Abstract
目的
探讨腹腔镜下改良Parks术在超低位直肠癌中的临床疗效。
方法
依据患者术前分期及术中吻合口位置,对98例T2期以上超低位直肠癌患者分别行腹腔镜下超低位Dixon术、改良Parks术和Miles术,并将患者分为Dixon组(39例)、改良Parks组(43例)、Miles组(16例)。收集所有患者的临床资料及术后随访结果,并对其进行对比分析,评估腹腔镜下改良Parks术的临床疗效。
结果
与Dixon组相比,改良Parks组患者更加肥胖、肿瘤距肛缘距离更近、手术时间更长(均P<0.05);两组患者在手术出血量、淋巴结检出数、术后并发症方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);而且改良Parks组患者的术后排气排便时间和住院时间更短、住院总费用也更低(均P<0.05)。虽然改良Parks组患者术后早期的肛门功能较差,但随着规律的肛门功能锻炼,从术后6个月开始达到与Dixon组相近的水平(P>0.05)。与Miles组相比,改良Parks组患者在肿块大小、体型、肿瘤距肛缘距离、手术时间、手术出血量、淋巴结检出数目、术后排气排便时间方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但改良Parks组住院时间更短、并发症发生率更低、住院总费用也更低(均P<0.05)。
结论
腹腔镜下改良Parks术是一种安全、经济、有效的保肛术式,不但可以为一部分原本只能行Miles术的患者保住肛门,而且术后患者恢复得更好、更快,虽然早期肛门功能较差,但可逐渐恢复至与Dixon术相当的水平。
Keywords: 改良经肛门结肠肛管吻合术,超低位, 直肠癌, 保肛手术
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic modified Parks operation on the patients with ultra-low rectal cancer.
Methods
According to the preoperative stage and intraoperative anastomotic position, 98 patients with ultra-low rectal cancer above T2 stage underwent laparoscopic Dixon operation, modified Parks operation and Miles operation, respectively. All patients were divided into 3 groups: a Dixon operation group (n=39), a modified Parks operation group (n=43) and a Miles operation group (n=16). The clinical data and postoperative follow-up results were collected, compared, and analyzed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic modified Parks operation.
Results
The patients were more obese, the distance between tumor and anal margin was closer, and the operation time was longer in the modified Parks operation group than those in the Dixon operation group (all P<0.05). However, the results of bleeding volume, the number of lymph nodes and the postoperative complications in the modified park operation group were similar than those in the Dixon operation group (all P>0.05). In addition, the exhaust and defecation time and the hospitalization time were shorter, and the total cost of hospitalization was lower in the modified Parks operation group than those in the Dixon operation group (all P<0.05). Although the anal function in the modified Parks operation group was poor in the early postoperative period, it reached the same level as that in the Dixon operation group from 6 months after the treatments with the regular anal function exercise (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in tumor size, body shape, distance between tumor and anal margin, operation time, bleeding volume, number of lymph nodes detected, postoperative exhaust and defecation time between the Miles operation group and the modified Parks operation group, but the hospitalization time was shorter, the incidence of complications and the total cost of hospitalization were lower in the modified Parks operation group (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Laparoscopic modified Parks operation is a safe, economical and effective anus preservation operation, which can not only save the anus for some patients who had to perform Miles operation, but also recover better and faster after operation. Although the early anal function of patients performed with the modified operation is poor, it can gradually recover to the same level as the patients performed with the Dixon operation.
