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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Nov 28;46(11):1241–1250. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200907

特发性颅内压增高的临床与影像学特征

Clinical and imaging features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

WANG Zhiqin 1,2,2, YANG Jinxia 1,2, LIAO Xinxin 1,2, XIE Nina 1,2, LUO Mengchuan 1,2, TIAN Yun 1,2, YAO Lingyan 1,2, HU Yacen 1,2, YI Fang 1,2, ZHOU Yafang 1,2, ZHOU Lin 1,2, XU Hongwei 1,2, SUN Qiying 1,2,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10929852  PMID: 34911859

Abstract

Objective

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome that excludes secondary causes such as intracranial space-occupying lesion, hydrocephalus, cerebrovascular disease, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. If not be treated promptly and effectively, IIH can cause severe, permanent vision disability and intractable, disabling headache. This study aims to explore the clinical and image features for IIH, to help clinicians to understand this disease, increase the diagnose rate, and improve the outcomes of patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 15 cases of IIH that were admitted to Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, during January 2015 to September 2020. The diagnosis of IIH was based on the updated modified Dandy criteria. We analyzed clinical data of patients and did statistical analysis, including age, gender, height, weight, medical history, physical examination, auxiliary examination, treatment and outcome.

Results

There were 10 females and 5 males. Female patients were 22 to 42 years old with median age of 39.5. Male patients were 27 to 52 years old with the median age of 44.0. The BMI was 24.14-34.17 (28.71±2.97) kg/m2. All patients had a BMI above the normal range (≥24 kg/m2), among them 10 cases (66.7%) were obese, and 5 cases (33.3%) were overweight. Eleven cases (73.3%) had headache, and 8 cases (53.3%) had persistent visual loss of different severity. Other symptoms included paroxysmal amaurosis (2 cases), tinnitus (3 cases), horizontal diplopia (2 cases), unilateral peripheral facial paralysis (2 cases), and unilateral blepharoptosis (1 case). Iron-deficiency anemia was found in 3 patients. One of them fully recovered from IIH after the correction of anemia. Other comorbidities included hypertension (8 cases) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (1 case). Fourteen patients assessed blood lipid profile, and all of them had abnormity. Nervous system signs included cervical rigidity (2 cases), limited abduction of eyeball (6 cases), peripheral facial paralysis (2 cases), and blepharoptosis (1 case). Cerebral spinal fluids of all patients had normal cell count, chemical component, Gram's stain, acid-fast stain, and India ink stain. Typical image signs suggesting that IIH could be seen in some patients, including empty sella (5 cases, 33.3%) or partially empty sella (4 cases, 26.7%), distension of perioptic subarachnoid space (3 cases, 20%), flattening of the posterior sclera (5 cases, 33.3%), intraocular protrusion of the optic papilla (7 cases, 46.7%), and enhancement of the optic papilla (2 cases, 13.3%). Ophthalmic exam showed all patients had bilateral papilledema. After diagnosed as IIH, all patients received individualized dehydration treatment to reduce the intracranial hypertension. Three patients received the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation. Most patients had good outcome after treatment. For 2 patients, visual impairment was poorly recovered.

Conclusion

IIH primarily affects women of childbearing age who are overweight. The major hazard of IIH is the severe and permanent visual loss. Typical image signs have high specificity in IIH diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are significantly important to improve the outcomes of patients.

Keywords: idiopathic intracranial hypertension, obesity, iron-deficiency anemia, neuroimaging, ocular fundus examination


特发性颅内压增高(idiopathic intracranial hypertension,IIH)又称假脑瘤(pseudotumor cerebri),是排除颅内占位性病变、脑积水、脑血管病、缺血缺氧等继发性病因后的一种颅内压增高综合征,好发于肥胖的育龄女性[1-2]。临床主要表现为头痛、短暂性视物模糊、搏动性耳鸣、视力下降或丧失等[1]。该病既往又称“良性颅内压增高”。值得注意的是,如未得到及时、有效的诊治,IIH可能导致严重的永久性视力障碍,以及难以治疗的致残性头痛。因此不应将该病视作一种“良性”疾病[3]。本研究通过对15例IIH患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合国内外相关文献总结IIH的临床与影像学特征,旨在提高临床医师对本病的认识,减少临床漏诊,改善患者的预后。

