Cemented-augmented fixation of metastatic humeral lesions without segmental bone loss results in reliable outcomes

Abstract

Background

Treatment of metastatic lesions to the humerus is dependent on patient’s pain, lesion size and location, and post-operative functional goals. Surgical options include plate or nail fixation [open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)], or endoprosthetic replacement (EPR), with cement augmentation. The objective of this study was to perform a single institution retrospective analysis of outcomes by method of reconstruction, tumor volume, and pathologic diagnosis.

Methods

The records of 229 consecutive patients treated surgically for appendicular metastatic disease from 2005–2018 at our musculoskeletal oncology center were retrospectively reviewed following institutional review board (IRB) approval. Indications for surgical treatment at the humerus included patients who presented with impending and displaced pathologic fractures.

Results

Sixty patients (34 male, 26 female) with a mean age of 62.9±12.2 were identified who were treated surgically at the proximal (n=21), diaphyseal (n=29), or distal (n=10) humerus. Forty-nine (82%) patients presented with displaced pathologic fractures. The remaining eleven patients had a mean Mirels score of 9.5. There was no difference in overall complication rate between EPR or ORIF [4/36 (11%) versus 2/24 (8%); P=0.725]. Mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scores were 83% for both EPR and ORIF, with no differences in subgroup analyses at the proximal, diaphyseal, or distal humerus. Patients with cortical destruction on anterior posterior (AP) and lateral imaging were at increased risk for mechanical failure [2/6 (33%) versus 0/18 (0%), P=0.015].

Conclusions

In conclusion, when pathologic pattern permits, cement-augmented fixation allows for stabilization of pathologic bone, while minimizing risk of soft-tissue detachment, while EPR resulted in similar outcomes in patients with more extensive bone destruction. Increased tumor volume was associated with lower MSTS scores.

Introduction

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, with a projected 1,688,780 new cases in 2017 alone (1). With medical and surgical advancement, survival rates have increased for a variety of cancer types. Bone is the third highest location for metastatic disease, following the lungs and liver (2,3). Metastatic bone disease is associated with a rapid decline in life expectancy and quality of life (4). Increasing life expectancies have led to an increase in patients with metastatic bone disease (1,4). As a result of increased life expectancies in this patient population, considerations for surgical management have increased. Initial management of metastatic bone disease includes chemotherapeutics, bisphosphonates, and radiation therapy, with surgery typically reserved for pathologic or impending pathologic fractures (2,5-9).

Goals of operative fixation include decreasing tumor burden, local stabilization, and pain control (8). Surgical fixation of the appendicular skeleton has traditionally included a method of plate or nail stabilization [open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)] following curettage with or without cementation (8). However, disease associated with metaphyseal or epiphyseal fractures have been increasingly managed with hemiarthroplasty or total joint endoprosthesis depending on the level of bone involvement (8). The purpose of this study was to retrospectively report on outcomes of patients managed with either cemented endoprosthetic replacement (EPR) or ORIF and ask the following questions: (I) do complication risks differ following metastatic lesions with endoprosthetic reconstruction versus cemented osteosynthesis? (II) Do functional outcomes differ between methods of reconstruction? (III) Does tumor volume impact outcomes?

Methods

Subjects

The records of 229 consecutive patients treated surgically for metastatic disease from 2005–2018 at our musculoskeletal oncology center were retrospectively reviewed following institutional review board (IRB) approval. Inform consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study. The study conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Indications for surgical treatment at the humerus included patients who presented with displaced pathologic fractures and patients with a Mirels score greater than 8 (7).

Treatment considerations

Overall, goals of surgery were to improve pain control, restore function, and minimize risk of re-operation. Patients underwent CT scans pre-operatively to access the extent of bone involvement, as well as for pre-operative planning. There was no distinct numerical measurement regarding cortical thickness or bone loss. However, if there was concern for cortical integrity, particularly at the proximal humerus, EPR was strongly considered. Additionally, the presence of segmental bone loss strongly influenced consideration for reconstruction with EPR.

At the proximal humerus, if ORIF was carried out, curettage was performed, followed by fixation with a proximal humeral locking plate, and cementation of residual bone defect. To improve construct strength, screws were placed in cement to augment fixation (Figure 1). In patients with lesions compromising fixation options, EPR was performed typically using a proximal humeral replacement (Figure 2). At the humeral shaft, in patients without segmental cortical destruction, ORIF was typically performed. A similar order of curettage, fixation, cementation, and placement of additional screw fixation in cement was utilized as described above (Figure 3). Patients with segmental cortical destruction, with solitary renal cell carcinoma lesions and projected longer lifespan have traditionally been considered for resection and reconstruction with an intercalary endoprosthesis as previously described (Figure 4) (10). At the distal humerus, ORIF was performed when residual bone stock was amenable to fixation and lesions did not invade the articular surface (Figure 5). In cases where segmental bone destruction was present or invasion of the articular surface occurred, reconstruction was performed with a distal humeral replacement (Figure 6).

