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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Feb 28;46(2):195–199. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190574

小脑发育不良性神经节细胞瘤1例及文献复习

Lhermitte-Duclos disease: A case report and literature review

LIU Zhiqiang 1,2, HE Yanqing 1, FU Jiaxin 2, WU Jun 1, SONG Tao 1, WANG Ying 1, HUANG Tianxiang 1,
Editor: 傅 希文
PMCID: PMC10929790  PMID: 33678658

Abstract

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) is a type of rare brain tumor located in posterior fossa. A patient with LDD located in the left cerebellum and vermis was admitted by the Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. MRI scan showed slightly heterogeneous enhancement at the region close to vermis. The patient underwent partial resection on August 11, 2016 without postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The progress free survival was 11 months and the overall survival was 17 months. What the case reveals is that the partial resection is not beneficial to these patients with LDD as the residual lesion probably recurs in a short term after operation. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of LDD are explored and summarized in combination with relevant literature.

Keywords: Lhermitte-Duclos disease, diagnosis, treatment


小脑发育不良性神经节细胞瘤(Lhermitte-Duclos disease,LDD)是一种位于后颅窝的罕见疾病(WHO I级),发病率不详,发病的年龄区间为0~74岁,无性别倾向[1-2]。该病常无明显症状,偶为影像学检查所发现。诊断前症状持续时间长短不一,数月至10年以上,中位时间为46个月[1, 3]。目前,临床研究数据的不足客观上导致多数医生对该疾病的认识尚不透彻。作者报道1例小脑蚓部及左侧小脑半球LDD患者,并结合相关文献对其发病原因和诊治方法进行讨论。

1. 病例资料

患者,男,53岁,因“头痛伴左侧肢体乏力2个月”入院。体格检查结果:左侧肢体肌力4级,肌张力正常,左手轮替试验缓慢,左手指鼻试验和左下肢跟膝胫试验均欠精确,走路向左倾斜,全身检查未见其他病变。CT显示小脑蚓部及左侧小脑半球有混杂密度病灶,有钙化,无明显强化。进一步的MRI检查显示病灶T1低信号、T2高-低信号相见,沿皮质走行,为典型的“虎纹征”表现。MRI弥散成像(diffusion weighted image,DWI)为稍高信号,病灶大小约为4.7 cm×5.7 cm×3.5 cm,可见轻度强化,第四脑室受压,幕上梗阻性脑积水。MRI灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)显示病灶区灌注增高。磁敏感成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)显示病灶区异常血管影增多。MRI磁共振波普(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)显示病灶区N-乙酰天冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)/肌酸(creatine,Cr)和胆碱(choline,Cho)/Cr均低于对侧正常小脑,出现乳酸峰(图1)。

图1.

图1

LDD患者术前(A~J)及术后 (K~L)MRI表现

Figure 1 Preoperative (A-J) and postoperative (K-L) MRI scans in the patient with LDD

A: Hypointense on axial T1-weighted MRI. B: Alternating hyperintense and hypointense on axial T2-weighted MRI (tiger-striped appearance). C, D: Slight hyperintense on axial DWI (C), but corresponding axial apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map demonstrates no restriction of diffusion due to T2 shine through effect (D). E: Axial T1-weighted MRI with intravenous gadolinium and these red arrows present the location of enhancement in the tumor. F: Axial regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) imaging suggests 962.4 mL (100 g/min) in the tumor but 392.3 mL (100 g/min) in the contralateral normal brain tissue. G, H: Axial SWI and these red arrows demonstrate the location of abnormal vessels in the tumor. I: MRS imaging shows the ratio of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr are 1.1 and 0.4 respectively in the contralateral normal brain tissue. J: MRS imaging presents the ratio of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr are 1.4 and 0.8 respectively and a lactate peak in the tumor. K, L: MRI scan after the surgery shows a partial resection (K: Axial T1-weighted MRI; L: Axial T2-weighted MRI).

