Abstract
Regarding clinically-concerning non-standard initial anti-tuberculous (TB) regimens, few studies have examined their prevalence, risk factors and impacts. We recruited patients with drug susceptible TB and non-standard initial anti-TB regimens (NSTB group) and matched them with patients with standard initial regimens (STB group) in a 1:1 ratio. The risk factors and outcomes were analyzed. During the 11-year study period, we analyzed 50 (3.7%) patients with NSTB from a total set of 1337 patients with drug-susceptible TB. Pyrazinamide (60%) was the drug most commonly not prescribed in the NSTB group, followed by ethambutol (34%). Multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors as underlying eye disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 8.869; 95% CI 2.542–30.949; p = 0.001), gout/hyperuricemia (aOR: 4.012 [1.196–13.425]; p = 0.024), and liver disease (aOR: 12.790 [3.981–41.089]; p < 0.001). The NSTB group had longer treatment durations (281 ± 121 vs. 223 ± 63 days; p = 0.003) and more occurrences of treatment interruption (26% vs. 8%; p = 0.021) than the STB group. In conclusion, NSTB occurs in around 3.7% of patients and is associated with longer treatment and more treatment interruption. The risk factors might include underlying liver and eye diseases, and gout. Further studies to improve non-standard initial regimens and prevent negative outcomes are warranted.
Keywords: Drug susceptibility, Factors, Non-standard regimen, Tuberculosis
Subject terms: Diseases, Medical research, Risk factors, Signs and symptoms
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important infectious disease and remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide1. In 2020, an estimated 5.8 million people had active TB, and 1.3 million TB related deaths were recorded2. Early detection and good treatment are important components of the End TB Strategy, as they may decrease TB transmission and control the pulmonary complications as well as mortality3.
The standard TB treatment for drug susceptible pulmonary TB includes an initial intensive phase using four anti-TB medications (isoniazid, rifampin or rifabutin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) for two months, and this approach has shown favorable outcomes at the end of treatment in over 92% of cases in clinical trials4,5. The compliance rate for prescribing the standard anti-TB treatment at commencement is not 100%, and the actual rate remains unclear. The clinical reasoning for prescribing a non-standard initial anti-TB regimen might involve the fragility of elderly patients, underlying comorbidities or abnormal laboratory data. However, little clinical analysis has been focused on the reasons.
Notably, because non-standard initial TB treatment might be an obstacle for treatment completion due to the prolonged treatment course6 and may lead to TB recurrence7, the occurrence percentage and the risk factors warrant study if further improvements are to be made. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to investigate the real-world occurrence rate of non-standard initial TB treatment, its risk factors, and its clinical impact.
Methods
Patient recruitment
We reviewed the mycobacterial cultures of respiratory specimens positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its drug susceptibility tests as well as medical records in the study hospital’s tuberculosis registry and electronic record system. Patients who were aged ≥ 20 years, had a diagnosis of first-line drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and received anti-TB drugs from January 2010 to December 2020 were reviewed. In this study, we did not enroll isolated extra pulmonary tuberculosis. We reviewed the prescriptions of the initial anti-TB regimens and selected the patients who did not initially receive the standard intensive regimen within the first week of TB treatment. The standard regimen is specified by contemporary TB treatment guidelines6,8. In brief, a prescription of isoniazid, rifampin or rifabutin, ethambutol, or pyrazinamide was considered standard treatment at the commencement of the intensive phase of TB treatment (within 7 days). The definition of treatment interruption was that all TB medications had been stopped for more than one day.
Group classification
Patients without initial use of the standard regimen were identified and classified as the non-standard TB (NSTB) group. From the patients with standard initial TB treatment, we selected a control group (STB group) in a ratio of 1:1 who were matched by age (within a difference of 5 years), sex, and year of initial TB treatment.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory data
We retrieved the participant’s clinical information such as age, sex, body weight, body mass index, smoking status and underlying co-morbidities from the hospital’s electronic record database. Co-morbidities including eye diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other chronic lung disease, liver disease (hepatitis B or C virus infection, cirrhosis of liver, and liver cancer), gout or hyperuricemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), long-term dialysis, autoimmune disease, active cancer, transplantation, and prior tuberculosis history were coded by the Nurse Practitioners (Chen RT and Liu CY), who reviewed medical records and used a standard case report form with default options. CKD was defined as at least stage 39. Current smoker was defined as those who had smoked > 100 cigarettes with the last time of smoking within one month before entering the study10. Laboratory data were collected, including grade of acid-fast smear, hemoglobin, liver transaminases, total bilirubin and blood uric acid. Hyperuricemia was defined as a blood uric acid level greater than 7.0 mg/dL.
