–3 compared to the CE group (69.1% vs 32.6%, OR1.32, 95% CI 1.02–1.72, P=0.038). However, the incidence of death within 90 days did not significantly differ between the LAA and CE groups (10.9%vs.24.3%, OR0.91, 95% CI0.66–1.25, P=0.545), nor did the occurrences of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(SICH) (4.5%vs.9.7%,OR1.08, 95% CI 0.65–1.78, P=0.779) or intracranial hemorrhage(ICH) (21.9%vs.30.6%, OR 0.94, 95% CI0.71–1.25, P=0.680). Moreover, no significant disparities were detected in other outcomes between the two groups (All P>0.05).
Conclusion
In the ANGEL registry, a higher prevalence of patients undergoing EVT for acute anterior circulation LVO with LAA was found than those with CE. However, our study revealed that the efficacy and safety of EVT remained consistent regardless of the stroke’s etiology such as LAA or CE.
Keywords: large vessel occlusion, endovascular treatment, large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism
Introduction
The efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to proximal large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the anterior circulation have been extensively studied by several landmark randomized controlled trials.1 The Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) standard has been widely used to assess the stroke etiology widely.2 Large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardioembolism (CE) are the two main etiologies of LVO. Previous studies reported that the characteristics such as stroke severity3 and collateral status4 of LVO and CE were different, potentially influencing the outcomes of EVT for LVO. The effect comparison of EVT between LAA and CE has been studied widely in the Western population.3–6 However, the literature on this topic in the Asian population still remains scarce.7,8
Hence, the present study based on a nationwide, multicenter, prospective registry database in China, aimed to compare baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes after EVT for anterior circulation LVO stemming from LAA and CE.
Methods
Study Population
Patients were selected from the ANGEL (Acute Ischemic stroke Cooperation Group of Endovascular Treatment) registry,9 which was a multicenter, nationwide, prospective registry study including 20 comprehensive stroke centers in China between June 2015 and December 2017. Full methods of the ANGEL registry such as inclusion/exclusion criteria were reported previously.9 The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Beijing Tiantan Hospital and all participating centers. Subjects or their legally authorized representatives provided written informed consent.
The inclusion criterion of the present study was that patients underwent EVT. The exclusion criteria of the present study were as follows: (1) posterior circulation stroke; (2) stroke of other determined etiology (SOE) or stroke of undetermined etiology (SUE).
Data Collection
We prospectively collected all variables including demographic characteristics, medical history, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), admission ASPECTS, antiplatelet therapy before EVT, IVT before EVT, imaging, procedural details, key time point, and clinical outcomes assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
The investigators received training to assess NIHSS and mRS.
Two independent experienced neuroradiologists blinded to all clinical information assessed baseline computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and postprocedural CT, with a third available for adjudication when needed. The radiological assessment included Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS),10 tandem lesion,11 occlusion site, modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia score (mTICI)12 and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) postprocedure.
Successful recanalization was defined as mTICI 2b-3 and complete recanalization was defined as mTICI 3. Heparin during the procedure was performed empirically at the individual operator’s discretion according to local protocols, which was defined as intravenous administration of unfractionated heparin, being infused at 50–100 IU/Kg at first and additional 1000 IU at intervals of an hour during the procedure.13 The protocol of the ANGEL registry recommended heparin during the procedure when patients were in a high coagulation state or expected operation for a long time.9
Stroke Etiology
Site investigators received training from the committee-assigned stroke specialists before enrollment to assess the stroke etiology according to the TOAST standard2 based on the patient’s clinical, imaging, and laboratory features.
LAA: Patients with clinical and brain imaging findings of either >50% of stenotic degree or occlusion of a large vessel without potential sources of cardiogenic embolism.2 CE: Patients with large vessel occlusion presumably due to a cardiogenic embolism without potential LAA source of thrombosis or embolism.2
Study Outcomes
The primary outcome was 90-day mRS 0–2. The secondary outcomes included 90-day mRS ordinal distribution, 90-day mRS 0–1, 90-day mRS 0–3, and early neurological improvement (ENI, defined as NIHSS decreased by≥8 points or NIHSS was 0–1 at 24h after the procedure). The safety outcomes included death within 90 days, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) within 48h defined as parenchymal, subarachnoid or intraventricular hemorrhage detected by CT or MRI and with an increase of ≥4 points on the NIHSS score,14 and any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) within 48h.
Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables were described by number (percentage) and continuous variables were expressed by median(interquartile range [IQR]). We performed the Pearson χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for the categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney test for the continuous variables to compare the differences in the baseline characteristics between LAA and CE groups. To compare the outcomes between the two groups, we conducted the binary logistic or ordinal logistic regression models adjusting for the baseline variables with P < 0.05 to calculate the odd ratio (OR) or common OR with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To perform the sensitivity analysis, we adjusted for the propensity score calculated from a logistic regression model that included all the baseline variables with a P < 0.05. All P <0.05 (2-sided) was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 26.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to conduct the analyses.
Results
As Figure 1 shows, we excluded 283 patients from 915 patients enrolled in the ANGEL registry study due to posterior circulation stroke (n=203) and SOE or SUE (n=80). Finally, a total of 632 patients were included in the present analysis, of whom, 488 were in the LAA group and 144 were in the CE group.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of patient selection.
Abbreviations: SOE, stroke of other determined etiology; SUE, stroke of undetermined etiology; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; CE, cardioembolism.
Baseline Characteristics
We observed that patients with LAA were younger (63[55–72] vs 67[59–75], P = 0.003) and had a higher rate of male (84.3% vs 44.4%, P<0.001), lower admission NIHSS (14[9–18] vs 20[14–23], P<0.001) and longer time from onset to puncture (300[220–440] vs 260[186–335], P<0.001) than those with CE. The prevalence of smoking history (37.9% vs 18.1%, P<0.001), hypertension (55.5% vs 40.3%, P=0.001), and tandem lesion (26.0% vs 0, P<0.001) were more in the LAA group than CE group; while the prevalence of atrial fibrillation was less in LAA group than CE group (10.7% vs 64.4%, P<0.001). Additionally, the rates of general anesthesia (39.3% vs 54.9%, P= 0.001) heparin during the procedure (39.3% vs 54.9%, P=0.001), stent retriever (69.5% vs 93.8%, P <0.001), and direct aspiration (6.4% vs 12.5%, P = 0.015) were lower in the LAA group than CE group; the rates of GP IIb/IIa receptor inhibitor (33.6% vs 20.8%, P=0.003), balloon angioplasty/stenting (24.8% vs 5.6%, P<0.001) and successful recanalization (93.4% vs 87.5%, P=0.020) were higher in the LAA group than CE group (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Outcome of Between LAA and CE
| Variables | Total (n=632) | LAA (n = 488) | CE (n = 144) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 64(56–73) | 63(55–72) | 67(59–75) | 0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 407(64.4) | 343(84.3) | 64(44.4) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 211(33.4) | 185(37.9) | 26(18.1) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 329(52.1) | 271(55.5) | 58(40.3) | 0.001 |
| History of diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 93(14.7) | 76(15.6) | 17(11.8) | 0.262 |
| History of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 145(22.9) | 52(10.7) | 93(64.6) | <0.001 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 67(10.6) | 50(10.2) | 17(11.8) | 0.593 |
| SBP, median (IQR) | 146(130–161) | 146(130–163) | 143(128–160) | 0.068 |
| Admission NIHSS, median (IQR) | 15(10–20) | 14(9–18) | 20(14–23) | <0.001 |
| Admission ASPECTS, median (IQR) | 8(7–8) | 8(7–8) | 8(6–8) | 0.169 |
| Antiplatelet therapy before EVT, n (%) | 134(21.2) | 109(22.3) | 25(17.4) | 0.199 |
| IVT before EVT, n (%) | 191(30.2) | 148(30.3) | 43(29.9) | 0.915 |
| Occlusion location, n (%) | 0.606 | |||
| ICA | 264(41.8) | 209(42.8) | 55(38.2) | |
| M1 | 299(47.3) | 225(46.1) | 74(51.4) | |
| M2/M3 | 65(10.3) | 50(10.2) | 15(10.4) | |
| ACA | 4(0.6) | 4(0.8) | 0(0) | |
| Tandem lesion, n (%) | 127(20.1) | 127(26.0) | 0(0) | <0.001 |
| General anesthesia, n (%) | 235(37.2) | 164(33.6) | 71(49.3) | 0.001 |
| GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, n (%) | 194(30.7) | 164(33.6) | 30(20.8) | 0.003 |
| Heparin during the procedure, n (%) | 271(42.9) | 192(39.3) | 79(54.9) | 0.001 |
| Stent retriever, n (%) | 474(75.0) | 339(69.5) | 135(93.8) | <0.001 |
| Direct aspiration, n (%) | 49(7.8) | 31(6.4) | 18(12.5) | 0.015 |
| IAT, n (%) | 200(31.6) | 164(33.6) | 36(25.0) | 0.051 |
| Balloon angioplasty/stenting, n (%) | 129(20.4) | 121(24.8) | 8(5.6) | <0.001 |
| MT times, median (IQR) | 1(1–2) | 1(1–2) | 1(1–2) | 0.713 |
| OTP, median (IQR), min | 290(208–419) | 300(220–440) | 260(186–335) | <0.001 |
| Procedure duration, median (IQR), min | 80(50–115) | 80(55–115) | 78(45–111) | 0.207 |
| Successful recanalization, n (%) | 582(92.1) | 456(93.4) | 126(87.5) | 0.020 |
| Complete recanalization, n (%) | 449(71.0) | 354(72.5) | 95(66.0) | 0.127 |
Note: Bold values indicate statistical significance.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score; ASPECTS, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score; OTD, onset-to-door; DTP, door-to-puncture; PTR, puncture-to-recanalization; IVT, intravenous thrombolysis; IAT, intraarterial thrombolysis; MT, mechanical thrombectomy; FPR, first pass recanalization; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; PH, parenchymal hemorrhage.
Study Outcomes
After adjusting for the confounders, the primary outcome (90-day mRS 0–2) was not significantly different between LAA and CE groups (55.7% vs 43.1%; OR: 1.19, 95% CI:0.92–1.53, P=0.190) (Figure 2). Similarly, However, the incidence of death within 90 days did not significantly differ between the LAA and CE groups (10.9% vs 24.3%, OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66–1.25, P=0.545), nor did the occurrences of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) within 48 hours (4.5% vs 9.7%, OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.65–1.78, P=0.779) or intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) within 48 hours (21.9% vs 30.6%, OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71–1.25, P=0.680). Other outcomes were also similar between LAA and CE groups (P > 0.05) except for the 90-day mRS 0–3 (69.1% vs 56.9%; OR:1.32, 95% CI:1.02–1.72, P=0.038). Moreover, we adjusted for the PS as the sensitivity analysis and also found that EVT could lead to comparable clinical outcomes between LAA and CE groups (Table 2).
Figure 2.
Shift on 90-day mRS score stratified by LAA and CE.
Abbreviations: mRS, modified Rankin Scale; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; CE, cardioembolism.
Table 2.
Adjusted or/HR of Safety and Efficacy Outcome According to Different Pathogenic Subtypes
| Study Outcomes | LAA (n=488) | CE (n=144) | Adjusted Model 1* | P value | Adjusted Model 2# | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect Size (95% CI) | Effect Size (95% CI) | |||||
| Primary outcomes, n(%) | ||||||
| 90-day mRS 0–2 | 272(55.7) | 62(43.1) | 1.19(0.92–1.53) | 0.190 | 1.08(0.83–1.39) | 0.576 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| 90-day mRS, median (IQR) | 2(1–4) | 3(1–5) | 1.25(0.82–1.90) | 0.307 | 1.23(0.79–1.91) | 0.363 |
| 90-day mRS 0–1, n(%) | 216(44.3) | 47(32.6) | 1.18(0.91–1.54) | 0.215 | 1.06(0.81–1.37) | 0.683 |
| 90-day mRS 0–3, n(%) | 337(69.1) | 82(56.9) | 1.32(1.02–1.72) | 0.038 | 1.19(0.91–1.56) | 0.196 |
| ENI, n(%) | 259(53.1) | 94(65.3) | 1.25(0.96–1.63) | 0.095 | 1.22(0.95–1.58) | 0.125 |
| Safety outcomes, n(%) | ||||||
| Death within 90 days | 53(10.9) | 35(24.3) | 0.91(0.66–1.25) | 0.545 | 0.88(0.63–1.24) | 0.470 |
| SICH within 48 h | 22(4.5) | 14(9.7) | 1.08(0.65–1.78) | 0.779 | 1.02(0.62–1.67) | 0.950 |
| Any ICH within 48 h | 107(21.9) | 44(30.6) | 0.94(0.71–1.25) | 0.680 | 0.92(0.69–1.23) | 0.569 |
Notes: Bold values indicate statistical significance. *Adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, history of hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, admission NIHSS, tandem lesion, general anesthesia, GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, heparin during the procedure, stent retriever, direct aspiration, balloon angioplasty/stenting, OTP, and successful recanalization. #Adjusting for propensity score.
