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. 2024 Feb 28;627(8002):149–156. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07132-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 12 — a. Example 2 P images of VIP sensor (VPAC1cpGFP) expressed in awake mouse cortex visualized through a cranial window centered over prefrontal cortex before and after 1 h of multisensory gamma stimulation. The reduction in signal signifies an increase in VIP sensor activation following 40 Hz treatment; the experiment was repeated twice. Scale bar, 25 μm. b. Quantification of VPAC1cpGFP fluorescence change before and after 40 Hz treatment in 6-month-old 5XFAD mouse cortex via a closed cranial window. The increase in fluorescence change signifies an increase in VIP sensor activation following noninvasive multisensory gamma stimulation (presented as VIP sensor activation, i.e., -ΔF/F). A two-sided Student’s t-test was performed for data analysis (n = 15 ROIs from 3 mice imaged before and after gamma stimulation; box plots depict the median, interquartile range, and minimum and maximum; *P < 0.0001 by unpaired two-tailed student’s t-test). c. Immunohistochemistry of VIP sensor in mouse cortex; the experiment was repeated twice. Scale bar, 100 µm.

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