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. 2024 Feb 23;102:183–200. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.102.112905

Three novel species of Aquapteridospora (Distoseptisporales, Aquapteridosporaceae) from freshwater habitats in Tibetan Plateau, China

Rong-Ju Xu 1,2, Jun-Fu Li 3, De-Qun Zhou 1,4, Saranyaphat Boonmee 2, Qi Zhao 1,✉, Ya-Ya Chen 5,✉
PMCID: PMC10907956  PMID: 38434108

Abstract

During an investigation of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the Tibetan Plateau, three Aquapteridospora taxa were collected from freshwater habitats in Xizang, China. The new species possess polyblastic, sympodial, denticles conidiogenous cells and fusiform, septate, with or without sheath conidial, that fit within the generic concept of Aquapteridospora, and multi-gene phylogeny placed these species within Aquapteridospora. Detailed morphological observations clearly demarcate three of these from extant species and are hence described as new taxa. The multi-gene phylogeny of the combined LSU, TEF1-α, and ITS sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships and discuss phylogenetic affinities with morphologically similar species. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, three new species viz. A.linzhiensis, A.yadongensis, and A.submersa are introduced. Details of asexual morphs are described, and justifications for establishing these new species are also provided in this study.

Key words: 3 new taxa, freshwater fungi, morphology, phylogeny, Sordariomycetes, taxonomy

Introduction

Freshwater ascomycetes are the ecological groups that occur saprobically on submerged or partially submerged plant substrates in aquatic habitats (Shearer 1993). Lignicolous freshwater fungi represent a highly diverse taxonomic group with a substantial population. These fungi play a pivotal role in the transfer of nutrients and the flow of energy between trophic levels in the food chain. They achieve this by breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler inorganic materials derived from dead flora and fauna (Krauss et al. 2011; Sridhar et al. 2013; Wurzbacher et al. 2014; Tsui et al. 2016). Recent research showed that lignicolous freshwater fungi comprise a diverse taxonomic assemblage, with more than 3,870 species listed (Calabon et al. 2022). Among them, most are in the classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes (Hyde et al. 2016; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2020; Calabon et al. 2022; Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Sordariomycetes is a prominent class within Ascomycota, encompassing a wide variety of fungi (Luo et al. 2019; Calabon et al. 2022; Yang et al. 2023). In freshwater environments, Sordariomycetes stands out as a significant fungal group, playing a pivotal role in ecosystems. This class is renowned for its production of bioactive compounds (e.g., penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins) (Poch et al. 1992; Jones et al. 2014; Wright et al. 2014; Calabon et al. 2023).

Aquapteridospora was initially introduced and classified within the Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses by Yang et al. (2015). Aquapteridospora, with A.lignicola as the type species, is characterized by polyblastic, sympodial, denticles conidiogenous cells and fusiform, with pale to dark brown central cells and subhyaline end cells, with or without sheath conidia. Furthermore, Hyde et al. (2021a) introduced the family Aquapteridosporaceae to accommodate Aquapteridospora and placed this family in order Distoseptisporales based on divergence estimates, morphological characters, and phylogenetic analyses.

Aquapteridospora is a hyphomycetous genus that are commonly found in freshwater habitats, but only a few terrestrial species, such as A.bambusinum (≡Pleurophragmiumbambusinum) was collected from dead culms of bamboo (Yang et al. 2015; Dai et al. 2017; Luo et al. 2019; Bao et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022; Peng et al. 2022). These fungi play an important role in the decomposition of organics and nutrient cycling in aquatic environments (Hyde et al. 2016; Luo et al. 2018). In recent years, an increasing number of species in Aquapteridospora have been described and documented, including A.aquatica, A.bambusinum, A.fusiformis, A.hyalina, A.jiangxiensis and A.lignicola (Yang et al. 2015; Luo et al. 2019; Bao et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022; Peng et al. 2022).

