Abstract
目的
CD4+ T细胞在免疫应答过程中的分化受到由众多分子组成的复杂而精细的信号通路的调控,且调控T-bet表达的分子机制并未阐明。中介体复合物亚基1(mediator complex subunit 1,Med1)与多种辅助因子结合调节基因转录,促进细胞存活和增殖,影响恒定自然杀伤T细胞(invariant natural killer T cell,iNKT)的发育。本研究旨在探讨Med1对T细胞发育及CD4+ T细胞在免疫应答中分化的影响。
方法
构建T细胞特异性敲除Med1基因(KO)小鼠(Med1F/FCD4cre+)并对其进行验证。采用流式细胞术检测KO组和对照(Con)组(Med1F/FCD4cre-)小鼠胸腺、脾和淋巴结中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目;用淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,LCMV)感染小鼠8 d后,检测小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性(GP66+)CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目、Th1细胞(Ly6c+PSGL1+)占CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目、CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞中T-bet的荧光强度。
结果
KO组与Con组小鼠胸腺中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目、脾和淋巴结中CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但KO组脾和淋巴结中CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目较Con组均显著降低(均P<0.05)。感染LCMV后,KO组与Con组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),但KO组Th1细胞占CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目、CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞中T-bet的表达较Con组均显著降低(均P<0.05)。
结论
T细胞中特异性敲除Med1基因不影响胸腺中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的发育,但是影响外周CD8+ T细胞的维持。在免疫应答中Med1基因缺失影响转录因子T-bet的表达,最终导致CD4+ T细胞向Th1细胞分化减少。
Keywords: 中介体复合物亚基1, T细胞发育, 免疫应答, Th1细胞, T-bet
Abstract
Objective
The differentiation of CD4+ T cells is regulated by a complex and fine signaling pathway composed of many molecules during immune response, and the molecular mechanism for regulating T-bet expression is unclear. Mediator complex subunit 1 (Med1) can combine with a variety of co-factors to regulate gene transcription, promote cell proliferation and survival, and affect invariant natural killer T cell (iNKT) development. This study aims to investigate the effect of Med1 on T cell development and CD4+ T cell differentiation in immune response.
Methods
Mice with T cell-specific knockout of Med1 gene (Med1F/FCD4cre+, KO) were constructed and verified. The percentage and number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes of KO mice and control (Con) mice (Med1F/FCD4cre-) were detected by flow cytometry. After 8 days of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the percentage and number of CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific (GP66+) CD4+ T cells, the percentage and number of Th1 cells (Ly6c+PSGL1+) in CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were examined in the spleen of mice. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of T-bet in CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was analyzed.
Results
Compared with the Con group, the percentage and number of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the thymus, CD4+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of the KO group showed no significant differences (all P>0.05), but the percentage and number of CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of the KO group were diminished significantly (all P<0.05). After 8 days of infection with LCMV, there was no significant difference in the percentage and number of CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in the spleen between the KO group and the Con group (all P>0.05), while in comparison with the Con group, the percentage and number of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, and the expression of T-bet in CD4+ T cells or antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced in the spleen of the KO group (all P<0.05).
Conclusion
Specific knockout of Med1 in T cells does not affect the development of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the thymus, but does affect the maintenance of peripheral CD8+ T cells. In the immune response, Med1 gene deletion affects the expression of transcription factor T-bet, which in turn to reduce Th1 cell differentiation.
