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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 May 28;47(5):600–609. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210443

右美托咪定通过抑制铁死亡发挥对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

Dexmedetomidine exerts its protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis

HU Miao 1,2, MEN Yunzheng 1, CHEN Lei 1, HUANG Jie 1, DUAN Fangfang 1, ZHANG Yuxin 1, DONG Shuying 1,2,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10929910  PMID: 35753730

Abstract

Objective

Stroke is one of the major diseases that can threaten human life and health. The incidence of ischemic stroke accounts for more than 70% of stroke. The mechanism of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury caused by ischemic stroke is extremely complex. In recent years, dexmedetomidine has been increasingly studied in anti-cerebral IR injury as a common clinical anesthetic adjunct, but its specific mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects and mechanisms of dexmedetomidine on cerebral IR injury in mice.

Methods

The mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was prepared by modified suture method. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into a sham group, an IR group, an IR+D1 group (IR+administered 25 µg/kg dexmedetomidine), an IR+D2 group(IR+administered 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine), an IR+D3 group (IR+administered 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine), and an IR+D2+ML385 group (IR+administered 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine and 30 mg/kg ML385). The neurologic behavior of mice was evaluated by Longa’s five-point method. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used to detect the percentage of cerebral infarct volume in mice. The protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in the cerebral tissues of mice were detected by Western blotting.Mitochondrial morphology was observed under the transmission electron microscope. The contents of MDA, Fe2+, and GSH in the cerebral tissues of mice were detected.

Results

Compared with the sham group, neurobehavioral scores, cerebral infarct volume, the contents of MDA and Fe2+, as well as the protein expression of TFR1 were significantly increased; the contents of GSH and the protein expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly reduced (all P<0.05); mitochondria in cerebral tissue were wrinkled, cristae were reduced, and membrane density was increased in the IR group. Compared with the IR group, neurobehavioral scores, cerebral infarction volume, MDA and Fe2+ contents, as well as the protein expression of TFR1 were significantly reduced; the contents of GSH and the protein expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly increased (all P<0.05); mitochondrial damage in cerebral tissue was significantly relieved with the pre-treatment of dexmedetomidine. Compared with the IR+D2 group, neurobehavioral scores, cerebral infarction volume, MDA and Fe2+ contents, as well as the protein expression of TFR1 were significantly increased; the contents of GSH and the protein expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were significantly reduced (all P<0.05);mitochondria reappeared significantly damaged with the ML385 on the basis of dexmedetomidine pre-treatment.

Conclusion

The protective effect of dexmedetomidine on cerebral IR injury mice is related to its inhibition of ferroptosis, and the mechanism might be related to its regulation of Nrf2 expression.

Keywords: dexmedetomidine; cerebral ischemia reperfusion; ferroptosis, nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2; glutathione peroxidase 4; solute carrier family 7 member 11


近年来,中国的卒中发病率高于世界上大多数国家。卒中严重影响患者及其家庭的生活质量[1]。缺血性脑卒中是最常见的卒中类型,为动脉阻塞引起的一系列病理生理反应。在临床治疗时,缺血后颅内血管的再灌注会导致脑缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia reperfusion injury,IRI)[2]。脑IRI的发生机制极其复杂,目前临床上的药物治疗效果并不非常理想。因此,探寻脑IRI的发生机制并进一步研发治疗脑IRI的药物仍是当前急需解决的问题。

铁死亡是近年来发现的一种程序性细胞死亡形式。这一过程的特征是脂质活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)以铁依赖的方式过量积累[3]。铁死亡发生在多种神经系统疾病中,铁死亡与帕金森病患者多个脑区中神经元的丢失有关[4],使用铁死亡抑制剂可以显著减轻由缺血再灌注(ischemia reperfusion,IR)引起的脑损伤[5]。因此,靶向铁死亡已经逐渐成为减轻脑IRI的一个重要手段。