During an investigation of freshwater fungal diversity on the Tibetan Plateau, six collections possessing morphological characteristics that fit within the genus Aquapteridospora were collected. In particular, their morphological characteristics revealed that these collections were morphologically different from the other species in Aquapteridospora. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of a combined LSU, TEF1-α and ITS sequence data show that our new collections belong to distinct clades, which are distinct from other species in Aquapteridospora. Therefore, three new species viz. Aquapteridosporalinzhiensis, A.submersa and A.yadongensis are introduced, as well as details of asexual morphs being described, and justifications for establishing these new species are provided in this study.

Materials and methods

Collection, morphological examination and isolation

Submerged decaying wood samples were collected from freshwater habitats in southeast Xizang, China. Fresh specimens were studied following the methods of Senanayake et al. (2020). Microscopic structures were examined by using a stereomicroscope (SteREO Discovery.V12, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmBH, Germany), photographed by using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i compound microscope fitted with a Nikon DS-Ri2 digital camera, and measured by using the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work program. Illustrated figures were processed by using Adobe Photoshop CS6 version 10.0 software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA).

Single spore isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates following the methods described in Senanayake et al. (2020). Fungal herbarium specimens and axenic living cultures were deposited in the Herbarium of Cryptogams of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS) and Kunming Institute of Botany Culture Collection (KUNCC), Kunming, China. Faceoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers of novel species were registered (Jayasiri et al. 2015, http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing

Fresh mycelia were scraped off from colonies on PDA plates and transferred to a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube using a sterilized lancet for genomic DNA extraction. The TOLOBIO Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Kit, Shanghai Co. Ltd. P.R. China was used to extract fungal genomic DNA, following the protocols in the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications were performed by using primer pairs as follows: ITS5/ITS4 for internal transcribed spacer rDNA region and covered 5.8S ribosomal (ITS); LR0R/LR5 for the nuclear ribosomal large subunit 28S rDNA gene (LSU), and TEF1-983F/TEF1-2218R for TEF1-α (Vilgalys and Hester 1990; White et al. 1990). DNA template was carried out in 25 μL reaction volume containing 21 μL of 1 × Power Taq PCR Master Mix, 1 μL of each primer (10 μL stock) and 2 μL of genomic DNA template. Amplifications were carried out by using the BioTeke GT9612 thermocycler (Beijing City, China). The PCR amplification conditions for ITS and LSU consisted of initial denaturation at 98 °C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 98 °C for 20 seconds, annealing at 53 °C for 10 seconds, extension at 72 °C for 20 seconds, final extension at 72 °C for 5 minutes; the PCR amplification conditions for TEF1-α consisted of initial denaturation at 98 °C for 3 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 98 °C for 20 seconds, annealing at 64 °C for 10 seconds, extension at 72 °C for 20 seconds, final extension at 72 °C for 5 minutes. PCR products were visualized by using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide and distinct bands were checked in Gel documentation system (Compact Desktop UV Transilluminator analyzer GL-3120). The PCR products were sequenced by Tsingke Company, Beijing, P.R. China.

Phylogenetic analyses

The sequences were uploaded in GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/) to search for similar taxa. Sequences generated from the LSU, TEF1-α and ITS gene regions were carefully verified before further analyses. The new sequences were submitted to GenBank, and the strain information used in this paper was provided in Table 1. Multiple sequence alignments were aligned with MAFFT v.7 (Katoh and Standley 2016) http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html] and dataset was trimmed by TrimAlv.1.3 using the gappyout option (http://phylemon.bioinfo.cipf.es/utilities.html) (Capella-Gutierrez et al. 2009). A combined sequence dataset was performed with the SquenceMatrix v.1.7.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011).

Table 1.

Strains used for phylogenetic analyses and their corresponding GenBank numbers. The newly generated sequences are in cells with light grey shading and the type strain are in bold font.