Keywords: mediator complex subunit 1, T cell development, immune response, Th1 cell, T-bet
T淋巴细胞来源于胸腺,成熟后在免疫应答中发挥重要作用,参与炎症、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反应的发生和发展。在免疫应答过程中,效应性T细胞的分化受到由众多分子组成的复杂而精细的信号通路的调控。转录因子T-bet是其中主要的参与者,尽管已知T细胞活化后T-bet表达水平会升高,但调控其表达的分子机制并未阐明。
中介复合体是由25~30个亚基组成的大型复合体,是RNA聚合酶II介导的真核生物转录机制中高度保守且不可或缺的组成部分,它是转录因子和RNA聚合酶II之间的分子桥梁[1]。中介体复合物亚基1(mediator complex subunit 1,Med1)是中介复合体的关键成分,通过与多种辅助因子结合调节基因转录[2],不仅可作为核受体的初始结合靶点,还可作为参与生长、发育的其他类型基因特异性转录激活因子的关键共激活因子[3],对心脏、眼、血管以及造血系统等的发育至关重要[4-5]。Med1通过与转录因子p53、GATA家族蛋白、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha,PPARα)等相互作用促进细胞增殖和存活[6-7]。研究[8]发现Med1显著阻碍恒定自然杀伤T细胞(invariant natural killer T cell,iNKT)的发育,而Med1是否影响T细胞发育及效应细胞分化尚不明确。因此,本研究拟采用T细胞特异性敲除Med1的小鼠模型(Med1F/F CD4cre+小鼠)研究Med1对T细胞的发育及其在免疫应答中分化的影响。
1. 材料与方法
1.1. 材料
1.1.1. 动物
Med1F/F小鼠由美国西北大学Feinberg医学院 Janardan K. Reddy教授赠送。C57小鼠购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。CD4cre+转基因小鼠购自美国Jackson实验室。基因敲除小鼠(Med1F/FCD4cre+)和对照小鼠(Med1F/FCD4cre-)在西安交通大学医学部无特定病原体动物(specific pathogen free,SPF)级动物中心和苏州系统医学研究所饲养和繁殖[许可证:SYXK(陕)2020-005]。动物实验均符合西安交通大学医学部和苏州系统医学研究所实验动物伦理指南。
1.1.2. 试剂
抗体CD3-PE/Cy7(clone 17A2)、CD4-FITC(clone GK1.5)、CD8-PB(clone 53-6.7)、Ly6c-PECY5(clone RB6-8C5)、PSGL1-PE(clone 2PH1)均购自美国BioLegend公司;GP66 tetramer由美国国立卫生研究院Tetramer Core Facility(Emory University Vaccine Center,Atlanta,GA)提供;RNA快速提取试剂盒购自美国Zymo Research公司;cDNA合成试剂盒购自日本Toyobo公司;单克隆兔抗Med1抗体购自英国Abcam公司;羊抗兔IgG二抗购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司;CountBrightTM绝对计数微珠购自美国Invitrogen公司;增强型化学发光(enhanced chemiluminescence,ECL)试剂和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜均购自美国Millipore公司;β-actin购自美国CST公司;放射免疫沉淀法(radioimmunoprecipitation assay,RIPA)裂解液购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 条件性Med1敲除小鼠的构建及验证
将Med1F/F小鼠和CD4cre+转基因小鼠进行3代杂交,获得基因敲除小鼠(Med1F/FCD4cre+,KO组)和对照小鼠(Med1F/FCD4cre-,Con组)。采用PCR鉴定基因型,Med1引物序列:正向5'-GGGTGTGACCCCA-TAATT-3',反向5'-TCCATCTGACCTGCTGGATGAT-AA-3'。分别取Med1F/F小鼠和C57小鼠(野生型)脚趾组织,提取DNA,通过PCR扩增目的基因Med1,电泳后用凝胶成像仪拍照分析。
1.2.2. 实时反转录聚合酶链反应
按照RNA快速提取试剂盒说明书分别提取2组小鼠淋巴结组织的淋巴细胞RNA,然后利用cDNA合成试剂盒说明书分别合成cDNA,最后在实时荧光定量PCR仪(StepOnePlusTM,ABI)上进行目的基因Med1的定量检测。
1.2.3. 蛋白质印迹法
将2组小鼠淋巴结组织的淋巴细胞(2 107)在RIPA裂解液中裂解,提取总蛋白质后行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,并电转移至PVDF膜上。用TBST洗膜5次,再用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST在4 ℃下封闭过夜,与单克隆兔抗Med1抗体(1꞉1 000)在室温下孵育4 h,随后与羊抗兔IgG二抗(1꞉2 000)在室温下孵育1 h,再用TBST洗膜3次,最后用ECL试剂显影,化学发光成像系统(Fusion-Solo.6S,Vilber)检测Med1的蛋白质水平。使用β-actin作为内对照。
1.2.4. 流式细胞术
分别取2组小鼠的胸腺、脾及淋巴结组织进行研磨和200目筛网过滤,在4 ℃下以1 500 r/min离心 5 min,加入1 mL红细胞裂解液重悬细胞,作用50 s后加3 mL荧光激活细胞分选(fluorescence-activated cell sorting,FACS)缓冲液(1×PBS+2% FBS)洗涤2次,用800 μL FACS缓冲液重悬,按体积1꞉400的比例加入特定组合抗体,在4 ℃下避光孵育30 min,用3 mL FACS缓冲液洗涤后,每管加2 μL CountBrightTM绝对计数微珠,用流式细胞仪(CytoFLEX,美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司)检测CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目。
1.2.5. 病毒感染
取于-80 ℃储存的淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,LCMV),于37 ℃水浴中快速解冻,每只小鼠以2×105噬斑形成单位(plaque forming unit,PFU)的剂量予腹腔注射。在感染8 d后,采用流式细胞术分析脾中CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性(GP66+)CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目、Th1细胞(Ly6c+PSGL1+)占CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目、CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞中T-bet的荧光强度。
1.3. 统计学处理
采用GraphPad Prism软件(7.00版本,GraphPad Software Inc.,USA)对数据进行统计分析;计量资料以均数±标准差( ±s)表示;实验数据符合正态分布,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结 果
2.1. T细胞中特异性敲除 Med1 小鼠的验证
PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示:Med1F/F小鼠的PCR产物大小为1.8 kb,C57小鼠(野生型)的PCR产物大小为2.0 kb(图1A)。
图1.