Keywords: modified transanal colon-anal anastomosis operation, ultra-low position; rectal cancer; anus-saving operation
为了保证根治,传统上对于肿瘤下缘距肛门 5 cm以内的直肠癌即超低位直肠癌采取腹会阴联合切除术(abdominal and perineal resection,APR),亦即Miles术,为手术的标准术式[1],但Miles术带来的永久性造口也给患者的术后生活质量带来了严重的负面影响[2]。近年来随着术前新辅助放射治疗和化学治疗(以下简称放化疗)[3-4]和腹腔镜技术的发展、全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)原则[5-8]的确认、环周切缘概念的认识[9],保肛手术的肿瘤学预后得到了极大的提高,越来越多的超低位直肠癌患者要求实施保肛术。
结肠肛管吻合术亦即Parks术,是外科医生Parks于1982年提出的一种保肛术式,随着外科腔镜技术的发展,腹腔镜下Parks术在保肛术中的应用越来越多,Denost等[10]和Bretagnol等[11]的研究也证明了其肿瘤学安全性和临床有效性。但是对于腹腔镜下Parks术,现有的相关研究资料较少,对于行腹腔镜下Parks术患者的术后肛门功能方面的研究更是鲜有报道。中南大学湘雅医院结直肠肛门外科进行了一项单中心前瞻性研究,并经过医院伦理委员会批准,以此评估腹腔镜下改良Parks术与超低位Dixon术、Miles术在超低位直肠癌治疗中的疗效。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
收集2017年2月至2018年7月间收治的T2期以上超低位直肠癌患者98例,排除严重心、脑、肺等脏器疾病及腹部盆腔手术史患者,入院后综合评估患者病情,结合术前肠镜、增强CT、MRI结果以及术中情况,对这些患者进行术前分期。依据患者分期情况及远端离断后吻合口的位置选择术式,对于吻合口在齿状线或齿状线以下的患者行腹腔镜下改良Parks术;对于吻合口在齿状线以上但距齿状线 2 cm左右的患者行腹腔镜下超低位Dixon术;对于括约肌或盆腔脏器侵犯或远处转移无法根治性切除的患者行腹腔镜下Miles术,并以此将患者分为3组,其中改良Parks组43例患者,男23例,女20例,年龄24.0~78.0(55.7±11.8)岁。Dixon组39例患者,男27例,女12例,年龄34.0~82.0(57.6±11.7)岁。Miles组16例,男9例,女7例,年龄42.0~74.0(57.1±9.2)岁。三组患者基本信息详见表1。本研究中所有患者均知情同意并签署手术同意书。患者被告知手术过程将在腹腔镜下进行,最终由同一位主刀医师决定手术方式,必要时中转开腹手术。三组患者在年龄、性别方面差异均无明显统计学意义(均P>0.05),具有临床可比性。
表1.
三组患者基本信息( ±s)
Table 1 Basic information of the 3 groups of patients ( ±s)
| 组别 | n | 年龄/岁 | 性别 | BMI/(kg·m-2) | 住院总费用/元 | 肿瘤距肛门距离/cm | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 男 | 女 | ||||||
| 改良Parks组 | 43 | 55.7±11.8 | 23 | 20 | 23.2±3.0 | 53468.3±8461.7 | 2.8±1.1 |
| Dixon组 | 39 | 57.6±11.7 | 27 | 12 | 21.9±2.9* | 61374.2±10220.1* | 4.3±0.8* |
| Miles组 | 16 | 57.1±9.2 | 9 | 7 | 22.4±2.9 | 58523.1±14114.6* | 2.5±1.3 |
与改良Parks组比较,*P<0.05。
1.2. 手术方式
全麻插管后,患者取改良截石位,手术分腹部操作与会阴部操作(图1)。腹部手术遵循TME原则,均于肠系膜下动脉根部切断血管并清扫淋巴结。切断骶骨直肠韧带及部分肛提肌,达到肛门外括约肌上缘、齿状线水平。部分患者经括约肌间隙继续向下游离1~2 cm。
图1.
1例超低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜下改良Parks术的术中腹腔和会阴部操作及术后处理
Figure 1 Intraabdominal and perineal operation and postoperative treatment of laparoscopic modified Parks operation in a patient with ultra-low rectal cancer
A: Transection of submesenteric vessels; B: Perineal exposure; C: Operation of perineal intestine; D: Towed distal intestinal tube; E: Colon and anus anastomosis; F: Intraabdominal intestinal tube after anastomosis; G: Perineal intestine indwelling anal canal after operation; H: Only two puncture wounds and two abdominal drainage tubes were left in the abdomen after operation.