Species Voucher number GenBank accession number Reference
LSU ITS TEF1-α
Aquapteridosporaaquatica MFLUCC 17-2371 MW287767 MW286493 / Dong et al. (2021)
A.bambusinum MFLUCC 12-0850 KU863149 KU940161 KU940213 Dai et al. (2017)
A.bambusinum MFLUCC_21_0027 MZ412526 MZ412514 MZ442688 Bao et al. (2021)
A.hyalina GZCC 22-0072 ON527945 ON527937 ON533681 Ma et al. (2022)
A.hyalina GZCC 22-0073 ON527948 ON527940 ON533684 Ma et al. (2022)
A.jiangxiensis JAUCC 3008 MZ871502 MZ871501 MZ855767 Peng et al. (2022)
A.fusiformis MFLUCC 18-1606 MK849798 MK828652 MN194056 Luo et al. (2019)
A.lignicola MFLUCC 15-0377 KU221018 MZ868774 MZ892980 Yang et al. (2015)
A.linzhiensis KUNCC 10420 OQ970576 OP626343 OR597592 This study
A.linzhiensis KUNCC 10444 OQ970575 OQ847781 OR597591 This study
A.submersa KUNCC 10446 OQ970579 OQ847783 OR597595 This study
A.submersa KUNCC 10449 OQ970580 OQ970557 OR597596 This study
A.yadongensis KUNCC 10445 OQ970577 OQ847782 OR597593 This study
A.yadongensis KUNCC 10448 OQ970578 OQ970556 OR597594 This study
Distoseptisporaatroviridis GZCC 20-0511 MZ868763 MZ868772 MZ892978 Yang et al. (2021)
D.bambusae MFLUCC 20-0091 MT232718 MT232713 MT232880 Sun et al. (2020)
D.euseptata MFLU 20-0568 MW081545 MW081540 MW084994 Li et al. (2021)
D.fusiformis GZCC 20-0512 MZ868764 MZ868773 MZ892979 Yang et al. (2021)
D.guizhouensis GZCC 21-0666 MZ474869 MZ474868 MZ501610 Hyde et al. (2021b)
D.hyalina MFLUCC 17-2128 MZ868760 MZ868769 MZ892976 Yang et al. (2021)
D.multiseptata MFLU 17-0856 MF077555 MF077544 MF135652 Yang et al. (2018)
D.rayongensis MFLUCC 18-0415 MH457137 MH457172 MH463253 Hyde et al. (2020)
D.rayongensis MFLUCC 18-0417 MH457138 MH457173 MH463254 Hyde et al. (2020)
D.rostrata MFLUCC 16-0969 MG979766 MG979758 MG988424 Luo et al. (2018)
D.saprophytica MFLUCC 18-1238 MW287780 MW286506 MW396651 Dong et al. (2021)
D.verrucosa GZCC 20-0434 MZ868762 MZ868771 MZ892977 Yang et al. (2021)
D.xishuangbannaensis KUMCC 17-0290 MH260293 MH275061 MH412768 Tibpromma et al. (2018)
D.yunnansis MFLUCC 20-0153 MW081546 MW081541 MW084995 Li et al. (2021)
Pseudostanjehughesiaaquitropica MFLUCC 16-0569 MF077559 MF077548 MF135655 Yang et al. (2018)
P.lignicola MFLUCC 15-0352 MK849787 MK828643 MN194047 Luo et al. (2019)
Sporidesmiumdulongense MFLUCC 17-0116 MH795817 MH795812 MH801191 Luo et al. (2019)
S.lageniforme DLUCC 0880 MK849782 MK828640 MN194044 Luo et al. (2019)
S.pyriformatum MFLUCC 15-0620 KX710141 KX710146 MF135662 Hyde et al. (2016)
S.thailandense MFLUCC 15-0617 MF077561 MF077550 MF135657 Yang et al. (2018)
S.thailandense MFLUCC 15-0964 MF374370 MF374361 MF370957 Zhang et al. (2017)
Myrmecridiumaquaticum MFLUCC 15-0366 MK849804 / / Luo et al. (2019)
M.aquaticum S-1158 MK849803 MK828656 MN194061 Luo et al. (2019)
M.banksiae CBS 132536 JX069855 JX069871 / Crous et al. (2012)
M.schulzeri CBS 100.54 EU041826 EU041769 / Arzanlou et al. (2007)
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Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed by RAxML-HPC2 v.8.2.12 (Stamatakis 2014) in the CIPRES Science Gateway web server (http://www.phylo.org/portal2) by using 1,000 rapid bootstrap replicates and the GTRGAMMA+I model. Bootstrap support values for ML equal to or greater than 75% were given above the nodes in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1). The model of evolution for the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis was performed by using MrModeltest v2.3 (Nylander 2004). GTR+I+G was selected as the best-fitting model for LSU, TEF1-α and ITS dataset. The Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling (BMCMC) was carried out to assess posterior probabilities (PP) by using MrBayes v.3.2.7 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for random trees for 1,000,000 generations, and trees were sampled every 200th generation. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) equal to or greater than 0.95 were given above the nodes in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1). Phylograms were visualized by using FigTree v1.4.0 (Rambaut 2012) and rearranged in Adobe Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe Systems, USA). The new sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table 1), and the final alignments and phylogenetic tree were registered in TreeBASE under the submission ID: 30133 (http://www.treebase.org/).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Maximum likelihood (ML) tree is based on combined LSU, TEF1-α and ITS sequence data. ML bootstrap support values equal to or greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) equal to or greater than 0.95 given above the nodes, shown as “ML/PP”. The tree is rooted with Pseudostanjehughesiaaquitropica (MFLUCC 16-0569) and P.lignicola (MFLUCC 15-0352). New species are indicated in red and type strains are in bold.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