We recorded the possible clinical reasons for not initially prescribing the standard anti-TB regimen. In addition, the treatment duration and the occurrence of anti-TB treatment interruption, which was defined as stopping all anti-TB medications, were coded as long-term outcomes.
Statistical analysis
Analysis between the NSTB and STB groups was performed. Categorical variables were analyzed by chi-squared test and continuous parameters by Student’s t-test. Logistic regression was used for risk factors associated with the NSTB group. The crude odds ratios (OR) were obtained by univariate logistic regression. If variables had p < 0.10, they were entered into the multi-variable logistic regression analysis by forward conditional stepwise methods. Statistical significance was set to p < 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 19 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan University Hospital approved this study (IRB No.: 202209085RIND). Written informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Committee of the study hospital due to the retrospective study design.
Results
Patient recruitment
From January 2010 to December 2020, a total of 1337 patients at the National Taiwan University Hospital were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and were also susceptible to all first-line anti-TB medications. Of them, 72 patients had non-standard initial anti-TB regimens but 22 patients resumed all four first-line standard anti-TB regimens within 1 week after TB treatment commencement. We finally analyzed the 50 (3.7%) patients with non-standard prescriptions at initial TB treatment (NSTB group) and selected 50 controls with standard initial anti-TB treatment for the drug susceptible TB (STB group) with 1:1 matching (Fig. 1). In this study, patients who started standard treatment and whose medication was changed due to side effects were not excluded from the study. We had recorded the patients whose medication was changed due to side effects 48 patients in STB group and more than NSTB group had 29 patients (96% vs. 58%, p < 0.005).
Figure 1.
Flow chart of participant enrollment. TB tuberculosis.
Patient demographics
The clinical characteristics of the participants with pulmonary TB are listed in Table 1. Among them, there were six cases with combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including one of tuberculous spondylitis in the NSTB group and four of tuberculosis of pleura in the STB group. The 50 patients in the NSTB group and those in the STB group were similar in age, proportion of male gender, smoking status, prior TB history and body mass index. As for underlying co-morbid conditions, the proportions of the patients with eye disease (38% vs. 10%; p = 0.001), liver disease (53% vs. 12%, p < 0.001), hepatitis B or C infection (30% vs. 12%; p = 0.027), liver cirrhosis (10% vs. 0%; p = 0.022), and gout/hyperuricemia (36% vs. 14%; p = 0.011) were significantly different between the two groups. Another comorbidity in the NSTB group but not in the STB group was hepatocellular carcinoma (1% vs. 0%, p = 0.315). A total of six patients had hepatic failure. The Child Pugh classifications were class A in four patients and class B in one patient. All of them had cirrhosis before TB treatment. On the other hand, the initial sputum acid fast smear (AFS) grade and hemoglobin level were higher in the STB group (p = 0.038 and 0.006, respectively) than in the NSTB group, whereas AST and total bilirubin were significantly lower in the STB group (p = 0.044 and 0.047, respectively).
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with standard or non-standard initial anti-tuberculosis treatment regimen.
| Characteristics | Not standard initial TB treatment (N = 50) | Standard initial TB treatment (N = 50) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age: year | 71.8 ± 15.3 | 71.7 ± 14.9 | 0.989 |
| Male gender | 39 (78%) | 39 (78%) | 1.000 |
| Smoking | 0.899 | ||
| Current smoker | 4 (8%) | 5 (10%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 11 (22%) | 12 (24%) | |
| BW | 56.0 ± 16.6 | 58.2 ± 14.1 | 0.472 |
| BMI | 21.6 ± 4.2 | 22.2 ± 3.3 | 0.484 |
| Underlying co-morbid condition | |||
| Eye disease | 19 (38%) | 5 (10%) | 0.001 |
| DM | 14 (28%) | 10 (20%) | 0.349 |
| COPD | 10 (21%) | 8 (16%) | 0.603 |
| Chronic lung disease (emphysema excluded) | 6 (12%) | 6 (12%) | 1.000 |
| Liver disease | 26 (53%) | 6 (12%) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatitis B and C | 15 (30%) | 6 (12%) | 0.027 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 5 (10%) | 0(0%) | 0.022 |
| Hepatic carcinoma | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.315 |
| Gout/hyperuricemia | 18 (36%) | 7 (14%) | 0.011 |
| ESRD | 4 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.041 |
| CKD | 8 (16%) | 3 (6%) | 0.110 |
| Cancer | 16 (32%) | 8 (16%) | 0.061 |
| Remission | 13 (26%) | 8 (16%) | 0.220 |
| Active | 3 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 0.307 |
| Autoimmune disease | 1 (2%) | 0 | 0.315 |
| Post transplantation | 2 (4%) | 0 | 0.153 |
| Prior TB history | 3(6%) | 2(4%) | 0.646 |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| Initial acid-fast smear | 0.038 | ||
| Strong: 3+ to 4+ | 2 (4%) | 10 (20%) | |
| Weak: 1+ to 2+ | 9 (18%) | 10 (20%) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 0.006 |
| AST (U/L) | 43.3 ± 41.5 | 30.3 ± 16.9 | 0.044 |
| ALT (U/L) | 40.4 ± 57.0 | 24.3 ± 24.0 | 0.070 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 3.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.047 |
| Treatment duration, days | 281 ± 121 | 223 ± 63 | 0.003 |
| Treatment interruption | 13 (26%) | 4 (8%) | 0.021 |
Data are no. (%) or mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by Chi-squared and Student’s t-test, respectively.
ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, BW body weight, COPD chronic obstruction pulmonary disease, DM diabetes mellitus, TB tuberculosis.
For the treatment course, the NSTB group had longer treatment durations (281 ± 121 vs. 223 ± 63 days; p = 0.003) and more occurrences of treatment interruption (26% vs. 8%; p = 0.021) than the STB group did. The anti-TB medication was changed due to side effects in 22 patients in the STB group and 23 in the NSTB group (44% vs. 43%, p = 0884). The 4 patients lost to follow up were in the NSTB group, with none in the STB group (8% vs. 0%; p = 0.041), whereas the 1 death was in the STB group (0% vs. 1%, p = 0.315).
The drugs not prescribed in the initial anti-TB regimen
The medications that were not prescribed to patients who received the non-standard initial anti-TB treatment are listed in Table 2. Pyrazinamide (60%) was the drug that was most commonly not prescribed in the initial NSTB group, followed by ethambutol (34%). The other two were rifampin (16%) and isoniazid (8%), which were not excluded as often. The clinical reasons for not prescribing the intact standard anti-TB regimen at initial treatment were commonly liver disease (53%) and eye disease (38%). Underlying eye disease with poor visual acuity was found in 19 patients, including color vision dysfunction in 4 patients, macular lesion in 1 patient, cataract in 8 patients, amblyopia in 1 patient, glaucoma in 2 patients, and blurred vision without definite cause in 3 patients. The eye disease in the enrolled patients existed before tuberculosis treatment. Among the 26 patients in the NSTB group with liver disease, there were 3 patients with liver cirrhosis and 2 with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (four Child Pugh class A and one class B). In addition, there were thirteen patients with chronic viral hepatitis B or C and one with hepatocellular carcinoma. Of these, two had received a liver transplantation. All of them had liver disease before TB treatment. Others reasons included gout/hyperuricemia (36%), frailty (old age and multiple comorbidities) (18%), skin rash (4%), and unclassified causes (12%).
Table 2.
Medications and clinical reasoning for patients with non-standard initial anti-tuberculosis treatment.
| The drug not prescribed in initial anti-TB regimena | |
| Isoniazid | 4 (8%) |
| Rifampin | 8 (16%) |
| Ethambutol | 17 (34%) |
| Pyrazinamide | 30 (60%) |
| The clinical reasons for exclusion of drugs in standard initial anti-TB regimenb | |
| Eye disease | 19 (38%) |
| Skin rashes | 2 (4%) |
| Elderly age or multiple comorbidities | 9 (18%) |
| Liver disease | 26 (53%) |
| Gout/hyperuricemia | 19 (38%) |
| Other | 4 (8%) |
aFive patients did not receive > 1 first-line anti-TB drugs. Four did not receive isoniazid, rifampin, or pyrazinamide. One did not receive rifampicin or pyrazinamide.
bThere were 2 patients with 4 reasons, 5 with 3 reasons, and 13 with 2 reasons for not being prescribed the standard initial anti-TB regimen.
TB tuberculosis.
Logistic regression for risks associated with non-standard initial anti-TB regimen
We conducted a logistic regression analysis for risk of NSTB at initial anti-TB treatment (Table 3). The significant pre-treatment factors (p < 0.010) determined by the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate logistic regression model using stepwise methods. Eye disease (adjust odds ratio [aOR]: 8.869; 95% CI 2.542–30.949; p = 0.001), gout/hyperuricemia (aOR: 4.012; 95% CI 1.196–13.425; p = 0.024), and liver disease (aOR: 12.790; 95% CI 3.981–41.089; p < 0.001) were shown to be independent factors in the final logistic regression model.
Table 3.