会阴部操作如下:会阴部充分扩肛至4~5指,于3、6、9及12点钟方位缝牵引线暴露肛门,以1꞉10碘伏液反复冲洗肠腔。在肿瘤下方1~2 cm处设为预定切缘,垂直切开黏膜及内括约肌,于内、外括约肌间向上游离至与盆腔相通,经肛门将结肠拖出体外,处理系膜并于肿瘤上方10 cm处离断结肠,肛门外保留3~5 cm肠管,标本采用常规术中冰冻切片进行病理检查,以确保肿瘤组织切缘阴性,阳性者改行APR术。修整结肠残端、彻底止血,以3-0可吸收缝线按照四象限行肠壁浆肌层与肛缘皮肤切缘间断缝合,吻合完毕检查吻合口无出血,肛管前端包裹 5 cm长凡士林纱布,以压迫止血并引流粪液。重建气腹,腹腔镜下检查盆腔有无活动性出血及吻合口张力情况。
对于改良Parks组患者术后注意观察外置肠管血供情况,部分患者由于括约肌收缩等原因会出现脱出式肠管自行缺血、萎缩,予以剪除即可,若血液供应良好则于术后14 d左右返回医院,平肛缘行外置肠管切除术。术后1周嘱患者行肛门收缩运动,每日4~6次,每次持续15~30 min;保持肛门清洁,温水坐浴,术后1月对患者行肛门指检,如有缩窄(难以通过食指),则予以定期扩肛。
1.3. 数据收集及术后随访
收集患者基本信息、手术资料及术后情况。术后1、3、6、9、12个月分别随访患者肛门功能指标,根据Williams肛门功能评级,A、B、C为功能良好,D、E为功能不良。
1.4. 统计学处理
应用SPSS 23.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计数资料以百分率(%)来表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差( ±s)表示;计量资料的组间比较采用t检验,肛门功能分级的比较采用四格表χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
共98例患者的手术均获得成功,直肠系膜切除完整,无直肠破裂,肿瘤上切缘距肿瘤距离为(13.6±3.0) cm,下切缘距肿瘤距离为(3.5±1.3) cm,术中、术后病理切片显示两切缘组织均为阴性。
改良Parks组术后5例患者出现出血;1例患者术后出现直肠阴道瘘,保守治疗无效后行末端回肠造口转流粪便;6例患者出院后2周返院行环切肛门处脱出结肠。术后并发症发生率为14%。术后拖出结肠切除率为14%。术后Williams肛门功能评级(排除行造口患者1例)如下:术后1、3、6、9、12个月患者肛门功能良好率分别为0、54.76%、95.24%、97.62%、100.00%。Dixon组术后2例患者出现腹腔感染;1例患者出现腹腔出血;8例患者出现吻合口瘘,其中2例经保守治疗后好转,余6例患者均行全麻下末端回肠造口;1例患者出现伤口皮肤层裂开;术后并发症发生率为30%。术后Williams肛门功能评级(排除行造口患者6例)如下:术后1、3、6、9、12个月患者肛门功能良好率分别为33.33%、81.82%、100.00%、100.00%、100.00%。Miles组术后3例患者出现尿潴留;1例患者出现造口旁固定线结脱落;3例患者出现腹腔感染;1例患者出现腹腔出血;1例患者出现阴道瘘,予以保守治疗后好转。术后并发症发生率为56%。改良Parks组和Dixon组术后1、3、6、9、12个月Williams肛门功能评分的χ2检验结果如下:第1个月、第3个月差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);第6个月、第9个月、第12个月差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表2)。
表2.
三组患者手术资料( ±s)
Table 2 Surgical data of patients in the 3 groups ( ±s)
| 组别 | n | 手术时间/min | 手术出血量/mL | 淋巴结活检数/个 | 肿瘤最大径/cm | 术后住院时间/d | 术后排气时间/d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 改良Parks组 | 43 | 196.8±74.4 | 154.4±92.6 | 15.1±5.3 | 3.9±1.7 | 9.2±4.5 | 2.4±1.0 |
| Dixon组 | 39 | 163.3±49.1* | 141.0±88.3 | 15.3±2.9 | 4.2±1.3 | 12.5±5.9* | 4.1±1.7* |
| Miles组 | 16 | 228.1±62.9 | 190.6±145.2 | 16.5±6.2 | 4.4±1.7 | 13.4±9.6* | 2.1±1.4 |