1. 对象与方法

1.1. 对象

回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院2015年1月至2020年9月收治的15例IIH患者。IIH的诊断依据修订版Dandy标准[2],需满足以下所有条件:1)具备颅内压增高的症状及体征(如头痛、短暂性视物模糊、搏动性耳鸣、视乳头水肿、视力下降或丧失);2)无其他神经功能异常或意识水平受损;3)颅内压增高 (>250 mmH2O,1 mmH2O=0.098 kPa)但脑脊液成分无异常;4)神经影像学未显示导致颅内压增高的病因;5)不存在其他明显导致颅内压增高的原因。15例患者的临床资料见表1。本研究已经中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会审批(审批号:202012233)。

表1.

病例小结

Table 1 Summary for 15 cases

患者编号 性别 年龄/岁

BMI/

(kg·m-2)

头痛 视力 耳鸣 发病至首次腰椎 穿刺(确诊)时间间隔 脑膜刺激征
1 22 34.17 正常 7 d 颈强直(+)
2 38 30.04 右眼光感,左眼无光感 43 d
3 39 28.76 (下降)左:0.2,右:0.4 1月余 颈强直(+)
4 41 28.58 正常 14 d
5 42 24.14 (下降)左:0.8,右:手动/0.3 m 约6个月
6 42 30.30 视力下降 3 d
7 27 32.66 左:1.2,右:0.8 约2个月
8 49 24.77 正常 4 d
9 26 29.14 (下降)左:0.8,右:0.6 14 d
10 38 31.24 阵发性视物模糊,发作间期视力正常 半年余
11 40 25.20 视力下降 1个月
12 42 25.91 阵发性视物模糊,发作间期视力正常 3月余
13 30 30.57 左:手动/0.2 m,右:近视-1.00 D 约2个月
14 44 26.12 左:0.9,右:1.2 2个月
15 52 29.07 左:手动,右:0.3 4月余
患者编号 展神经麻痹 视乳头水肿 贫血 最高颅内压/mmH2O 治疗方案 病情转归
1 310 M、F 症状好转
2 左眼外展受限 >500 M、F、VPS、纠正贫血 视力无好转,其他症状好转
3 双眼外展受限 >500 M、F、纠正贫血 视力等症状均好转
4 300 F 症状好转
5 双眼外展受限 540 M、F、纠正贫血(拒VPS) 失访
6 双眼外展受限 400 M、F、VPS 视力等症状均好转
7 左眼外展受限 340 M、F 症状好转
8 380 M、F 症状好转
9 右眼外展受限 350 M、F、Me 视力等症状均好转
10 350 F 阵发性视物模糊好转
11 500 M、F、Fu 头痛好转,视力稳定
12 450 M、F、Fu、Me 阵发性视物模糊好转
13 500 M、F、Me 视力稳定
14 290 F 头痛好转
15 400 M、F、VPS 头痛好转,右眼视力较前 稍好转,左眼无好转

M:甘露醇(mannitol);Me:醋甲唑胺(methazolamide);F:甘油果糖(glycerol fructose);Fu:呋塞米(furosemide);VPS:脑室腹腔分流术(ventriculo-peritoneal shunt)。1 mmH2O=0.098 kPa。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 一般资料的采集

收集患者的年龄、性别、身高、体重等一般资料。超重或肥胖的诊断依据体重指数(body mass index,BMI)。BMI≥28.0 kg/m2为肥胖,24.0 kg/m2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2为超重,18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2为正常体重范围[4]