Med1 基因敲除小鼠的鉴定
Figure 1 Identification of Med1 knockout mice
A: Gel electrophoresis of PCR products in Med1F/F mice and C57 mice; B: mRNA levels of Med1 in lymphocytes from KO mice and Con mice; C: Expression of Med1 protein in lymphocytes from the Con group mice and the KO group mice. ***P<0.001. Med1: Mediator complex subunit 1; KO: Knockout; Con: Control.
与Con组小鼠相比,KO组小鼠淋巴细胞中Med1的mRNA水平明显降低(P<0.001,图1B),蛋白质表达水平也明显下降(图1C),提示T细胞中敲除Med1基因的小鼠构建成功。
2.2. Med1 敲除对胸腺T细胞发育的影响
在胸腺中,Con组和KO组小鼠CD4+ T细胞的百分比(9.31%±0.74% vs 10.50%±0.08%)和数目(1.10×107±0.10×107 vs 0.91×107±0.05×107)差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图2A、2B、2D);2组CD8+ T细胞的百分比(4.09%±0.15% vs 4.71%±0.18%)和数目(0.50×107±0.07×107 vs 0.41×107±0.03×107)差异也均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图2A、2C、2E)。
图2.
Con组和 KO组小鼠胸腺中CD4+ 、CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目的比较
Figure 2 Comparison of percentage and number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in thymus between the Con group mice and the KO group mice
A: Representative FACS plots of CD4 and CD8 expression in thymocytes; B and C: Comparison of percentage of CD4+ T cells (B) and CD8+ T cells (C); D and E: Comparison of number of CD4+ T cells (D) and CD8+ T cells (E). KO: Knockout; Con: Control; FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
2.3. Med1 敲除对外周T细胞维持的影响
在脾和淋巴结中,Con组和KO组小鼠CD4+ T细胞的百分比(脾 21.10%±1.06% vs 22.61%±1.34%;淋巴结 39.38%±4.12% vs 30.14%±3.56%)和数目(脾 1.23×107±0.09×107 vs 1.43×107±0.05×107;淋巴结 1.33×107±0.22×107 vs 1.02×107±0.09×107)差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图3A、3B、3D)。
图3.
Con组和KO组小鼠脾和淋巴结中CD4+ 、CD8+ T细胞百分比及数目的比较
Figure 3 Comparison of percentage and number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen and lymph nodes between the Con group mice and the KO group mice
A: Representative FACS plots of CD4 and CD8 expression in splenocytes and lymph node cells; B and C: Comparison of percentage of CD4+ T cells (B) and CD8+ T cells (C); D and E: Comparison of number of CD4+ T cells (D) and CD8+ T cells (E). *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. KO: Knockout; Con: Control; FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
在脾和淋巴结中,与Con组小鼠相比,KO组小鼠CD8+ T细胞的百分比(脾 4.81%±0.09% vs 1.71%± 0.04%;淋巴结 12.19%±0.68% vs 4.52%±0.29%)和数目(脾 0.56×107±0.03×107 vs 0.23×107±0.01×107;淋巴结0.85×107±0.18×107 vs 0.31×107±0.07×107)均明显下降(均P<0.05,图3A、3C、3E)。
2.4. Med1 敲除对LCMV感染后小鼠脾脏中CD4 + T细胞和Th1细胞的影响
感染LCMV后,Con组和KO组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞的百分比(10.22%±0.30% vs 11.69%±1.89%)和数目(1.62×107±0.05×107 vs 1.75×107±0.20×107),抗原特异性(GP66+)CD4+ T细胞的百分比(5.82%±0.27% vs 6.98%±0.48%)和数目(0.95×107±0.05×107 vs 1.22×107±0.18×107)差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,图4A~4E)。
图4.
