Abstract
心脏瓣膜病是临床上常见的心脏病之一,其主要特征是瓣膜狭窄和/或关闭不全。目前药物治疗、外科手术和新兴的经皮介入治疗是心脏瓣膜病的主要治疗方法。虽然经皮介入治疗器械研发已相对成熟,但术后机械性溶血等问题仍然存在。机械性溶血的发生与红细胞所受的过度剪切应力、红细胞与心脏及瓣膜表面的直接作用和血栓形成等因素相关,并且术后感染和其他溶血性疾病也会造成机械性溶血的发生。虽然大多数患者发生溶血时无症状,但仍有危急重症情况的发生。这种溶血可加速病情的恶化,严重时甚至危及生命。阐述心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的致病机制、流行病学以及相关临床研究进展对于指导该病的规范诊疗具有重要意义。
Keywords: 心脏瓣膜病, 经皮介入治疗, 机械性溶血
Abstract
Valvular heart disease is one of the common heart diseases in clinical practice, characterized by valve stenosis and/or incomplete closure. At present, drug therapy, surgery, and emerging percutaneous intervention therapy are the main treating methods for heart valve disease. Although the research and development of percutaneous intervention therapy devices is relatively mature, there are still problems such as postoperative mechanical hemolysis. The occurrence of mechanical hemolysis is associated with factors such as excessive shear stress experienced by red blood cells, direct interaction between red blood cells and the heart and valve surfaces, and thrombus formation. Furthermore, the presence of postoperative infection and other hemolytic diseases can also affect the occurrence of mechanical hemolysis. Although most patients are asymptomatic when hemolysis occurs, there are still critical cases. This type of hemolysis can accelerate the deterioration of the condition, and even endanger life in severe cases. Therefore, elucidating the background, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and related clinical research progress of mechanical hemolysis after percutaneous intervention therapy for valvular heart disease is of great significance for guiding the standardized diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Keywords: valvular heart disease, percutaneous interventional therapy, mechanical hemolysis
心脏瓣膜病主要包括二尖瓣狭窄、二尖瓣关闭不全、主动脉狭窄以及主动脉关闭不全等多种心血管疾病。在发展中国家,其常见病因是风湿热,但非风湿热所引起的瓣膜病也逐年增多[1]。心脏瓣膜病的主要特征是瓣膜口狭窄和/或关闭不全,这些血液动力学变化可致心脏结构改变和功能失常,最终可演变为心功能不全,引发全身性血液循环障碍[2]。
目前,心脏瓣膜病可通过药物和手术进行治疗。药物治疗主要包括利尿剂、血管扩张剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂等[3-4]。但药物治疗并不能达到根除病因的目的,只能延缓疾病进展[5]。外科手术治疗可通过瓣膜修复或瓣膜置换来实现,但可能因心脏结构异常和各种类型的瓣膜发育不良而使手术复杂化[3],且随着患者年龄增长,再次手术的概率增大,手术风险也将进一步增大。因此,瓣膜修复或置换对于某些特定患者并非最佳选择。
经皮介入手术不仅能提高手术成功率,而且可为一些不适用于其他治疗的患者提供新的治疗方案[5]。心脏瓣膜病愈趋复杂化、年轻化,随着对该病治疗策略的深入了解,经皮介入手术的重要性愈来愈受到重视[6-7]。目前,经皮介入手术通过技术创新不仅可降低术后瓣周漏的风险,也可在一定程度上降低术后脑卒中的风险[5]。但心脏瓣膜病经皮介入术后仍存在许多并发症[8],机械性溶血就是其中之一[9]。
机械性溶血主要由经皮介入术后血流动力学异常和瓣膜结构异常所引起。由于心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后有症状机械性溶血的发生率较低,相比于其他并发症的研究,国内外对机械性溶血的研究较少。但临床上仍存在一些难治性溶血和急性溶血等危重情况发生,心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的诊治不容忽视。本文主要综述心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的诊疗进展。
1. 机械性溶血的发病机制
机械性溶血是经皮介入治疗心脏瓣膜病术后的并发症之一,表现为瓣周漏和异常瓣膜在血液动力学方面的异常表现[9-10]。机械性溶血发生机制主要涉及2个方面,即红细胞所受的过度剪切应力和红细胞与心脏及瓣膜表面的直接作用[11-12]。通常认为在剪切力大的部位,剪切力对红细胞的破坏是机械性溶血的主要原因。当瓣膜内或瓣膜周围存在反流时,机械性溶血的程度主要由剪切力的大小而不是红细胞与瓣膜或心脏的直接作用来决定[13-15];反之,则红细胞膜与心脏和瓣膜之间的直接作用占主导地位[16]。在体外试验中,经皮介入术后溶血主要发生在瓣膜小叶边界和血流停滞区域,这可能与该区域内红细胞受到的剪切力持续时间较长有关[15, 17]。此外,溶血也常发生在介入手术后内皮损伤处和假体表面,这可能与该处容易形成血栓有关[15]。瓣膜的同步关闭程度也会影响机械性溶血的严重程度[14]。机械性溶血的发病机制见图1。
图1.
