Abstract
目的
冠心病的高患病率和高病死率严重危害人类的生命安全,其治疗的关键是尽快恢复狭窄冠状动脉的通畅,二维超声心动图对术后心肌功能的评估十分有限,心肌声学造影(myocardial contrast echocardiography,MCE)和二维斑点追踪技术(2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI)在评估心肌灌注及收缩功能等方面具有很好的价值。本研究应用MCE和2D-STI探讨冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后心肌灌注及收缩功能的改变,评估MCE及2D-STI的临床应用价值。
方法
选取20例拟行PCI的冠心病患者,术前及术后第1天行MCE检查,术前及术后1个月行2D-STI及常规超声检查,分别评估心肌灌注及收缩功能是否有改善,以左室壁运动恢复为标准评估MCE半定量分析预测心肌节段运动恢复的能力。
结果
术后第1天MCE定量值(造影剂平台期信号强度、曲线斜率及两者的乘积)及术后1个月患者的心肌收缩功能较术前均有明显改善(均P<0.05)。置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段术前室壁运动异常的有90个,术后1个月有54个心肌节段运动恢复,MCE评 分≤2时预测室壁运动可恢复的敏感性、特异性分别为93%和53%。
结论
MCE及2D-STI可评估冠心病患者PCI术后心肌微循环灌注与收缩功能,MCE半定量分析可有效预测室壁运动的恢复能力。
Keywords: 心肌声学造影, 心肌灌注, 二维斑点追踪技术, 左室收缩功能
Abstract
Objective
The high prevalence and high fatality rate of coronary heart disease seriously endanger the safety of human life. The key to its treatment is to restore the perfusion of the narrowed coronary arteries as soon as possible. Two-dimensional echocardiography is limited for assessment of postoperative myocardial function. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) possess good value in assessing myocardial perfusion and systolic function. We used MCE and 2D-STI to explore the changes of myocardial perfusion and systolic function after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with coronary heart disease, and to evaluate the clinical value of MCE and 2D-STI.
Methods
Twenty patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI were selected. MCE was performed before and one day after PCI, and 2D-STI and conventional ultrasound were performed before and a month after PCI. The recovery of left ventricular wall motion was used as a standard to evaluate the ability of MCE semi-quantitative analysis and to predict the recovery of myocardial segment motion.
Results
The quantitative value of MCE (signal intensity of contrast medium in plateau phase, slope of curve, and their product) one day after PCI and the contractile function of one month after PCI were significantly improved (all P<0.05). There were 90 myocardial segments with abnormal motion dominated by the coronary artery with stent implantation before PCI, and 54 segments recovered 1 month after PCI. The sensitivity and specificity of MCE score ≤2 to predict recoverable wall motion were 93% and 53%, respectively.
Conclusion
MCE and 2D-STI can evaluate the improvement of myocardial perfusion and systolic function in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI, and MCE semi-quantitative analysis can effectively predict the ability of ventricular wall recovery.
