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. 2023 Dec 28;149(11):860–884. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065517

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Metaproteomics analysis demonstrates reshaping and attenuation of the microbiome fermentation of amino acids to uremic toxins by SGLT2i. A, Taxonomic analysis of metaproteome of gut microbiota with SGLT2i (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor) on family level. B, Cumulative histogram analysis of cresol- and phenol-producing bacteria species on metaproteome level, as well as tryptophan-metabolizing bacteria. C, Murine fecal metabolomics results of key metabolites. D, Targeted metabolomics of human fecal microbiota fermentation (48 hours) in the presence or absence of SGLT2i dapagliflozin (100 nM). Metabolites with >0.5-fold change (48 hours fermentation versus control) and P<0.05 between both conditions are labeled with an open circle (3 donors, with 3 fermentations each). IAA indicates indoleacrylic acid; and IL, indolelactate.