The concatenated sequence dataset of LSU, TEF1-α and ITS, comprised 39 strains with Pseudostanjehughesiaaquitropica (MFLUCC 16-0569) and P.lignicola (MFLUCC 15-0352) as the outgroup taxa (Fig. 1). The datasets contained 2,168 characters including gaps after alignments (LSU: 1–763 bp, -α = 764–1,660 bp, ITS: 1,661–2,168 bp). The RAxML analysis of the combined datasets yielded a best scoring tree with a final ML optimization likelihood value of -15404.143090. The aligned sequences matrix comprised 849 distinct alignment patterns with 6.45% of undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.229844, C = 0.282249, G = 0.282387, T = 0.205520, with substitution rates AC = 0.921073, AG = 2.039438, AT = 1.172967, CG = 0.817703, CT = 5.518393, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.0010000000. The tree topologies of combined sequence data obtained from ML and BI analyses were not significantly different (Fig. 1).

The phylogenetic analyses showed that our six strains nested within the genus Aquapteridospora represent three species. Two strains of A.linzhiensis (KUNCC 10420 and KUNCC 10444) formed a well resolved subclade sister to A.fusiformis (93% ML/1.00 PP support); while strains of A.yadongensis (KUNCC 10445 and KUNCC 10448) formed a distinct subclade sister to A.submersa (KUNCC 10446 and KUNCC 10449) with a high support (100% ML/1.00 PP) and clustered with A.lignicola (MFLUCC 15-10377) with a significant support (75% ML/0.96 PP) (Fig. 1).

Taxonomy

. Aquapteridospora linzhiensis

R.J. Xu, Q. Zhao & Boonmee sp. nov.

DE0C6450-5534-5F55-8F32-A7CBE4CDB733

Index Fungorum: IF901109

Facesoffungi Number: FoF14348

Fig. 2

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Aquapteridosporalinzhiensis (HKAS 128991, holotype) a colonies on the substratum b–e conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with conidia f, g conidiogenous cells with developmental conidia h–k conidia l, m culture on PDA. Scale bars: 50 μm (b–e); 20 μm (f, g); 10 μm (h–k).

Etymology.

Referring to the location “Linzhi City, China” where the holotype of this fungus was collected.

Holotype.

HKAS 128991.

Description.