1.2.2. 病史、体格检查资料的采集

采集病史、体格检查资料,重点分析以下项目:1)患者颅内压增高的症状;2)发病至确诊的时间间隔;3)合并症情况;4)神经系统体征。

1.2.3. 血液生化指标的采集

整理患者血常规、血尿酸、血脂、空腹血糖、凝血功能等指标。

贫血的诊断标准[5]:成年男性血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)<120 g/L,成年女性Hb<110 g/L,孕妇Hb<100 g/L。贫血程度的划分[5]:轻度贫血 Hb≥90 g/L,中度贫血Hb 60~89 g/L,重度贫血Hb 30~59 g/L,极重度贫血Hb<30 g/L。

血尿酸水平超过420 μmol/L定义为尿酸升高[6]。总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)≥5.2 mmol/L定义为TC异常,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)≥3.4 mmol/L定义为LDL-C异常,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)<1.0 mmol/L定义为HDL-C降低,三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)≥1.7 mmol/L定义为TG异常[7]

1.2.4. 腰椎穿刺、神经影像学和眼科检查资料的采集

腰椎穿刺检查包括脑脊液压力及脑脊液检验。脑脊液检验包括脑脊液常规检查、生化检查、革兰氏染色、抗酸染色、墨汁染色等。

神经影像学检查:所有患者均行头部MR。采集患者头部MR图像中提示IIH的典型影像学征象,包括空蝶鞍或部分空蝶鞍、视神经周围蛛网膜下隙增宽、眼球后部变平、视乳头突出、增强扫描后视乳头强化等。空蝶鞍:脑脊液占据绝大部分蝶鞍[8]。部分空蝶鞍:脑脊液占据>50%蝶鞍高度,垂体凹面向上[8]。视神经周围蛛网膜下隙增宽:下隙宽度大于 2 mm[8]。眼球后部变平:眼球后部(视神经附着处周围)弧度变直,正常情况下该处弧度外凸[8-9]。视乳头突出:视神经附着眼球处向玻璃体腔内凸起[8-9]。正常情况下视神经附着眼球处(即视乳头)在注射钆剂后无强化,出现强化信号则为异常[8-9]

所有患者均接受颅内静脉系统主要结构的评估,其中9例行CT静脉成像(computed tomography venography,CTV),6例行磁共振静脉成像(magnetic resonance venography,MRV)。

所有患者均行视力检查和至少1项眼底检查,后者包括检眼镜、裂隙灯、眼底彩照和光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)。

1.2.5. 治疗方案和病情转归资料的采集

治疗方案的资料主要包括:患者使用的药物,是否行脑室腹腔分流术(ventriculo-peritoneal shunt,VPS)等。病情转归资料主要包括:经治疗后患者主要症状改变的情况,症状是否复发,贫血患者Hb改变的情况等。

2. 结 果

2.1. 一般资料

15例患者中女性10例(66.7%),男性5例(33.3%)。女性患者年龄22~42(中位年龄39.5)岁,男性患者年龄27~52(中位年龄44.0岁)。患者BMI为24.14~34.17(28.71±2.97) kg/m2。15例患者BMI均超过正常范围,其中肥胖10例(66.7%),超重5例(33.3%)。女性肥胖7例,超重3例;男性肥胖3例,超重2例(表1)。

2.2. 病史特点

11例(73.3%)患者有头痛症状。8例(53.3%)患者出现不同程度的视力下降。病情高峰时视力从尚保留(如患者9:左0.8,右0.6)到几乎完全失明(如患者2:右眼光感,左眼无光感)。2例患者有发作性黑矇。3例患者有耳鸣症状。2例患者有水平复视症状。发病至首次腰椎穿刺和/或确诊时间间隔:5例(33.3%)患者为发病14 d内,6例(40%)、2例(13.3%)、2例(13.3%)患者分别为1~2个月、3~5个月、6个月以上。合并症:8例患者合并高血压,1例患者合并多囊卵巢综合征。其他合并症见2.4(表1)。