Figure 1.

A 58-year-old male with a pathologic fracture secondary to Multiple Myeloma, with retained bone stock at humeral head. Treated with curettage, cementation, and plate fixation. Immediate post-operative and 1-year post-operative X-rays shown. Note placement of screws in cement to enhance construct strength.

Figure 2.

A 66-year-old male with functional pain due to solitary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) lesion. Embolization of vascular tumors such as RCC is recommended to help with hemostasis. Immediate post-operative and 8 years post-op imaging showed following hemiarthroplasty. Despite some proximal migration and pseudo-acetabularization of the shoulder joint, the patient retained a Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional outcome score of 80%.

Figure 3.

A 65-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), treated with plate fixation. In these cases, effort was made to maximize the strength of this load bearing construct by filling all screw holes. Immediate post-operative and 3-year post-operative imaging shown.

Figure 4.

A 63-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma. X-ray and CT imaging show segmental destruction of bone and a lesion spanning 13 cm of bone. This patient also underwent ORIF of an impending pathologic femur fracture and was made weightbearing as tolerated immediately post operatively. Immediate and 1-year post-operative imaging shown.

Figure 5.

An 80-year-old female with metastatic colon cancer at the distal humerus. X-rays and CT show bi-columnar involvement prior to fixation with 90-90 plating.

Figure 6.

A 62-year-old female with metastatic breast cancer at the diaphyseal and distal humerus, who underwent resection and distal humeral replacement. Immediate and 18-month follow-up imaging shown.

Outcome measures

The following characteristics were analyzed between groups: tumor location, tumor volume and circumferential involvement of bone utilizing anterior posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional outcome scores, and complications. MSTS scores were calculated for patients with at least 3 months of clinical follow-up.

Statistical analysis

Non-parametric statistical analysis of categorical information was performed using a chi-square test, unless an expected value was less than five, in which case Fischer’s exact test was utilized. Odds ratios were generated with computation of confidence intervals utilizing the Baptista-Pike method. Non-parametric analysis of continuous variables was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 7.00 for Mac OS X (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA, www.graphpad.com). In all tests, significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

Sixty patients were identified who were treated surgically at the proximal humerus (n=21), humeral shaft (n=29), or distal humerus (n=10). Forty-nine (82%) patients presented with pathologic fracture. The remaining eleven patients had a mean Mirels score of 9.5. Pathologic diagnoses included renal cell carcinoma (n=16), multiple myeloma (n=11), breast (n=10), lung (n=10), colon (n=3), cervical (n=2), skin (n=2), liver (n=1) prostate (n=1), urothelial (n=1), and thyroid (n=1) cancer to the humerus. There were 34 males and 26 females with a mean age of 62.9±12.2. A total of 36 patients underwent EPR, while 24 patients underwent ORIF. Mean follow-up was 19.8±23.2 months. At latest follow-up, 15 patients are alive with disease and 45 patients are deceased. There was no difference in overall complication rate between endoprosthesis or plate/nail stabilization [4/36 (11%) versus 2/24 (8%); P=0.725]. Mean tumor volume was 21.9±14.8 cm³. Higher tumor volume was associated with lower MSTS scores, (r=−0.448; P=0.007).

Proximal humerus

MSTS scores were comparable between ORIF and EPR [23.5/30 (78%) versus 24.0/30 (80%); P=0.834]. Overall complication rate was 5%. One patient presented to our institution after sustaining structural failure due to severe bone loss following intramedullary nailing of renal cell carcinoma. An attempt was made at limb salvage with a proximal humeral replacement, but the patient sustained deep infection which ultimately required amputation after multiple surgical attempts at limb salvage with debridement and antibiotic spacer placement (Figure 7).

Figure 7.

A 58-year-old male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), initially treated with an intramedullary nailing and referred to our institution with severe bone loss and loss of fixation and stability proximally. Limb salvage was attempted with a proximal humeral replacement.

Humeral shaft

MSTS scores were comparable between ORIF and EPR [25.6/30 (85%) versus 25.8/30 (86%); P=0.884]. Overall complication rate was 10.3%. Three complications occurred at the humeral shaft (2 mechanical failures in the plate/nail stabilization group, and 1 aseptic loosening in the endoprosthesis group). These complications occurred at a mean of 32 months. All were treated with revision to an intercalary endoprosthesis and have a mean MSTS score of 77% at latest follow-up. Patients with destruction of one or more cortices who were treated with plate/nail stabilization were at increased risk for mechanical failure [2/6 (33%) versus 0/18 (0%), P=0.015].

