Table 2.

A summary of applications for latest AM technologies.

Latest Trend	Application	Method	Material	Reference
Bioprinting	Implant	ME	Collagen	Lee et al. (2019) create engineer components of the human heart at various scales, from capillaries to the entire organ [190].
			Irgacure PEGDA Sodium alginate	Lan li et al. (2021) repair of long segmental bone defects in situ [191].
			Ecoflex-0030 PDMS-1700	Zhou et al. (2021) present a high printing methodology accuracy in situ by a superimposed magnetic field for internal organs [192].
		ME/PBF	PLA PA 12	Capel et al. (2019) proposed a methodology to generate reproducible and scalable tissue-engineered primary human muscle [193].
	Tissue reconstruction	ME	Sodium alginate Gelatine Fibrinogen	Dai et al. (2017) proposed a method to fabricate self-assembled multicellular heterogeneous brain tumor fibers to study their behavior with an organic matrix [194].
			Alginate PVA	Luo et al. (2017) produce porous scaffolds to promote water absorption and manipulate mechanical properties [195].
			Gelatin Glycerol	Rodriguez et al. (2017) develop a material system to provide structural support during reconstruction process to soft tissue [196].
	Ambulatory procedures	ME	Nanocellulose	Rees et al. (2015) Create wound dressing with antibacterial properties [197]. and porous structure
4DP	Implants	ME	PLA $F{e}_3{O}_4$	Lin et al. (2021) developed a patient-specific absorbable left atrial appendage occluder (LAAO) that can match the tissue deformation of the left atrial appendage (LAA) [198].
			Smart Material Development	Castro et al. (2017) developed multifunctional smart materials applied in bioprinting [173].
			BDE PBE DA Graphene nanoplatelets	Cui et al. (2019) built a brain model of near-infrared light (NIR) to evaluate the capacity for controllable 4D transformation and the feasibility of photothermal stimulation for modulating neural stem cell behaviors [199].
		VP	PCL	Zarek et al. (2017) fabricated a printable shape memory endoluminal device with a series of medical imaging modalities [200].
	Prototype	ME	DBBM BDM n-butylamine	López et al. (2018) developed large-scale structured elements with prebuilt orientation to increase the work they can do in a robotic application [201].
	Tissue reconstruction	VP	SOEA Acetone BTMP	Miao et al. (2016) tested soybean oil epoxidized acrylate how a novel and renewable liquid resin to biomedical scaffolds highly biocompatible [202].
			GO Carbon Porous Nanocookies 4-HBA PU-EO-PO Irgacure 819	Fang et al. (2020) proposed a process to induce magnetoelectric conversion for growth factor release and cell stimulation for enhanced neuronal cell activation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo [203]
5DP	Implant/ Tissue   reconstruction	ME	Alginate	Foresti et al. (2020) developed devices with a low impact on cell death nano-laden with fluorescent particles applied in scaffolds and high-resolution self-dissolving incorporating nanoparticles and interacting organ physiology where it will be used [179].
	Prototypes	VP	ND	Gillaspie et al. (2016) show a procedure to analyze a patient state with a complex thoracic tumor scan and print for surgical planning [204].
6DP	Implants	Propose projection for future applications		Haleem et al. (2018) propose a method to create implants with high resolution due to the use of multi-degree of freedom and a printing biomaterial that reply body system organic behavior [176].
Legend	PEGDA (Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate), PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), PLA (Polylatic Acid), PA-12 (Polyamide-12), PBE (poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl) ether), DA (decylamine), BDE (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), PCL (Polycaprolactone), DBBM (diacrylate 1,4-bis-[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene), BDM (2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-4-morpholinobutyrophenone), SOEA (soybean oil epoxidized acrylate), BTMP (bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide), ND (No defined)