与改良Parks组比较,*P<0.05。
3. 讨 论
对于直肠癌肿瘤下缘距齿状线小于2 cm或距肛缘小于5 cm的超低位直肠癌,临床上常规施行传统的Miles术,但永久性造口也给患者带来了更多的造口相关并发症[12]和泌尿、性功能障碍[13],此外造口的长期护理、造口对患者本人形象改变的持续精神压力等因素都严重影响了Miles术后患者的生活质量[14],使患者术后的治疗态度越发消极。近年来,随着微创外科技术的发展及对直肠肛门解剖认识的进一步加深,保肛手术日益成熟。因此越来越多的超低位直肠癌患者宁愿承担术后的复发风险而要求保留肛门。但对于超低位直肠癌是否施行保肛手术仍然存在争议,其焦点在于能否保证肿瘤切除的根治性和切除全部或部分肛门内括约肌后能否保证术后患者良好的肛门排便功能。
结肠肛管吻合术的操作核心在于腹腔联合经肛门切除直肠肿瘤,将结肠游离后从肛门脱出体外,切除肿瘤后行残余结肠与肛管的吻合。该术式要求于齿状线上方1 cm处将直肠黏膜切除,并保留3 cm左右的直肠肛管,由于是开腹操作,手术难度大,术后患者腹部切口大、术后并发症多,术后肛门功能不佳。目前,腔镜外科技术的发展大大弥补了传统开腹手术的不足,腹腔镜Parks术的应用也逐渐增多。本研究通过结合传统Bacon术[15-16]的脱出式优点,采用脱出式的结肠肛管吻合即改良Parks术来施行超低位直肠癌保肛术。
本研究所有患者随访时间为术后12个月,无手术死亡患者。与Dixon组相比,改良Parks组患者的体型更加肥胖、肿瘤距肛缘更近,而且由于需要一定长度的脱出式肠管以及要确保吻合后肠管的张力情况,改良Parks组结肠的游离长度更多,有时甚至需要游离脾曲,最后尚需手工吻合肠管,因而增加了改良Parks术的手术难度,但最终两组手术效果相当。Parks组术后排气、排便时间和住院时间更短,住院总费用也更低。此外,虽然改良Parks组患者早期术后Williams肛门功能评分较Dixon组差,但从术后第6个月开始,两组患者的肛门功能相接近,直至在术后第12个月,两组患者肛门功能良好率均达到100%,证明了改良Parks术不但可以实现更高手术难度下的超低位保肛,并获得与Dixon术相当的手术效果;而且患者术后恢复更好、更快,住院费用也更加节省,减轻了患者的经济负担;此外,患者的术后肛门功能可随有规律的肛门功能锻炼而逐步提高,并能达到与Dixon术相当的水平。
与Miles组相比,两组患者的术前基线情况相当,手术难度相当,手术效果的指标也相当。但改良Parks组住院时间更短,并发症发生率更低,住院总费用也更低。证明了改良Parks术不但可以为患者保留功能良好的肛门,而且患者术后肠道功能恢复速度快,可达到与Miles术造口相当的水平,同时能减轻患者的经济负担。
本研究结果表明:对于括约肌尚无侵犯且无法通过前切除术安全切除吻合的患者,腹腔镜下改良Parks术是一种安全有效的保肛术式。与一项关于腹腔镜中低位直肠的荟萃分析结果相比较[17],改良Parks术的手术出血量更少、手术时间更短;与一项关于腹腔镜直肠癌的多中心3期临床研究结果[18]相比较,改良Parks术的淋巴结活检数更多;其术后并发症发生率也明显低于以往的报道[19]。通过腹腔镜下游离联合经肛自下而上分离的方法,改良Parks术克服了超低位Dixon术在游离远端直肠时的局限性[20],可以为一部分患者保住肛门,从而避免永久性造口的痛苦。腹腔镜下改良Parks术由于不需要在骨盆内吻合,因此对骨盆狭小的肥胖患者及男性患者有着明显的技术优势。患者术后更快的恢复速度、更少的术后并发症发生率也符合快速康复外科的理念[21];而且患者腹部没有辅助切口,仅余4个小的戳口,在迎合患者美容需求的同时,也避免了腹部切口相关的并发症,这也符合损伤控制外科的理念[22],也可以将其归为经自然腔道内镜手术的一种[23]。虽然改良Parks术患者的术后早期肛门功能较差,生活质量也因粪瘘而受到很大的负面影响,但在有规律的肛门功能锻炼下,患者的肛门功能会逐渐好转,直至达到与Dixon术相当的效果;患者的生活质量也逐渐随之提升至与Miles术相当的水平。
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
Funding Statement
湖南省自然科学基金(2016JJ2106, 2019JJ40510)。
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2016JJ2106, 2019JJ40510).
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202102121.pdf
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