Logistic regression for non-standard initial TB treatment.
| Factors | Multivariable | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Eye disease | 8.869 (2.542–30.949) | 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 12.790 (3.981–41.089) | < 0.001 |
| Gout/hyperuricemia | 4.012 (1.196–13.425) | 0.024 |
Significant pre-treatment factors (p < 0.010) in univariate analysis are entered in the multivariable regression.
The factors in the final model were selected by the forward conditional stepwise methods.
TB tuberculosis.
Discussion
In the present study, non-standard initial anti-TB regimens were prescribed to 3.7% of the first-line drug susceptible pulmonary TB patients. Pyrazinamide and then ethambutol were the first-line anti-TB drugs that were most commonly avoided at the initiation of treatment. The independent risk factors for non-standard initial TB treatment were underlying liver disease, eye disease and hyperuricemia/gout. In the NSTB group, the patients had significantly longer anti-TB treatment durations and more anti-TB treatment interruptions.
Actually, the use of the standard anti-TB treatment regimen at the initiation of therapy is important to decrease the bacterial burden and improve the outcome11. A previous study reported that the adherence rate to anti-TB drug doses was not 100% and suggested several strategies to improve it12. On the other hand, no studies have investigated the prescription of non-standard anti-TB regimens at initial treatment, which is also a clinical concern. In our study, 5.3% of patients with drug-susceptible TB were prescribed non-standard regimens, and 1.5% of them began receiving the standard regimen within 7 days. The remaining 3.7% (n = 50) were studied, and notably, this population was associated with prolonged treatment course and treatment interruption. Although no causal relationship could be proven in this case control study, the association with negative impacts requires attention and further investigation.
The main clinical reasons for initially prescribing a nonstandard anti-TB regimen were underlying liver disease and eye disease. Underlying liver disease is prevalent in the study area, which has a relatively high viral hepatitis infection rate13,14, and is one of risk factors for drug related liver injury during TB treatment15,16. Before clinicians prescribe an anti-TB regimen, they may be concerned about abnormal liver transaminase or bilirubin levels. Pyrazinamide was the drug most commonly excluded in the non-standard regimen, possibly due to its high hepatotoxicity17 and anti-TB role for active TB bacilli compared with isoniazid and rifampicin18. In fact, research has shown that standard treatment, including PZA, is effective and safe for patients with hepatitis C or liver cirrhosis19,20. These findings suggest that treatment for TB in HCV-seropositive patients could be pursued in the usual manner, using standard short-course regimens, with the condition that monthly liver function tests must be performed.
In addition, hyperuricemia and gout were independent factors for a non-standard anti-TB regimen, especially for pyrazinamide, which may induce these kinds of side effects21. However, hyperuricemia is not a contraindication for using PZA. Without pyrazinamide, however, the duration will be prolonged and the extent of TB bacilli eradication will be a concern. Clinical efforts to prescribe the standard anti-TB regimen are recommended whenever possible.
The second most common reason for non-standard anti-TB regimen was underlying eye disease, which is a concern when prescribing ethambutol22. Because of the irreversibility of some ethambutol-related ocular side effects, including optic neuritis, clinicians might check the baseline examination before prescribing this drug, especially to those with poor visual acuity, underlying eye disease or complaints. Although monthly monitoring by an ophthalmologist is recommended, ocular side effects are reportedly not detected by regular checks of visual acuity and color vision23. For patients at high risk of ocular toxicity, ethambutol might be still prescribed after initial examinations by an ophthalmologist. However, close monitoring with point-of-care methods is recommended over regular examinations.
There are several limitations in this study. First, this study was a retrospective case control design. The examinations and treatments were not standardized, and no causal relationships could be confirmed. In addition, we recorded the causes of TB medication discontinuation by chart review, and most of the reasons were based on clinical judgement, warranting further investigation. Third, the case number was small, and a further large-scale study is warranted. Fourth, this study was conducted in Taiwan, so generalization of the findings to other areas or ethnicities might require validation.
In conclusion, non-standard anti-TB regimens were prescribed at initial treatment to 3.7% of the patients with drug-susceptible TB. The main clinical reasons were underlying liver disease, eye disease and hyperuricemia/gout, which might raise concerns about drug side effects during TB treatment. However, a nonstandard anti-TB regimen was associated with prolonged treatment course and treatment interruption. Subsequent studies to improve the nonstandard anti-TB regimen in the intensive phase are needed.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research, and Infection Control of National Taiwan University Hospital for their support with data and statistics. In addition, this study was supported by National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH 113-E0005).
Author contributions
C.C.S. designed and coordinated the study. R.T.C., C.Y.L., S.Y.L. and C.C.S. were involved in data interpretation, analysis, critique, and manuscript preparation. C.C.S. and W.H.S. were responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole from inception to published article.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.