Keywords: myocardial contrast echocardiography, myocardial perfusion, 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, left ventricular systolic function
冠心病是指由于粥样硬化斑块形成,冠状动脉狭窄或阻塞导致血流供应减少,造成心肌功能障碍,严重时可引起心肌坏死甚至危害生命的心脏疾病。相比于其他任何疾病(包括恶性肿瘤),冠心病的患病率和病死率一直位于最前列[1],且其病死率随着年龄的增长而升高。2013年全球疾病负担研究[2]发现冠心病导致每年约180万患者死亡。冠心病的高患病率和高病死率正严重危害人类的生命安全,其治疗的关键是尽快恢复狭窄冠状动脉的通畅。研究[3]发现:尽管术后冠状动脉造影显示冠状大动脉已无狭窄,冠心病患者的心肌功能仍无法恢复正常。有学者[4]提出这可能是由于心肌微循环完整性被破坏造成的。二维超声心动图为冠心病诊断提供了心脏收缩功能[5]、瓣膜功能及是否存在局部并发症等的重要信息,但在提示心肌血供、量化心肌变形、评估存活心肌等方面的作用十分有限。因此,临床上迫切需要新的诊断工具,以弥补现有的对患者冠状动脉微循环诊断技术的缺陷。随着科技的不断进步,各种新的超声技术,如二维斑点追踪技术(2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI)[6]和心肌声学造影(myocardial contrast echocardiography,MCE)[7]等已在该领域发展起来。
2D-STI是一种无创超声分析技术,通过分析常规二维超声图像上斑点(即超声束与心肌纤维相互作用形成的斑点)的移动快速测量应变和应变率等值来评估心肌功能[8],2D-STI具有经济、安全、无辐射的优点,经过不断验证具有很高的可行性和准确性[9]。MCE是一种目前公认的评价已知或可疑缺血心肌的成像技术[10],其利用心肌微血管内的微气泡造影剂对比强度反映不同心肌灌注量[11]。与其他技术相比,MCE显示出很高的诊断准确性[12-13],而且也有助于识别心尖部的结构异常,具有较高的可重复性[11],同时它易于实施,可在床旁操作,是一种十分有价值的临床诊断技术。虽然上述研究明确了这两种新技术对冠心病诊断的准确性,但同时应用这两种新技术对不同功能状况心肌作出评价的研究尚不多见。本研究拟应用MCE和2D-STI对比冠心病患者择期经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后心肌灌注与收缩功能的改变,探讨术后不同灌注状态下心肌收缩功能的恢复是否有差异,并评估MCE半定量分析预测室壁运动恢复的能力。
1. 对象与方法
1.1. 对象
选取2018年10月至2019年12月于中南大学湘雅三医院心内科就诊的20例拟行PCI的冠心病患者,所有患者受检前均签署知情同意书。
1.1.1. 入选标准
1)入组前均未行PCI;2)行PCI后冠状动脉心肌梗死溶栓治疗(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级均达到3级。
1.1.2. 排除标准
排除心肌疾病、纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级/Killip分级IV级、瓣膜性心脏病、先天性心脏病及心律失常等患者。
1.2. 图像采集
使用Philips EPIQ7C超声诊断仪及S5-1探头采集图像,仪器配有MCE和2D-STI分析程序。所有图像采集均由同一名超声科主任医师操作。
1.2.1. 二维图像采集
嘱患者左侧卧位,充分暴露胸部,连接心电图,采集并存储患者在静息状态下标准心尖二腔心、三腔心、四腔心的二维图像,每个切面各取5个心动周期。
1.2.2. 造影图像采集
患者体位同上,造影剂选用六氟化硫粉针剂(声诺维),使用时先将5 mL 0.9%的氯化钠注射液注入装有造影剂的密封瓶内,随后振摇30 s,形成白色乳状微泡悬浮液。点击“MCE”模式开始造影,优化机器设置,如增益、深度、伪彩等,并保持恒定,建立静脉通路,从密封瓶中抽取2.5 mL悬浮液,先经静脉快速注射0.5 mL,再以1.0 mL/min的速度将剩余的2 mL悬浮液推注完毕,最后冲注5 mL 0.9%的氯化钠注射液,观察造影剂充盈情况。当造影剂充盈稳定时,手动触发MCE模式下高机械指数脉冲“爆破”,将心肌造影剂微气泡迅速清除后重新充盈,观察并顺序采集、存储心尖三切面“爆破”前5个心动周期及“爆破”后15个心动周期的图像[14]。
1.3. 图像分析
2名经验丰富的超声科医师使用左室壁17节段划分法[15](图1),对存储图像进行独立的定性及半定量分析。评估结果若不一致,由第3位主任医师进行再评估。参与评估的医师均不了解患者的冠状动脉造影结果和临床数据等情况。
图1.