2.3. 神经系统体征

2例患者颈强直。3例有双眼外展受限,3例单眼外展受限。1例患者有单侧周围性面瘫,另1例患者有单侧眼睑下垂、下视受限、同侧周围性面瘫(表1)。

2.4. 血液生化指标

3例患者合并缺铁性贫血,均为女性。其中2例(患者2、3)为中度贫血,1例(患者5)为轻度贫血。患者2伴血小板计数轻度升高(417×109/L)。3例患者血尿酸升高。14例患者进行了血脂检测,均有1项或多项血脂异常,其中TC异常3例,LDL-C异常6例,HDL-C降低10例,TG异常9例。所有患者空腹血糖、凝血功能均正常。

2.5. 腰椎穿刺检查

脑脊液压力(多次穿刺者计最高值)≥500 mmH2O者5例,400~450 mmH2O者3例,350~390 mmH2O者3例,300~340 mmH2O者3例,290 mmH2O者1例(表1)。

脑脊液检验:所有患者常规检查、生化检查、革兰氏染色、抗酸染色、墨汁染色等均正常。

2.6. 神经影像学

头部MR:5例(33.3%)空蝶鞍(图1A、图2),4例(26.7%)部分空蝶鞍,3例(20%)视神经周围蛛网膜下隙增宽(图1B),5例(33.3%)眼球后部变平(图1B1C),7例(46.7%)视乳头突出(图2),2例(13.3%)增强扫描后视乳头强化(图1D)。

图1.

图1

提示IIHMR征象

Figure 1 MR abnormalities suggesting IIH

A: Empty sella; B: Distension of perioptic subarachnoid space (white arrows) and flattening of the posterior sclera (black arrows); C: Flattening of the posterior sclera; D: Enhancement (with gadolinium) of the optic papilla.

图2.

图2

视乳头突出(黑色箭头)及空蝶鞍(白色箭头)

Figure 2 Intraocular protrusion of the optic papilla (black arrows) and empty sella (white arrow)

图5.

图5

典型光学相干断层扫描图

Figure 5 Typical optical coherence tomography images

A: Left eye; B: Right eye. Red circles show partial break in the out-layer light band of bilateral macula lutea area (patient 3).

CTV或MRV:8例患者未见明显异常。1例提示上矢状窦后份、右侧横窦、双侧乙状窦局部显影欠佳,随后行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)检查排除颅内静脉窦血栓。1例提示上矢状窦末端浅淡细小显影;另5例提示单侧(3例)或双侧(2例)横窦纤细或显影欠佳,其中4例伴单侧(2例)或双侧(2例)乙状窦纤细或显影欠佳(图3)。结合影像学及正常的D-二聚体水平,上述6例均排除了颅内静脉窦血栓。

图3.

图3

2例患者CTV影像

Figure 3 CTV images of 2 patients

A, B: Posterior (A) and left lateral view (B) of CTV images of an IIH patient. Figures show the narrowing of left side of transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus (white arrows). C, D: Anterior view (C) and left lateral posterior view (D) of CTV images of an IIH patient. The right side of transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus are dominant. Stenosis (white arrows) is seen on the junction of left transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus.

2.7. 眼科检查

所有患者均有双侧视乳头水肿,部分视盘旁可见出血及渗出,黄斑区可见星芒状渗出(图4)。部分患者OCT见黄斑区外层光带局部中断(图5)。

图4.

图4

典型眼底图像

Figure 4 Typical fundus photograph

A: Right eye; B: Left eye. Fundus photographs of patient 2 show bilateral papilledema. Patchy hemorrhage and exudation can be seen around the optic disks. Red arrows show star-like exudation in the bilateral macula lutea.