2016年8月11日对患者予以开颅行左侧小脑半球病灶切除术,术中见病灶边界不清、色灰白、质韧、血液运输一般,切除部分病灶,快速病理检查的结果为低级别胶质瘤,术后MRI显示病灶部分切除(图1)。常规病理检查为LDD(WHO I级),可见异常肥大的神经元细胞和钙化,胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)(-),增殖细胞核抗原Ki-67(<1%+),突触素(synaptophysin,Syn)(+),神经元核抗原(neuronal nuclear antigen,NeuN)(+)(图2)。

图2.

图2

LDD患者术后的病理结果

Figure 2 Postoperative pathological results in the patient with LDD

A, B: Numerous hypertrophic neurocytes (A) and the deposition of calcium on the proliferative vascular wall (B) by HE staining (×400); C, D: Positive NeuN (C) and Syn (D) by immunohistochemical staining (×400).

术后患者头痛症状消失,共济失调较前好转,左侧肢体肌力无明显改善。患者术后未进行相关辅助治疗,2017年7月15日病灶原位复发,患者头痛、左侧肢体共济失调和乏力加重,间断呕吐,但患者未进行相关治疗,于2018年1月9日死亡。

2. 讨 论

LDD主要是单侧发病,常位于左侧小脑半球,较少侵及蚓部和右侧小脑半球,双侧发病者更为少见[4]。LDD临床症状多样,大部分患者在30~40岁时出现临床症状[5],头痛占70%,小脑相关症状占40%~50%,颅神经麻痹占30%,长期功能障碍占30%,主要与病灶占位效应导致的颅内高压、小脑功能损害、脑干和脑室系统受压及其继发的梗阻性脑积水相关,而视觉障碍、耳鸣、头晕、眩晕、体位性低血压、精神症状、由脑积水失代偿或者蛛网膜下腔出血导致的症状急剧恶化在临床上较为少见[1]

CT诊断LDD价值有限,主要表现为非特异性的低密度或等密度的病灶,可见钙化[1, 4]。MRI是诊断LDD的可靠方法,并且能指导治疗方案的制定。肿瘤在MRI T1加权像上表现为低信号,在T2加权像上表现为沿小脑皮质走行的高低信号相间的条纹状结构,即“虎纹征”[4]。结合LDD的病理学表现便能充分解释其特征性的MRI影像形成的原因,肿瘤大体观为小脑叶片苍白、肥厚,微观为颗粒细胞层增生、浦肯野细胞层消失、增宽的分子层髓鞘过度生长,其中颗粒细胞层的髓鞘主要来自分子层的神经元。小脑叶片内部结构由内到外依次为萎缩的白质、颗粒细胞层肥大的神经元、深部的分子层,其在CT上表现为低密度,在MRI T1和T2上分别表现为低信号和高信号;外部结构由内到外依次为浅部的分子层、表面皮质和相邻小脑叶片间的沟内的软脑膜,其在CT上表现为等密度,在MRI T1上表现为等信号,在T2上表现为等信号或低信号,外部结构中的血管增殖可能是呈现肿瘤钙化和强化的原因,钙化是由于钙质沉积在血管壁上所致[3, 6](图3A)。早期钙质沉积将会使原T1等信号的区域出现T1信号增高。未成年人和婴幼儿小脑发育不成熟,所以典型的“虎纹征”可能不明显[6]。DWI高信号和表现弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)下降与高密度的细胞和髓鞘有关,但是由于T2的透过效应,此例患者肿瘤DWI呈稍高信号,而ADC图显示水弥散未受干扰[7-8]。肿瘤PWI高灌注和MRI增强扫描无强化也是诊断LDD的重要指标,但是高灌注并不代表肿瘤细胞增殖活跃,并且此例患者瘤内出现斑片状强化,尤为少见,此两种情况的出现可能为管腔扩大的薄壁静脉血管的增殖所致,并且SWI检查证实了病灶周围存在异常血管,但也有作者[3, 6]认为肿瘤强化是血脑屏障受损所致。在MRS检查中不同指标的值所代表的意义不同,此例患者的NAA/Cr值下降是异常神经元在病灶中所占比例增大而导致正常神经元所占比例相对减小所致;Cho/Cr值下降表明细胞增殖不明显,可能为非肿瘤病灶;出现乳酸峰表明糖酵解过程增加而非坏死或恶性肿瘤[9-10]。此患者影像学和病理学表现与上述研究[3-4, 6-10]的报道一致。

图3.