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on the natural substrate effuse, hairy, pale brown to brown, scattered or in small groups. Mycelium mostly superficial, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, pale brown to brown hyphae. Conidiophores 113–210 × 4–6 μm (x̄ = 162 × 4 μm, n = 15), macronematous, mononematous, solitary or 2–3 group, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, simple, unbranched, smooth, cylindrical, 6–12-septate, brown at the base, pale brown towards apex. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, monoblastic, terminal, becoming intercalary, cylindrical, pale brown, integrated, with several sympodial proliferations, conspicuous denticles, bearing tiny, protuberant, circular scars. Conidia 10–14 × 5–6 μm (x̄ = 12 × 6 μm, n = 25), solitary or acropleurogenous, fusiform or elliptical, smooth, 2-septate, truncate at base, dark brown in central cells and subhyaline at end cells, guttulate. Conidial secession schizolytic.

Culture characteristics.

Conidia were germinated on PDA within 48 hours. Germ tubes produced from each end. Colonies grown on PDA, circular, flat, superficial, dark brown from above, reverse-side brown in the centre, with greyish white near the edge.

Material examined.

China, Xizang, Linzhi City, Motuo County, on submerged decaying wood, 1675 msl, 29°10'56"N, 95°8'53"E, 11 July 2022, R.J. Xu, XK-33–3 (HKAS 128991, holotype), ex-type living culture (KUNCC 10420). Xizang, Linzhi City, Motuo County, Gelin Village, on submerged decaying wood, 1143 msl, 29°1'43"N, 94°48'5.7"E, 12 July 2022, R.J. Xu, XK-32, (HKAS 128990), living culture (KUNCC 10444).

Notes.

Phylogenetic analyses show that Aquapteridosporalinzhiensis (KUNCC 10420 and KUNCC 10444) clustered into a distinct subclade and sister to A.fusiformis (MFLUCC 18-1606) with bootstrap support (93% ML/1.00 PP, Fig. 1). However, A.linzhiensis differs from A.fusiformis in having obvious, guttulate conidia and less septate on maturity (2-septate vs. 3–4-septate) (Luo et al. 2019). Additionally, comparisons of ITS sequences demonstrate a 6.7% (39/586 bp, excluding gaps) difference between A.linzhiensis and A.fusiformisJeewon and Hyde (2016). Therefore, A.linzhiensis was identified as a new species supported with both morphological and phylogenetic evidences.

. Aquapteridospora yadongensis

R.J. Xu, Q. Zhao & Boonmee sp. nov.

A0FCBE8F-17CB-5340-B167-5E5F633EC92A

Index Fungorum: IF901110

Facesoffungi Number: FoF14349

Fig. 3

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Aquapteridosporayadongensis (HKAS 128992, holotype) a colonies on the substratum b, c conidiophore and conidiogenous cell d-g conidiogenous cells with developmental conidia h–k conidia l germinating conidium m culture on PDA. Scale bars: 100 μm (b, c); 20 μm (d, g); 10 μm (h–l).

Etymology.

Referring to the location “Yadong County, China” where the holotype of this fungus was collected.

Holotype.

HKAS 128992.

Description.

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on the natural substrate effuse, hairy, pale brown to brown, scattered or in small groups, usually retiform. Mycelium mostly superficial, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, pale brown to brown hyphae. Conidiophores 440–856 × 4–6 μm (x̄ = 581 × 5 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, smooth, cylindrical, multi-septate, tapering towards apex, brown to pale brown, slightly constricted at some septa. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, monoblastic, terminal, becoming intercalary, cylindrical, pale brown, integrated, denticles, bearing tiny, protuberant, circular scars. Conidia 14–20 × 4–7 μm (x̄ = 17 × 5 μm, n = 30), acropleurogenous, fusiform, smooth, 3-septate, rounded at apex, truncate at base, dark brown in central cells and light at end cells. Conidial secession schizolytic.

Culture characteristics.