Abbreviations: ENI, early neurological improvement; sICH, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; mRS, modified rankin score.
Discussion
Our study based on the ANGEL registry found that (1) The rate of LAA was approximately three times higher than that of CE (77.2% vs 22.8%); (2) EVT could lead to similar clinical outcomes except 90-day mRS 0–3 between LAA and CE; (3) The 90-day mRS 0–3 rate is higher in LAA group than CE group; (4) Patients with LAA was younger, had lower NIHSS, longer OTP and higher successful recanalization rate than those with CE.
LAA and CE were the two main etiologies of LVO according to the TOAST standard. In the present study, the rate of LAA was higher than that of CE, which was different from the SITS registry,3 MR CLEAN registry,4 RESCUE-Japan Registry 2,7 and Bernese Stroke Registry.5 However, this result aligned with another Chinese registry, ANGEL-ACT registry,8 which reflected the distribution of TOAST classification of LVO in China. Similarly, a previous systematic review and meta-analysis further supported this trend, highlighting CE among whites and LAA among Asians as the predominant causes of ischemic stroke.15
Another finding of our study was that the efficacy and safety of EVT were not significantly different between LVO patients with LAA and CE, which was also found in RESCUE-Japan Registry 2,7 Bernese Stroke Registry,5 ANGEL-ACT registry,8 and a meta-analysis including 25 studies.3 Conversely, SITS registry indicated that a lower rate of functional independence in LVO patients with LAA than those with CE.3 Similarly, GSR-ET registry reported that EVT was more efficacy for LVO patients with CE than those with non-CE.6 However, MR CLEAN registry found that LVO patients with LAA had lower median 90-day mRS than those with CE but a similar functional independence rate between the two groups.4
Similarly to the previous studies, the present study revealed that LVO patients with LAA presented with lower admission NIHSS and longer OTP than those with CE.3,5,7,8 The phenomenon could be explained by that better collateral circulation was found in LAA than CE, which could lead to slow core volume growth and a longer time to complete vessel occlusion.4,16,17 Interestingly, we observed that LVO patients with LAA had a higher successful recanalization rate than those with CE but similar procedure duration. The previous studies reported that the clot length was longer in LAA than CE,4,18–20 and LVO patients with LAA were always associated with more arterial tortuosity,21 which may suggest LVO patients with CE more often experience successful recanalization by MT. However, paradoxically, the thrombus composition of CE had fewer red blood cells and more fibrin/platelets, which was associated with a decreased recanalization rate regardless of the technique employed.22,23 Patients in the LAA group less often received heparin during the procedure than those in the CE group. Patients in the CE group were always in a high coagulation state, which was a condition recommended heparin during the procedure in the protocol of the ANGEL registry.9 However, another analysis of the ANGEL registry found that heparin during the procedure was associated with a high risk of sICH and distal embolization, as well as efficacy outcomes over the long-term poor outcome, which was aline with the MR CLEAN-MED trial.13,24 Moreover, LVO patients with LAA account for the higher proportion of etiology distribution in China, and Chinese neurointerventions accumulated more experience in achieving successful recanalization for such patients by EVT such as rescue balloon angioplasty/stenting, or use of GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor during the peri-procedural period.
Limitations
The present study had several limitations. First, our study was not a randomized controlled study, which could result in selection bias. Second, we did not collect some variables that influence our findings, such as collateral circulation, baseline infarct-core volume, penumbra volume, clot burden, and clot composition. Finally, all patients in our study were Chinese population, which limited our findings generalized to other ethnic populations.
Conclusions
Patients with acute anterior circulation LVO with LAA undergoing EVT were much more than those with CE in the ANGEL registry. The present study found the efficacy and safety of EVT were not modified by the stroke etiology such as LAA or CE.
Acknowledgments
We thank all clinicians, statisticians, and imaging and laboratory technologists who were involved in the ANGEL registry. Dr. Huo moved to Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University from Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University in 2023.
Funding Statement
There is no funding to report.
Data Sharing Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committees of all participating centers. Subjects or their legally authorized representatives provided written informed consent prior to commencing the study.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
All authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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