左室壁17节段划分与相应供血冠状动脉
Figure 1 The 17-segment division of the left ventricular wall and the corresponding coronary artery
Segment 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17: Left anterior descendant (LAD) blood-supply region; Segment 3, 4, 9, 10, 15: Right coronary artery (RCA) blood-supply region; Segment 5, 6, 11, 12, 16: Left circular branch (LCX) blood-supply region.
1.3.1. MCE定性及半定量分析
定性分析:对采集的心尖三切面造影图像依次进行目测观察,当微气泡被破坏再充盈后,心肌均匀显像被认为是心肌正常灌注,反之微气泡显像不均匀或缺失则代表异常灌注(心肌缺血)。半定量评分:灌注缺损或无灌注计3分,不均匀灌注计2分,均匀灌注计1分[16](图2)。
图2.

某患者MCE半定量分析图
Figure 2 Semi-quantitative analysis diagram of a patient’s MCE
A: Uniform perfusion; B: Uneven perfusion; C: Perfusion defect.
1.3.2. MCE定量分析
将造影存储图像导入专业分析软件,心室收缩末期在各心肌节段圈画感兴趣区进行取样,软件自动生成充盈时间-强度曲线,然后将其拟合为一次负指数函数Y(t)=A(1-e- βt )+C,其中A反映造影剂平台期信号强度或微血管横截面面积,代表心肌血容量;β反映曲线斜率,代表心肌血流速度;A×β反映心肌血容量和血流速度的乘积,代表心肌血流量[17](图3)。
图3.

某患者MCE定量分析曲线
Figure 3 MCE quantitative analysis curve of a patient
1.3.3. 2D-STI定量分析
将心尖三切面常规二维图像依次导入分析软件,软件自动绘制出左室心内膜边界,并将左室壁分为基底部、中间部和心尖部3个部分。手动调整这些心内膜边界宽度,使其边缘刚好与心肌边缘重合,得到每个心肌节段的心肌纵向应变值(longitudinal strain,LS)(图4)。
图4.

某患者2D-STI纵向应变曲线
Figure 4 2D-STI longitudinal strain curve of a patient
1.3.4. 室壁运动分析
根据美国超声心动图学会标准,对左室壁17个心肌节段使用半定量评分系统进行评估:室壁正常运动计1分,运动减弱计2分,无运动计3分,矛盾运动计4分,室壁瘤形成计5分[18]。术后若运动评分减少≥1则认为此心肌节段室壁运动恢复[19]。
1.4. 患者分组及检查流程
根据PCI术前MCE半定量分析结果,将冠心病患者置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段分为A0组(灌注均匀)、B0组(灌注不均匀)和C0组(灌注缺损)3组;根据PCI术后1个月的MCE半定量分析结果,将置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段分为A1组(灌注均匀)、B1组(灌注不均匀)和C1组(灌注缺损)3组。
患者分别在PCI术前及术后第1天行MCE检查(图5),比较A0、B0、C0组患者术前术后心肌节段A、β、A×β值,评估PCI术后灌注是否有改善。
图5.
某患者心尖三腔心切面术前与术后第1天的MCE图像
Figure 5 MCE images of a patient’s apical three-chamber view before and the 1st day after PCI
A: Before PCI; B: 1st day after PCI.