Conidia were germinated on PDA within 48 hours. Germ tubes produced from each end. Colonies grown on PDA, regular concentric circles, flat, superficial, with dense mycelium at around, grey brown from above, dark brown from below.

Material examined.

China, Xizang, Shigatse City, Yadong County, on submerged decaying wood, 3061 msl, 27°21'11"N, 88°58'10"E, 01 July 2022, R.J. Xu, LTS-20 (HKAS 128992, holotype), ex-type living culture (KUNCC 10445). Xizang, Shigatse City, Dingjie County, on submerged decaying wood, 3042 msl, 27°53'8.7"N, 87°27'36"E, 05 July 2022, L.T. Shun, LTS-20–1, (HKAS 128993), living culture (KUNCC 10448).

Notes.

Aquapteridosporayadongensis possess its conidial characteristics that fit with Aquapteridospora (Yang et al. 2015). In phylogenetic analyses, A.yadongensis formed a distinct lineage close to A.submersa with high bootstrap support (100% ML/1.00 PP, Fig. 1). A comparison of ITS nucleotide shows that A.yadongensis (KUNCC 10445) differs from A.submersa (KUNCC 10446) in 10/572 bp (1.8%, excluding gap), a comparison of TEF1-α nucleotide shows that A.yadongensis (KUNCC 10445) differs from A.submersa (KUNCC 10446) in 8/821 bp (0.8%, excluding gap) (Jeewon and Hyde 2016). In addition, A.yadongensis differs from A.submersa in having narrower conidiophores (4–6 vs. 5–12 μm), while conidia of A.submersa have slightly constricted septa; the culture of A.yadongensis have regular concentric circles differing from A.submersa having pale mycelium in the centre. Furthermore, A.yadongensis differs from A.lignicola in having long conidiophores (440–856 vs. 70–200 μm) and conidia without a conspicuous sheath (Yang et al. 2015).

. Aquapteridospora submersa

R.J. Xu, Q. Zhao & Boonmee sp. nov.

9D3EEDA1-9E38-58BC-811D-EC1464144577

Index Fungorum: IF901111

Facesoffungi Number: FoF14350

Fig. 4

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Aquapteridosporasubmersa (HKAS 128980, holotype) a colonies on the substratum b–d conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with conidia e–g conidiogenous cells with developmental conidia h–k conidia l germinating conidium m, n culture on PDA. Scale bars: 50 μm (b–d); 20 μm (e–g); 10 μm (h–l).

Etymology.

Referring to the fungus’s habitat “decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats”.

Holotype.

HKAS 128980.

Description.

Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Colonies on the natural substrate effuse, glistening, pale brown to brown, scattered or in small groups. Mycelium mostly superficial, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, pale brown to brown hyphae. Conidiophores 376–708 × 5–12 μm (x̄ = 451 × 7 μm, n = 20), macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, unbranched, smooth, cylindrical, multi-septate, tapering towards apex, brown to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, monoblastic, terminal, becoming intercalary, cylindrical, pale brown, integrated, with several sympodial proliferations, conspicuous denticles, bearing tiny, protuberant, circular scars. Conidia 19–22 × 6–8 μm (x̄ = 21 × 7 μm, n = 20), solitary or acropleurogenous, fusiform, smooth, 2–3-septate, rounded at apex, truncate at base, slightly constricted at septa, hyaline when young, sub-hyaline to pale brown when mature, two big guttulate when young. Conidial secession schizolytic.

Culture characteristics.

Conidia were germinated on PDA within 48 hours. Germ tubes produced from each end. Colonies grown on PDA, circular, flat, superficial, raised, with dense, pale mycelium in the centre. Grey brown from above, dark brown from below.

Material examined.

China, Xizang, Linzhi City, Motuo County, on submerged decaying wood, 677 msl, 29°19'43"N, 95°21'19"E, 13 July 2022, R.J. Xu, LJN-15 (HKAS 128980, holotype), ex-type living culture (KUNCC 10446). Xizang, Linzhi City, Motuo County, Gelin Village, on submerged decaying wood, 677 msl, 29°19'43"N, 95°21'19"E, 12 July 2022, R.J. Xu, LJN-15–5, (HKAS 128981), living culture (KUNCC 10444).