2.8. 治疗方案

所有患者确诊后均接受个体化脱水降颅压治疗(表1)。治疗药物包括静脉使用20%甘露醇、甘油果糖(每250 mL含有甘油25.0 g、果糖12.5 g)、呋塞米及口服醋甲唑胺等。缺铁性贫血患者予以铁剂、维生素C治疗。患者2和患者15双眼视力损害严重;患者6于1年余病程内头痛反复发作,视力进行性下降。上述3例患者均行VPS治疗。患者5右眼视力下降明显(手动/0.3 m),脑脊液压力540 mmH2O,建议VPS治疗,但该患者拒绝。

2.9. 病情转归

患者2行VPS等治疗后,左动眼神经麻痹、左侧周围性面瘫症状好转,但双眼视力尚无明显改善。患者6行VPS等治疗后,视力、头痛等均改善,已随访3年无复发。患者15行VPS等治疗后,头痛明显好转,右眼视力较前稍好转,左眼无明显好转。患者3予甘露醇+甘油果糖(住院期间)、纠正贫血(住院及出院期间,共1月余)治疗后,视力、头痛等均改善,复查血红蛋白119 g/L(治疗前最低84 g/L),停用脱水药后复查脑脊液压力,为210 mmH2O(治疗前脑脊液压力最高达到500 mmH2O)。该患者已随访19个月无复发。患者1、4、7、8、9、10、12、14经脱水降颅压等治疗后症状均好转,随访1月余~5年(因发病时间不同)无复发。患者11、13经治疗后,视力维持稳定。患者5失访。

3. 讨 论

作为一种可能导致严重永久性视力障碍及难治性致残性头痛的疾病,IIH需得到临床医师的重视。IIH的年发病率为0.5/10万~2.0/10万[1]。肥胖是目前明确的IIH风险因素[1]。随着人群肥胖率的上升,IIH的发病率也在逐渐升高[10]。肥胖的育龄(15~44岁)女性IIH发病率最高,为8/10万~20/10万[1, 11]。本研究中的所有患者均为肥胖或超重,以女性患者为主(10/15)。值得注意的是,无论是我国还是西方国家,人群肥胖率均呈明显上升、年轻化趋势[12-13]。因此我国的IIH的发病特征可能也将呈现相应的趋势。本研究中有4例30岁或以下发病的患者,均为肥胖,BMI为(31.64±2.22) kg/m2

除了肥胖,其他多种因素也被报道与IIH有关,包括药物(生长激素、四环素类抗生素、维生素A类药物、甲状腺激素类药物)、多种疾病(肾上腺皮质功能减退症、贫血、睡眠呼吸暂停、系统性红斑狼疮、白塞病、多囊卵巢综合征、凝血功能障碍、尿毒症、维生素A缺乏症等)及药物停用[1, 14-15]。上述大多数因素与IIH的关联仍不甚确切,且多数IIH病例没有上述因素。在本研究中,3例患者合并缺铁性贫血。患者3经降颅压、纠正贫血等治疗后恢复良好,提示该患者缺铁性贫血与IIH存在密切的相关性。Mollan等[16]报道77例IIH中8例(10.4%)合并缺铁性贫血。其中7例经单纯纠正贫血治疗,1例行VPS及纠正贫血治疗,均恢复良好。但缺铁性贫血导致IIH的机制仍不清楚。目前主要有以下几种假说:1)缺铁性贫血常伴血小板增多[17],从而可能引起静脉窦血液黏滞度过高,增加静脉窦压力,减慢蛛网膜颗粒重吸收脑脊液的速率,导致颅内压增高[18]。但研究[16, 18]报道许多IIH合并缺铁性贫血的患者不伴血小板增多。2)贫血、组织低氧引起大脑血流动力学改变,增加大脑毛细血管通透性,从而导致颅内压增高[19]。3)铁代谢失衡可能改变脑脊液动力学[16]。上述假说均需进一步加以研究。

神经影像学上有多种征象可以提示IIH,包括空蝶鞍或部分空蝶鞍、视神经周围蛛网膜下隙增宽、眼球后部变平、视乳头突出、眼眶内视神经在垂直方向弯曲变形、增强扫描后视乳头强化等[9]。不同研究报道的上述征象提示IIH的敏感性有所差异,但特异性均较高(一般>80%)[20]。部分空蝶鞍提示IIH的特异性为75%,空蝶鞍提示IIH的特异性达到94.6%[8]。视神经下隙增宽提示IIH的特异性为82.1%~95%[8-9]。眼球后部变平提示IIH的特异性为95%~100%[8-9]。当患者出现头痛、视力下降等症状时,如磁共振出现上述征象且未发现继发性颅内压增高的病因,需考虑IIH的诊断。有学者[21]认为如具备上述影像学征象的一项或多项,则诊断IIH的颅内压标准可以放宽到边缘颅内压增高的水平,即200~250 mmH2O。