感染LCMV后,Con组和KO组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞和Th1的百分比及数目比较
Figure 4 Comparison of the percentage and number of CD4+ T cells and Th1 in the spleen after LCMV infection between the Con group mice and the KO group mice
A: Representative FACS plots of CD4 and GP66 expression in splenocytes; B and D: Percentage of CD4+ T cells (B) and antigen-specific, CD4+ T cells (D); C and E: Number of CD4+ T cells (C) and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells (E); F: Representative FACS plots of Ly6c and PSGL1 expression in CD4+ T cells and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells; G and I: Percentage of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells (G) and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells (I); H and J: Number of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells (H) and antigen-specific, CD4+ T cells (J). *P<0.05, **P<0.01. KO: Knockout; Con: Control; FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting; LCMV: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
感染LCMV后,与Con组小鼠相比,KO组小鼠脾脏中Th1细胞(Ly6c+PSGL1+)占CD4+ T细胞的百分比(43.54%±0.68% vs 20.22%±5.26%)和数目(7.02×106±0.11×106 vs 3.90×106±0.54×106),Th1细胞(Ly6c+PSGL1+)占抗原特异性(GP66+)CD4+ T细胞的百分比(45.61%± 1.21% vs 21.21%±4.51%)和数目(3.21×106±0.13×106 vs 0.85×106±0.24×106)均明显下降(均P<0.05,图4F~4J)。
2.5. Med1 敲除小鼠T-bet的表达降低
感染LCMV后,与Con组小鼠相比,KO组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞(2.26×103±0.10×103 vs 1.83×103±0.06×103)及抗原特异性(GP66+)CD4+ T细胞(2.39×103±1.24×103 vs 2.03×103±0.07×103)的T-bet荧光强度均显著降低(均P<0.05,图5)。
图5.
感染LCMV后,Con组和KO组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞中T-bet的表达比较
Figure 5 Comparison of expression of T-bet in CD4+ T cells and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in spleen after LCMV infection between the Con group mice and the KO group mice
A: Representative FACS plots of T-bet expression in CD4+ T cells and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells; B and C: Fluorescence intensity of T-bet in CD4+ T cells (B) and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells (C). *P<0.05. KO: Knockout; Con: Control; FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting; LCMV: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
3. 讨 论
在发育正常的情况下,T细胞对维持机体稳定、抵抗病原体感染等方面发挥着重要作用[9-11]。Med1作为参与生长、发育的转录激活因子的关键共激活因子,与器官的发育、细胞的存活与增殖等关系密切[3, 6-7],是促进肝自噬和代谢稳态的关键[12]。本研究发现,Med1缺失不影响胸腺中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的发育,但是显著降低外周CD8+ T细胞的百分比及数目。本课题组前期的研究[13]应用Lckcre+Med1F/F小鼠模型发现,Med1通过白细胞介素7受体(interleukin-7 receptor,IL-7R)介导的细胞存活信号调控CD8+ T细胞的稳态,这可解释本研究中Med1F/FCD4cre+小鼠模型中外周CD8+ T细胞降低的原因。
CD4+ T细胞在适应性免疫应答中发挥着非常重要的作用,在遇到抗原提呈细胞的刺激信号后,发生活化、增殖,主要分化为Th1和Th2细胞,前者分泌干扰素γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-12、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)等细胞因子,参与细胞免疫应答,对抗病毒和细胞内细菌感染;后者分泌IL-4、IL-15、IL-10、IL-13等细胞因子,参与体液免疫应答[14]。Th1细胞的分化依赖于T-bet、信号转导及转录活化因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)1、STAT4等[15],其分化过程中Tbx21-CNS-12上的STAT结合基序对IL-12诱导的T-bet表达至关重要[16];Th2细胞的分化主要受到GATA3、STAT5和STAT6等的调控[17]。T-bet是Th1特异性转录因子,在Th1细胞分化中起决定性作用[18],同时在天然免疫和适应性免疫中对诱导Th1细胞免疫应答至关重要[19]。T-bet通过与其上游和下游146 kb处的多个增强子元件结合后激活IFN-γ,进而促进Th1细胞分化,同时也阻断Th2细胞的分化或抑制Th2细胞的生物学功能[20]。研究[21]发现T-bet通过中介复合体和超延伸复合物激活Th1,敲低中介复合体的表达可选择性地阻断靶基因T-bet的激活。本课题组近期研究[22]发现:在效应T细胞中,转录因子CCAAT-增强子结合蛋白(CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta,C/EBPβ)通过与Med1相互作用,促进 T-bet的表达。本研究用LCMV感染小鼠,发现KO组小鼠脾中Th1细胞占CD4+ T细胞及抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞的百分比及数目显著降低,且KO组小鼠脾中CD4+ T细胞的T-bet荧光强度显著降低。这些结果表明,Med1敲除通过影响T-bet的表达抑制Th1细胞的分化。
综上所述,Med1基因不影响胸腺中T细胞的发育,但影响外周CD8+ T细胞的维持,并且在发生免疫应答的过程中,通过影响转录因子T-bet的表达,进而调控Th1细胞的分化。
基金资助
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2021TD-38)。
This work was supported by the Innovation Ability Support Plan of Shaanxi Province, China (2021TD-38).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
郑会强 实验操作,数据统计与分析,论文构想与撰写;焦安君 数据统计与分析,论文指导;刘海艳、雷蕾、丁人一 实验操作;封钊、张丹 数据采集;张连军 论文指导;张保军 实验设计,论文审阅与修订。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2023091296.pdf
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