Notes.

Phylogenetic analyses show that Aquapteridosporasubmersa (KUNCC 10446, KUNCC 10444), formed a sister grouped with A.yadongensis (KUNCC 10445 and KUNCC 10488) and was close to A.lignicola (MFLUCC 15-0377) with 75% ML/0.96 PP, Fig. 1. However, the comparison of conidial characteristics and nucleotides shows that A.submersa differs from A.yadongensis (see the notes of A.yadongensis). Indeed, A.submersa differs from A.lignicola in having long conidiophores (376–708 vs. 70–200 μm) and conidia without a conspicuous sheath (Yang et al. 2015). Aquapteridosporasubmersa is introduced here as a new species.

Discussion

Species of Aquapteridospora are morphologically unique in the taxonomic characteristics, especially in the features of the conidiophores and conidia (Table 2). In most species, the conidia are fusiform and pigmented, featuring brown to dark brown central cells and subhyaline end cells. However, some species exhibit conidia with a distinct sheath, such as A.aquatica, A.jiangxiensis and A.lignicola (Yang et al. 2015; Dong et al. 2021; Peng et al. 2022). Additionally, a few species are characterized by hyaline to sub-hyaline conidia, as observed in A.hyalina (Ma et al. 2022). In addition, the length of conidiophores in species of Aquapteridospora varies significantly. Most species have conidiophores ranging in length from 70 to 305 μm, as observed in species like A.aquatica, A.fusiformis, A.hyalina, A.jiangxiensis, A.lignicola and A.linzhiensis (Yang et al. 2015; Luo et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2021; Ma et al. 2022; Peng et al. 2022), a few species exhibit conidiophores exceeding 400 μm in length, with the longest reaching 856 μm. This is the case for species such as A.bambusinum, A.yadongensis and A.submersa (Bao et al. 2021, this study).

Table 2.

Synopsis of known species in Aquapteridospora.

Species Conidiophores (μm) Conidiogenous cells (μm) Conidia (μm) Host Habitat Distribution Reference
Aquapteridosporaaquatica 125–215 × 3–5 10–85 × 4–5.5, Polyblastic, terminal, intercalary, denticles 19–27.5 × 5–7.5, acropleurogenous, solitary, olivaceous or brown in the middle cells, fusiform, 3-septate, gelatinous, thin sheath Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater Thailand Dong et al. (2021)
A.bambusinum 615–715 × 9–13 Polyblastic, sympodial, denticulate, integrated, terminal 15–18 × 5.5–7, acrogenous, solitary, pale brown to dark brown, ellipsoid to fusiform, 3-septate, straight Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater Thailand Bao et al. (2021)
A.fusiformis (88–) 134–188 × 5–7 Polyblastic, terminal, intercalary, sympodial proliferations 14–18 × 5–7, solitary, brown to dark brown in central cells and subhyaline at end cells, fusiform, 3–4-septate, Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China Luo et al. (2019)
A.hyalina 68–130 × 4.5–6.5 25–62 × 4–6.5, polyblastic, monoblastic, denticles 17–28 × 4–6, acropleurogenous, solitary, sub-hyalina to pale brown, fusiform, 1–3-septate, Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China Ma et al. (2022)
A.jiangxiensis 78–305 × 4–7 20–68 × 4–6, integrated, terminal, intercalary 20–25 × 6–7.5, acrogenous or lateral, dark brown to black, fusiform to subclavate, 3-septate, sometimes with a sheath Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China Peng et al. (2022)
A.lignicola 70–200 × 4–7 14.5–30 × 4.5–7.5, polyblastic, terminal, intercalary 15–24 × 6–8, solitary, acropleurogenous, with pale to dark brown central cells and subhyaline end cells, fusiform, 3-septate, with a conspicuous sheath Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater Thailand Yang et al. (2015)
A.linzhiensis 113–210 × 4–6 Polyblastic, terminal, intercalary, denticles 10–14 × 5–6, solitary or acropleurogenous, dark brown in central cells and subhyaline at end cells, fusiform or elliptical, 2-septate, guttulate Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China This study
A.yadongensis 440–856 × 4–6 Polyblastic, monoblastic, terminal, intercalary, denticles 14–20 × 4–7, acropleurogenous, dark brown in central cells and subhyaline at end cells, fusiform, 3-septate Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China This study
A.submersa 376–708 × 5–12 Polyblastic, monoblastic, terminal, intercalary, denticles 19–22 × 6–8, solitary or acropleurogenous, hyaline when young, sub-hyaline to pale brown when mature, fusiform, 2–3-septate, two big guttulate when young Unidentified, submerged wood Freshwater China This study
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Molecular phylogenetic analyses play a crucial role in elucidating the classification of hyphomycetous fungi (Dhanasekaran et al. 2006; Tekpinar and Kalmer 2019). Pleurophragmiumbambusinum was initially described by Dai et al. (2017), and was previously assigned to Sordariomycetesincertae sedis based on its morphological characteristics. According to the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Dong et al. (2021), P.bambusinum was found to cluster within the Aquapteridospora clade with (100% ML/1.00 PP) support. However, their studies did not synonymize P.bambusinum under Aquapteridospora due to the ellipsoidal and conidia without a sheath, which indicate that it does not fit within the characteristics of Aquapteridospora species. Subsequently, Bao et al. (2021) transferred P.bambusinum to Aquapteridospora and synonymized A.bambusinum instead of P.bambusinum, based on both phylogeny and morphology.