本研究中有7例患者MRV或CTV提示部分颅内静脉窦(主要为横窦、乙状窦)显影浅淡或变细,结合影像学及正常的D-二聚体水平,均排除颅内静脉窦血栓,考虑为颅内静脉窦狭窄。研究[22-24]报道IIH患者中颅内静脉窦狭窄较为常见。双侧静脉窦尤其是双侧横窦狭窄被认为是颅内压增高的标志,但该征象非颅内压增高所特有[25-26]。目前,尚未确定颅内静脉窦狭窄是IIH的病因或是结果。一方面,多项研究[27-31]显示VPS能减轻IIH患者的横窦狭窄,提示静脉窦狭窄可能是IIH的结果。另一方面,一些研究[24, 32]显示:部分IIH患者经治疗后颅内压正常,但横窦狭窄仍持续存在;且颅内压升高程度与静脉窦狭窄程度无明显相关性。国内外多项研究[33-37]报道了静脉窦内支架成形术治疗IIH伴静脉窦狭窄,取得了较高的有效率,提示静脉窦狭窄可能是IIH的病因。Puffer等[38]总结了143例接受支架治疗患者的疗效,88%的患者头痛缓解,87%的患者视力得到改善。但目前静脉窦内支架成形术治疗IIH的经验尚有限。另一种可能是,升高的颅内压压迫静脉窦引起狭窄,狭窄的静脉窦进一步加重了颅高压[22]。总之,静脉窦狭窄与IIH的因果关系,以及静脉窦内支架成形术治疗IIH的疗效与安全性,尚需进一步研究。

在本研究中,10例患者在发病后1~6个月方接受首次腰穿并诊断为IIH。其中6例就诊时均有较显著的持续性视力下降。故仍应加强IIH的早期识别与诊断。此外,临床上需警惕急性重型IIH,占IIH的2%~3%[39-40]。本研究中患者2属于该型。该患者以“头痛、视力下降40 d”为主诉入院,起病1个月内视力下降明显,入院前1周左右迅速进展为几乎全盲。与大部分IIH病程早期不累及视力不同[39]。急性重型IIH的特征为:1)从首发症状起,4周内出现严重视力障碍;2)数天内视力障碍迅速加重[39-40]。确诊后积极手术(VPS或视神经鞘开窗术等)是治疗急性重型IIH的关键[39]。在16例接受手术治疗的急性重型IIH中,有14例(87.5%)视力得到不同程度的改善,其中改善显著者的手术时间在神经和眼科评估后数小时至4 d[39]。值得注意的是,有8例(50%)经积极治疗后仍为法定盲(最佳眼矫正视力低于0.1)[39]

本研究的局限性主要为:1)纳入的病例数较少;2)对于颅内静脉窦狭窄的患者,在经治疗颅内压控制良好、症状好转后,未再次复查颅内静脉窦影像。治疗后复查静脉窦影像,有助于进一步探究IIH与静脉窦狭窄的因果关系。

总之,IIH是一种临床相对少见的疾病,其主要危害是可能对患者造成不可逆的严重视力障碍。该病好发于肥胖的育龄女性,具体发病机制尚不明确。随着人群肥胖率的增加,IIH的发病率也呈现升高的趋势。临床医师需提高对该病的认识,当高危人群出现头痛、视力障碍等症状时应及时行眼底检查、头部MR等,必要时完善腰椎穿刺等,以提高早期诊断率。部分患者具有提示IIH的典型影像学征象,对于识别IIH有较高的特异性。对于急性重型IIH或药物疗效欠佳者及时行手术治疗可改善患者的预后。

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ5927)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2020JJ5927).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2021111241.pdf

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