于PCI术前及术后1个月行常规二维超声及2D-STI检查,比较所有患者PCI术后1个月与术前左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及A1、B1、C1组心肌节段LS的改变,评估PCI术后1个月左心室收缩功能是否有改善,不同灌注心肌收缩功能恢复情况是否有差异。
分析置入支架的冠状动脉支配的有异常运动的心肌节段在PCI术后1个月的恢复情况,将术后MCE半定量评分≤2的心肌节段定义为室壁运动可恢复,评估术后MCE半定量评分≤2时预测室壁运动恢复的敏感性及特异性。
1.5. 统计学处理
采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件分析数据,计量资料均符合正态分布,以均数±标准差( ±s)表示,2组(术前与术后第1天、术前与术后1个月)比较采用配对t检验,3组(A0组、B0组、C0组;A1组、B1组、C1组)比较采用单因素方差分析;率的比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. 一般资料
在20例冠心病患者中,男15例,女5例,年龄41~74(60.7±9.3)岁,其中高血压、高血脂、糖尿病及吸烟患者分别为11、8、5、8例。所有患者均成功完成PCI,均按流程完成检查,未出现不良反应。20例患者中13人置入1枚支架,其中左前降支(left anterior descending,LAD)8人,左回旋支(left circumflex branch,LCX)3人,右冠状动脉(right coronary artery,RCA)2人;5人置入2枚支架,其中LAD+LCX 2人,LAD+RCA 3人;2人置入3枚支架,均为LAD+LCX+RCA。共置入支架29枚,其中LAD 15枚,LCX 7枚,RCA 7枚。
2.2. 术前与术后第1天心肌灌注参数比较
排除伪像、衰减等干扰,术前置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段共105个,其中A0组节段23个(21.9%),B0组节段28个(26.7%),C0组节段54个(51.4%)。与PCI术前比较,A0组、B0组及C0组术后1天MCE定量值A、β、A×β均有改善(均P<0.05);随着灌注程度的减少,术后第1天A0、B0、C0 3组A逐渐减少(均P<0.05),β逐渐减慢(均P<0.05),A×β逐渐减少(均P<0.05,表1)。
表1.
冠心病患者PCI术前与术后第1天心肌灌注参数比较
Table 1 Comparison of myocardial perfusion parameters in patients with coronary heart disease before PCI and the 1st day after PCI
| 组别 | A/dB | β/s-1 | A×β/(dB·s-1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 术前 | 术后第1天 | 术前 | 术后第1天 | 术前 | 术后第1天 | |||
| A0组 | 5.89±0.95 | 6.73±1.04* | 0.58±0.10 | 0.69±0.08* | 3.51±1.04 | 4.69±0.96* | ||
| B0组 | 4.38±0.62 | 5.82±0.89*† | 0.45±0.09 | 0.60±0.10*† | 2.01±0.66 | 3.51±0.90*† | ||
| C0组 | 2.63±0.83 | 3.96±0.88*†‡ | 0.27±0.11 | 0.40±0.12*†‡ | 0.75±0.52 | 1.69±0.78*†‡ | ||
A:造影剂平台期信号强度;β:曲线斜率;A×β:心肌血流量。与术前比较,*P<0.05;与A0组比较,†P<0.05;与B0组比较,‡P<0.05。
2.3. 术前与术后1个月心肌收缩功能改变
2.3.1. 常规二维超声测量值比较
与术前比较,20例患者术后1个月LVEF明显改善(56.11%±5.64% vs 61.11%±4.44%,P<0.05)。
2.3.2. 心肌LS改变
置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段共有155个,其中A1组64个(41.3%),B1组63个(40.6%),C1组28个(18.1%)。与术前比较,A1、B1、C1 3组术后1个月LS均有改善(均P<0.05);随着心肌灌注量的减少,术后1个月A1、B1、C1组LS绝对值逐渐降低(均P<0.05),A1、B1、C1组术前与术后1个月LS差值也逐渐降低(均P<0.05,表2)。
表2.