心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的发病机制
Figure 1 Mechanism of mechanical hemolysis after percutaneous intervention therapy for valvular heart disease
机械性溶血的发生大多为轻度,因此导致的红细胞破坏大多能被骨髓所代偿。虽然这类机械性溶血大多无症状,但它仍是介入治疗后患者护理及预后不可忽略的危险因素。例如,患者若伴有其他引起溶血的疾病如自身免疫性溶血、球形红细胞以及凝血功能障碍等,则更容易导致介入术后机械性溶血的发生[18]。此外,若患者术后发生感染以及术后服用引起溶血的药物如抗凝药等,机械性溶血则可能使患者的病情更为复杂,术后溶血的症状更加严重,甚至出现难治性贫血等危重情况[16]。
机械性溶血在心脏瓣膜外科置换术后发生的概率相对较高,其症状通常可以通过铁疗法或再次手术治疗得到改善[19]。一项对122名经导管主动脉置换术后的患者的研究[18]发现15%的患者出现亚临床溶血。另外,二尖瓣内膜瓣钙化术后发生机械性溶血的概率较其他种类瓣膜病大[20],并且经治疗后是否恢复正常与溶血的程度相关性不大,而与是否将机械性装置取出有关[10, 21]。
2. 机械性溶血的诊断
诊断经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血首先需要排除引起溶血的其他原因。其次可通过全血细胞计数以及溶血生化指标评估进行辅助诊断,包括血红蛋白含量、乳酸脱氢酶、结合珠蛋白、铁蛋白、胆红素、网织红细胞计数和外周血涂片等检测[20, 22]。另外,还可以进行抗球蛋白试验(直接法)等排除自身免疫疾病引起的溶血[16, 22]。机械性溶血较重的患者除生化指标的改变外,往往1周内都会出现溶血的临床症状和体征,这提示可以用临床症状和体征辅助诊断机械性溶血。例如,当患者出现黄疸、血红蛋白尿、贫血等溶血性症状时,应考虑机械性溶血[22],及时给予相应治疗,以达到更好的治疗效果。此外,还可以利用超声心动图等影像学技术辅助诊断。如发现新发的二尖瓣反流、涡流和异物等,可为心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的诊断提供重要的依据以及病因诊断[14]。
3. 机械性溶血的治疗及预后
虽然大多数机械性溶血是亚急性的,但有时会引起严重贫血和肾衰竭。对于轻度症状以及不适用外科手术和经皮介入治疗的患者,可以采用药物治疗以改善症状[11, 23]。可用于改善机械性溶血的药物有促红细胞生成素、普萘洛尔、抗凝药物、抗血小板药物、能够增强骨髓功能的物质和己酮可可碱等[16, 24]。但需注意的是,药物治疗不能根治机械性溶血,只能延缓病情发展[14, 16]。此外,有研究[19]表明输铁剂也可改善机械性溶血。
心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的根治疗法在于解决介入瓣膜所导致的机械性溶血;而机械性溶血的经典治疗就是外科手术,即修复或置换异常的瓣膜[25]。但并非所有患者都适合进行外科手术。对于无意愿或不符合外科手术条件的患者,经皮介入治疗再修复就成为另一种可行途径[26]。目前,经皮介入治疗已成为这类患者的替代方法[27-28]。介入治疗的治疗思路主要是封堵缺漏和替换引起机械性溶血的瓣膜,包括经皮主动脉置换术、经导管二尖瓣置换术和二尖瓣环钙化经导管二尖瓣植入术后瓣旁漏的修补等手术,以此来改善血流状态。目前已有研究[5, 12, 29-32]表明该思路的可行性,临床上有成功治疗严重贫血和肾衰竭患者的案例,并发现瓣周漏封堵后,机械性溶血的生化指标可得到显著改善。由于试验证据和临床资料的有限性,介入治疗的安全性和有效性仍待考察。
当瓣膜内或瓣膜周围反流时,剪切力和血流速度增加,心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的严重程度较高,预后较差[14]。机械性溶血引起的贫血程度也会影响患者的预后[16]。为避免术后机械性溶血的复发以及监测治疗效果,应定期检查患者的铁、叶酸、维生素B12和维生素B6储备水平,并根据相关指标调整用药;应定期检查瓣膜状态,以防突发情况或病情复发;应注意特殊人群的术后预后,如糖尿病、高血压等慢性疾病患者[33-34]。此外,瓣膜的种类和瓣膜叶是否同步关闭也会影响机械性溶血的程度。生物性瓣膜发生溶血的概率低于机械性瓣膜,同步瓣叶运动的瓣膜发生溶血的概率低于不同步的[35]。
4. 结 语
心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后并发机械性溶血,其诊断方法主要依赖于全血细胞计数和溶血生化指标评估。目前治疗方法包括药物治疗和手术治疗,药物治疗仅能改善症状,而无法根治机械性溶血。尽管外科手术置换和修复异常瓣膜能够根除机械性溶血,但难度和病死率较高。经皮介入手术在治疗介入术后机械性溶血方面取得了极大的进展。相对而言,经皮介入治疗的风险较低,且可通过置换异常瓣膜和封堵瓣周漏改善机械性溶血(图2)。未来经皮介入手术将有可能替代外科手术治疗机械性溶血,从而改善介入术后患者的预后。
图2.
心脏瓣膜病经皮介入治疗术后机械性溶血的诊疗及预后总结
Figure 2 Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis progress of mechanical hemolysis after percutaneous intervention therapy for valvular heart disease
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基金资助
国家自然科学基金(81700309)。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81700309).
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作者贡献
奉伟庭 论文构想、撰写、修改;肖宜超 论文指导和修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
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