Distal humerus

MSTS scores were comparable between ORIF and EPR [23.6/30 (80%) versus 24.5/30 (82%); P=0.809]. Overall complication rate was 20%. Both patients had segmental ulnohumeral arthroplasty. Due to the anatomic location and prosthetic design, complications of aseptic loosening (n=1) and wound dehiscence (n=1) are representative of results at our institution in the primary tumor population.

Discussion

The results of this retrospective study demonstrate that cement-augmented ORIF and EPR play important roles in the management of metastatic disease to the upper extremity. Lesion location, size and remaining bone stock may guide treatment. Our data demonstrates comparable outcomes between both methods of reconstruction. We recommend consideration of an EPR in lesions at the humeral shaft associated with significant cortical destruction and in patients with certain solitary lesions, where resection may improve survival (11,12).

Previous studies have demonstrated successful outcomes with ORIF of metastatic lesions of the upper extremity (13,14). In a retrospective study of 65 patients with metastatic lesions to the humerus, Schwabe et al. (14) found ORIF at the humeral shaft to provide long-term stability and a low (7.6%) rate of complications. Bickels et al. (13) found functional outcomes to be superior when lesions were located at the humeral shaft versus at the proximal or distal humerus. We found similarly increased functional scores in patients with lesions at the humeral shaft, though these differences were not significant. Utilization of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement is important in the management of metastatic lesions following curettage. PMMA improves strength of fixation and can improve screw fixation in pathologic bone (15,16). Additionally, exothermic polymerization in PMMA minimizes blood loss and contributes to improved tumor cell destruction (17). Although chemotherapy, radiation, and bisphosphonates have contributed greatly to improved patient survival and palliation, they may attenuate the rate of biologic incorporation (6). Thus, cemented fixation was performed in all patients in this series.

Patient prognosis and radiosensitivity of lesions may play a substantial role in determining treatment choice (18). With the hematological seeding of distant tumor cells, followed by the rapid growth, invasion and destruction of surrounding bone, the biology of metastatic disease may call for a more aggressive resection and reconstruction of the bone (19-21). These considerations should be balanced with the prognosis of the individual. In addition to allowing early weightbearing, aggressive management of an isolated metastasis has shown to improve patient survival and palliation (12,22-24). In a review of 672 patients from the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (SSG) metastasis registry, Ratasvuori et al. (12) found en bloc resection of isolated skeletal metastases of kidney, breast, lung, and prostate cancer to be associated with a significantly significant 20 month increase in survival.

While previous studies have cited improved outcomes and lower rates of re-operation with EPR at the femur (19,20,25), there is limited literature with such comparisons in metastases to the humerus. We found a low rate of complications in patients treated surgically at the humerus, limiting the statistical comparison of surgical techniques. Contrary to a systematic review by Janssen et al. (21) which found a 14–16% complication rate in patients treated with an intercalary endoprosthesis, we had one complication (5.8%) at latest follow-up utilizing a modular endoprosthetic design (10). Endoprosthetic reconstruction may inherently allow for more aggressive tumor removal and improved pain with immediate weightbearing, though this treatment decision must be balanced carefully with the risks of a potentially more extensive surgery.

There are several limitations inherent to this study’s retrospective design. We recognize that the diagnosis, medical management and prognosis of these patients over the span of our data collection has changed over time. Due to the nature of metastatic disease, long-term follow-up is limited in this patient population, as 75% of patients in this series are currently deceased. Similarly, as a tertiary referral center within our state for oncology patients, some patients were unable to be clinically evaluated in the office and followed only via the telephone and radiographs, which were sent to our institution. This, along with patients who were deceased prior to three months follow-up, led to 15 patients having MSTS functional outcome scores unavailable for analysis. The authors of this study recognize that the use of endoprosthetic reconstruction at the humeral shaft is higher than previously reported studies, though are associated with good to excellent outcomes following statistical analysis.

In conclusion, when pathologic pattern permits, cemented-augmented fixation allows for stabilization of pathologic bone, while minimizing risk of soft-tissue detachment, with mean MSTS scores of 83%. In patients with segmental defects or articular surface involvement, cemented EPR provides similar outcomes with mean MSTS scores of 83%. Patients with destruction of one or more cortices at the humeral shaft are at increased risk for mechanical failure with plate or nail stabilization. Increased tumor volume was associated with lower MSTS scores. Further studies are warranted on the association between tumor volume and method of surgical treatment in patients with metastatic disease to the humerus.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The records of 229 consecutive patients treated surgically for metastatic disease from 2005–2018 at our musculoskeletal oncology center were retrospectively reviewed following institutional review board approval (Number: Pro20140000855). Inform consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study.

Data Sharing Statement

Available at https://aoj.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/aoj-20-114/dss

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DOI: 10.21037/aoj-20-114