冠心病患者PCI术前与术后1个月心肌收缩功能改变
Table 2 Changes of myocardial systolic function before PCI and 1 month after PCI in patients with coronary heart disease
| 组别 | LS/% | ΔLS/% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 术前 | 术后1个月 | ||
| A1组 | -12.25±2.28 | -16.95±2.89* | 4.70±2.64 |
| B1组 | -10.54±2.27 | -13.78±2.71* | 3.24±1.64† |
| C1组 | -7.79±2.18 | -8.86±2.45* | 1.07±1.51†‡ |
LS:心肌纵向应变值。与术前相比,*P<0.05;与A1组比较,†P<0.05;与B1组比较,‡P<0.05。
2.4. 心肌灌注半定量分析预测左室室壁运动恢复
根据室壁运动评分,置入支架的冠状动脉支配的心肌节段术前室壁运动异常的有90个,其中有54个心肌节段术后1个月运动恢复。结合MCE半定量分析,28个灌注均匀(1分)的心肌节段中有23个室壁运动恢复,41个灌注不均匀(2分)的心肌节段有27个室壁运动恢复,21个灌注缺损(3分)的心肌节段有4个室壁运动恢复。MCE半定量评分≤2评估室壁运动的敏感性、特异性分别为93%和53%。
3. 讨 论
冠心病患者的再灌注治疗目的不是单纯地恢复冠状动脉血流,而是对有坏死风险的心肌进行完全和持续的再灌注[20]。血管再通术后即使冠状动脉造影检查显示冠状动脉大血管已无狭窄,仍有30%的患者心肌缺乏再灌注[4, 21],“无再流”心肌区域可能是由于微血管破裂、血栓栓塞碎片堵塞或内皮和心肌细胞水肿而形成的[22],可导致患者的心肌功能不能恢复至常态,从而发生心血管不良事件[23]。影响患者症状和预后的关键是整个冠状动脉循环(包括微循环[24])的结构和功能。斑点追踪技术是评价心肌缺血[25]和存活心肌[26]的重要工具之一,易于在床旁使用,且数字软件的发展及超声技术的改进使斑点追踪技术在进行心肌缺血和风险评估、PCI术后评价及抗缺血药物效应测试等方面取得了优异的成果。而MCE的灌注评估可提供灌注区域、侧支循环、梗死面积、心肌存活率和再灌注成功率等信息[27]。在某些情况下,进行MCE检查只需要评估是否存在完整的微血管,如可通过定量测量灌注微血管单位的数量(血容量)和通过这些微血管单位的血流速率两个参数来评估心肌梗死再灌注治疗的疗效或心肌存活率。当使用高机械指数超声波时,微循环造影剂微气泡的完整性将被破坏,再现一个从无到有的过程,这时可评估微气泡再充盈的速率和程度,分别反映微血管血流速度和血容量。以往的研究[28-30]建议将评估微血管完整性的最佳时间定为术后12至24 h。因此,在本研究中,MCE均在PCI术后24 h内进行。结果显示:A0、B0、C0组心肌节段术后第1天心肌灌注各项指标均改善,说明PCI对改善冠心病患者缺血心肌血运状况有良好的疗效,术前即使是存在灌注缺损心肌也并不代表心肌微循环完全破坏,一旦恢复大冠状动脉血流供应,其循环便能重新维持以保障心肌细胞的结构与功能;但C0组术后心肌灌注不能达到A0、B0组的水平,这可能是由于长期严重的缺血导致不可逆的微循环损害,C0组存在较多微循环坏死或再灌注损伤等原因所致,而如果微循环未恢复,心肌功能则无法完全恢复,将会导致更多的心脏不良事件发生。因此,冠心病患者应尽早完成再灌注,防止微循环不可逆破坏及心肌坏死。
研究表明:在患者行血管再通术后,心肌灌注水平会很快恢复,但心肌收缩功能的改善需要一个过程[31-32],有些患者完全恢复甚至需要6个月[33]。本研究比较术前与术后1个月的左室收缩功能指标LS,结果显示:与术前比较,A1、B1、C1组术后1个月LS均有改善,说明不同灌注状态下心肌1个月内收缩功能均在恢复。但C1组术前与术后1个月的LS差值明显低于A1、B1组,提示随着心肌灌注的减少,心肌室壁的LS差值随之降低,心肌收缩功能改善度也变少。这表明心肌灌注量与心肌收缩功能恢复及LS值有密切联系,灌注量越多,心肌收缩功能恢复得越快越好。有学者认为术后心肌仍然灌注缺损代表心肌坏死,心肌收缩功能不可恢复。但本研究中C1组心肌收缩功能也有改善,原因可能是侧支循环建立、图像质量问题(MCE定性分析主观性较强,有伪像、透声条件等干扰)和药物作用等。
由于心肌灌注水平与心肌收缩功能紧密相关,本研究应用左室壁运动半定量分析,以术后1个月左室壁运动恢复为标准,评估MCE半定量分析对心肌节段运动恢复的预测能力,得出敏感性和特异性分别为93%和53%,与以往的研究[34]结果相似。
综上,MCE及2D-STI可评估冠心病患者PCI术后心肌微循环灌注与收缩功能的改善情况,为临床评估PCI术后疗效提供了借鉴。随着术后心肌灌注水平的降低,心肌收缩功能恢复程度减弱;MCE半定量分析可有效预测室壁运动恢复的能力。
基金资助
湖南省卫生和计划生育委员会项目(C2017006)。
This work was supported by the Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Hunan Province, China (C2017006).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2021111233.pdf
参考文献
- 1. Abdallah MS, Wang KJ, Magnuson EA, et al. Quality of life after PCI vs CABG among patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2013, 310(15): 1581-1590. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics―2018 update: a report from the American heart association[J/OL]. Circulation, 2018, 137(12): e67-e492 [2020-01-22]. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Keulards DCJ, Karamasis GV, Alsanjari O, et al. Recovery of absolute coronary blood flow and microvascular resistance after chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: an exploratory study[J/OL]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2020, 9(9): e015669 [2020-06-12]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428549/. 10.1161/JAHA.119.015669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Ito H, Tomooka T, Sakai N, et al. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis. A predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation, 1992, 85(5): 1699-1705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Inoue K, Smulyan H, Mookherjee S, et al. Ultrasonic measurement of left ventricular wall motion in acute myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation, 1971, 43(6): 778-785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Heimdal A, Støylen A, Torp H, et al. Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1998, 11(11): 1013-1019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Kaufmann BA, Wei K, Lindner JR. Contrast echocardiography[J]. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2007, 32(2): 51-96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Reant P, Labrousse L, Lafitte S, et al. Experimental validation of circumferential, longitudinal, and radial 2-dimensional strain during dobutamine stress echocardiography in ischemic conditions[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008, 51(2): 149-157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Bhattacharyya S, Chehab O, Khattar R, et al. Stress echocardiography in clinical practice: a united kingdom national health service survey on behalf of the British society of echocardiography[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 15(2): 158-163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Galiuto L, Locorotondo G, Paraggio L, et al. Characterization of microvascular and myocardial damage within perfusion defect area at myocardial contrast echocardiography in the subacute phase of myocardial infarction[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2012, 13(2): 174-180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 18(11): 1205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Dorbala S, Vangala D, Bruyere J, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is related to abnormalities in myocardial structure and function in cardiac amyloidosis[J]. JACC Heart Fail, 2014, 2(4): 358-367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Feher A, Sinusas AJ. Quantitative assessment of coronary microvascular function: dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, tomographycomputed, and magnetic resonance imaging[J/OL]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 10(8): e006427 [2019-05-13]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678979/. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006427. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. 中华医学会超声医学分会超声心动图学组 . 中国心血管超声造影检查专家共识[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2016, 25(4): 277-293. [Google Scholar]; Ultrasonic Cardiology Group, Ultrasonic Medicine Branch, Chinese Medical Association . Expert consensus on cardiovascular contrast-enhanced ultrasound in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Ultrasonography, 2016, 25(4): 277-293. [Google Scholar]
- 15. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, et al. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart[J]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 2002, 4(2): 203-210. [Google Scholar]
- 16. Abdelmoneim SS, Martinez MW, Mankad SV, et al. Resting qualitative and quantitative myocardial contrast echo-cardiography to predict cardiac events in patients with acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous revascularization[J]. Heart Vessels, 2015, 30(1): 45-55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Eskandari M, Monaghan M. Contrast echocardiography in daily clinical practice[J]. Herz, 2017, 42(3): 271-278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. 李东野, 常超, 夏勇, 等. 负荷超声结合心肌背向散射对比负荷核素检查评价存活心肌的研究[J]. 中国超声医学杂志, 2005, 21(5): 340-344. [Google Scholar]; LI Dongye, CHANG Chao, XIA Yong, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography combined with integrated backscatter for evaluating viable myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease: A comparison with nitroglycerin mediated stress 99mTc single photon emission computorized tomography[J]. Chinese Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2005, 21(5): 340-344. [Google Scholar]