The Tibetan Plateau is renowned for its distinctive biological diversity and extensive array of aquatic habitats, encompassing lakes, rivers, and wetlands, which provide sustenance for various fungal communities (Yao et al. 2019). While freshwater fungi play a crucial role in the ecosystem, they have remained understudied in this region, primarily due to the limited number of researchers focusing on freshwater fungi in the Tibetan Plateau. During our investigation into freshwater fungal diversity on the Tibetan Plateau, we introduced three new species within the genus Aquapteridospora, supported by both phylogenetic analysis and morphology. The discovery of these new species revealed the abundant fungal diversity in Tibetan Plateau and more scientific studies in this region are expected in the future.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora linzhiensis
XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora yadongensis
XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora submersa

Citation

Xu R-J, Li J-F, Zhou D-Q, Boonmee S, Zhao Q, Chen Y-Y (2024) Three novel species of Aquapteridospora (Distoseptisporales, Aquapteridosporaceae) from freshwater habitats in Tibetan Plateau, China. MycoKeys 102: 183–200. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.102.112905

Funding Statement

Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet (ZL202203601) The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0503) Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001) The Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006)

Contributor Information

Qi Zhao, Email: 52253337@qq.com.

Ya-Ya Chen, Email: wmlove@163.com.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

This study is supported by the Survey of Wildlife Resources in Key Areas of Tibet (ZL202203601), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0503); Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs, Yunnan Province (202202AE090001), the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, P.R. China (2019HJ2096001006). The authors appreciate the support given by Thesis Writing Grant of Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand, to Rong Ju Xu.

Author contributions

Funding acquisition: QZ. Writing - original draft: RJX. Writing - review and editing: SB, JFL, DQZ.

Author ORCIDs

Rong-Ju Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-8442

Jun-Fu Li https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6088-2072

De-Qun Zhou https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3459-3186

Saranyaphat Boonmee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-2955

Qi Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-0573

Ya-Ya Chen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-168X

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora linzhiensis
mycokeys.102.112905-treatment1.xml (16.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora yadongensis
mycokeys.102.112905-treatment2.xml (18.4KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Aquapteridospora submersa
mycokeys.102.112905-treatment3.xml (15.8KB, xml)

Data Availability Statement

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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