图3

LDD的影像学以及病理学特点和发病机制的简化图

Figure 3 Simplified graph of pathogenesis, pathological and radiological features of LDD

A: Picture systematically reveals the pathological characteristics and corresponding MRI features of LDD[3,6]. B: Graph clearly shows the pathogenesis of CS or most LDD induced by PTEN mutation[11]. Normal PTEN protein limits the process from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] by dephosphorylation. Hence, the loss of PTEN protein function induced by PTEN gene mutation improves the level of PI(3,4,5)P3, which activates phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) to phosphorylate Akt, a serine/threonine kinase. Excess P-Akt enables cells to migrate, proliferate, survive and finally form tumors under no control. In the meanwhile, undue P-Akt depresses the TSC gene to product TSC1/TSC2, which will decrease indirectly the inhibition effect of TSC1/TSC2 on mTOR. Subsequently, excess mTOR accelerates uncontrolled cell growth (hypertrophy). (+), (-), (P), (A) means positive effect, negative effect, phosphorylation and activation, respectively.

Cowden综合征(Cowden syndrome,CS)是一种罕见的常染色体显性遗传疾病,与位于10q22-23的编码同源性磷酸酶-张力蛋白(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)的抑癌基因突变密切相关。PTEN突变能间接促进Akt通路中Akt(一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶)的磷酸化而形成P-Akt,导致细胞增殖、迁移和肿瘤形成,并且P-Akt能减弱结节性硬化症(tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)基因表达产物TSC1/TSC2对哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapa-mycin,mTOR)和细胞体积的抑制作用[11](图3B)。PTEN杂合子突变使内、中、外胚层在发育过程中可能出现发育不良或增生肥大的病变和肿瘤,主要位于皮肤、甲状腺、乳腺、胃肠道等[1]。LDD是CS的一种颅内表现,但LDD也可单独发病[11]。此例患者全身检查后,仅发现小脑病变,且定期规律随访未见新发颅外病变,CS诊断不成立。成人在确诊LDD后,应尽早行PTEN基因检测[12],但此例患者检测失败,原因可能为标本保存不当。

LDD的治疗包括手术和保守治疗。手术全切是治疗LDD的最佳方式。肿瘤部分切除的患者出现复发和恶性转化[13-14],但多数部分切除患者的残留病灶长期稳定,故部分切除仍能改善有症状患者的占位效应[15]。保守治疗主要针对于无症状、意外发现或主要累及脑干的患者,但无症状的患者最终会因功能缺失出现症状而最终进行手术治疗,因此非老年患者尽量争取全切肿瘤,而老年患者部分切除也能使其获益[15]。LDD合并脑积水的患者适合开颅手术的术前或术后结合分流手术,不宜开颅时,可行单纯性分流手术,但不能缓解小脑症状。术后并发症也应引起重视,如小脑齿状核或传出通路受损、血管痉挛可导致小脑缄默[4]。有报道[4]1例复发患者使用替莫唑胺治疗10个月后使复发灶稳定至少4年。虽然目前放射治疗、化学治疗不能使患者预后明显获益,但是mTOR抑制剂的成功研制可使LDD乃至CS的药物治疗成为可能[4]

综上,结合MRI表现和病理检查可确诊LDD,但合并LDD的CS常被漏诊,因此病理医生应将PTEN表达蛋白纳入LDD常规免疫组织化学检测中,有条件的医院可进行基因检测,临床医生应仔细对患者进行全身检查和家族史的询问,而患者甚至其直系亲属应该规律随访,以便尽早诊断和制订治疗方案。

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

Funding Statement

湖南省自然科学基金(2019JJ40516,2019JJ50964)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2019JJ40516, 2019JJ50964).

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202102195.pdf

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