- 19. Lee HH, Dávila-Román VG, Ludbrook PA, et al. Dependency of contractile reserve on myocardial blood flow: Implications for the assessment of myocardial viability with dobutamine stress echocardiography[J]. Circulation, 1997, 96(9): 2884-2891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20. Pi SF, Liu YW, Li T, et al. Effect of sequential nicorandil on myocardial microcirculation and short-term prognosis in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing coronary intervention[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2019, 11(3): 744-752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow’ phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation, 1996, 93(2): 223-228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. Doherty DJ, Sykes R, Mangion K, et al. Predictors of microvascular reperfusion after myocardial infarction[J]. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2021, 23(3): 21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23. Taniyama Y, Ito H, Morishita R, et al. Potential of microvascular reperfusion with adjunctive pharmacological intervention: its impact on myocardial perfusion and functional outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J]. Drugs, 2001, 61(4): 437-441. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Gibson CM. Has my patient achieved adequate myocardial reperfusion?[J]. Circulation, 2003, 108(5): 504-507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Leischik R, Dworrak B, Littwitz H, et al. Prognostic significance of exercise stress echocardiography in 3329 outpatients (5-year longitudinal study)[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2007, 119(3): 297-305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Liu K, Wang Y, Hao Q, et al. Evaluation of myocardial viability in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Layer-specific analysis of 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(3): e13959 [2020-06-23]. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc1078. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: recommendation by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) 2017[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 18(11): 1205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. Villanueva FS, Camarano G, Ismail S, et al. Coronary reserve abnormalities in the infarcted myocardium. Assessment of myocardial viability immediately versus late after reflow by contrast echocardiography[J]. Circulation, 1996, 94(4): 748-754. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Badano LP, Werren M, di Chiara A, et al. Contrast echocardiographic evaluation of early changes in myocardial perfusion after recanalization therapy in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction and their relation with early contractile recovery[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 91(5): 532-537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30. Abdelmoneim SS, Martinez MW, Mankad SV, et al. Resting qualitative and quantitative myocardial contrast echocardiography to predict cardiac events in patients with acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous revascularization[J]. Heart Vessels, 2015, 30(1): 45-55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31. Erbel R, Pop T, Henrichs KJ, et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty after thrombolytic therapy: a prospective controlled randomized trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1986, 8(3): 485-495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32. 王玉, 朱文玲. 声学密度定量技术在急性心肌梗塞早期预测再灌注心肌的存活[J]. 中国超声医学杂志, 2000, 16(11): 838-841. [Google Scholar]; WANG Yu, ZHU Wenling. Early prediction of myocardial viability in acute myocardial infarction[J]. Chinese Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2000, 16(11): 838-841. [Google Scholar]
- 33. Schmidt WG, Sheehan FH, von Essen R, et al. Evolution of left ventricular function after intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1989, 63(9): 497-502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34. Senior R, Moreo A, Gaibazzi N, et al. Comparison of sulfur hexafluoride microbubble (SonoVue)-enhanced myocardial contrast echocardiography with gated single-photon emission computed tomography for detection of significant coronary artery disease: a large European multicenter study[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 62(15): 1353-1361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