核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2,Nrf2)是一种转录因子,调控与氧化应激反应有关基因的表达,由7个高度保守的环氧丙氯相关蛋白结构域(Neh 1~7)和1个碱性亮氨酸拉链(bZIP)组成[6]。Nrf2在中枢神经系统神经元和星形胶质细胞中高度表达,Nrf2的激活在神经退行性疾病的发生中发挥重要作用[7]。研究[8]表明Nrf2可通过调节其下游基因的转录来增强多种肿瘤细胞对铁死亡的抵抗能力。在脑IRI中,仍未有足够的证据表明Nrf2可以通过调节铁死亡来发挥神经保护作用,因此Nrf2途径在调节脑IRI中的作用仍有待研究。

右美托咪定是一种临床上常用的麻醉辅助用药,能有效地缓解患者的烦躁和焦虑情绪[9]。Song等[10]的研究表明:在肾IR中,右美托咪定能够通过调节过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活子-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)/信号转导子与转录激活子1(signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,STAT1)/干扰素调节因子-1(interferon regulatory factor-1,IRF-1)轴来减轻线粒体功能障碍引起的氧化应激。也有研究[11]发现右美托咪定通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路来抑制肝损伤中的氧化应激。Qiu等[12]的研究发现:在SK-N-SH细胞中,右美托咪定通过调节铁运输和铁代谢发挥抗氧化作用。在脑IRI中,右美托咪定能否通过调节铁代谢和抵抗脂质氧化发挥对铁死亡的抑制作用尚未有研究。因此,本研究基于铁死亡探讨右美托咪定在小鼠脑IRI中的作用及其机制。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

ICR雄性小鼠购自合肥青源生物科技有限公司,体重25~35 g,在适宜湿度、22~24 ℃环境中饲养。本研究已通过蚌埠医学院实验动物伦理委员会审核批准(审批号:伦动科批字[2019]第107号)。

盐酸右美托咪定注射液(每瓶为2 mL,含200 μg盐酸右美托咪定)购自中国江苏恩化药业有限公司;Nrf2抑制剂ML385购自美国MCE公司;戊巴比妥钠购自上海伟进生物科技有限公司;二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、多聚甲醛均购自中国上海Macklin公司;2,3,5-三苯基四唑氮(triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)购自美国Sigma公司;MDA试剂盒、GSH试剂盒、组织铁试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所;Nrf2抗体、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)抗体、胱氨酸/谷氨酸逆向转运蛋白溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)抗体、GAPDH抗体均购自英国Abcam公司;山羊抗兔IgG二抗购自中国Proteintech公司。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 分组

为探究右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠保护作用的最佳浓度,将雄性ICR小鼠随机分为5组:假手术(sham)组、IR组、IR+D1组(给予IR和25 µg/kg的右美托咪定)、IR+D2组(给予IR和50 µg/kg的右美托咪定)、IR+D3组(给予IR和100 µg/kg的右美托咪定)。为探究右美托咪定保护神经的作用的机制,将雄性ICR小鼠随机分为4组:sham组、IR组、IR+D2组、IR+D2+ML385组(给予IR、50 µg/kg的右美托咪定和 30 mg/kg[13]的ML385)。给药前用0.9%的氯化钠溶液稀释右美托咪定(终浓度10 µg/mL),缺血操作前30 min予小鼠腹腔注射给药;给药前用99.5%的DMSO溶液稀释ML385(终浓度5 mg/mL),于缺血完成后立即予小鼠腹腔注射给药。

1.2.2. 模型的制备

采用改良线栓法制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)。对小鼠进行麻醉(40 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠)后剃除小鼠颈部毛发,以碘伏棉球、75%的乙醇棉球进行擦拭消毒。在颈部正中偏左做一1~2 cm切口,随后分离出右侧颈动脉、颈外动脉及颈内动脉。结扎颈外动脉,用动脉夹夹闭颈总动脉近心端。在颈外动脉分叉处附近切一针口,插入尼龙线拴,观察到线栓尾部标记进入血管则表示线拴已进入大脑中动脉,血流被阻断。1 h后拔出线栓,恢复血液再灌注24 h。对sham组小鼠进行与实验组相同的操作,但尼龙线栓不插入至大脑中动脉处。

1.2.3. 神经行为学评分

再灌注24 h后采用Longa五分法对小鼠进行神经行为学评分:小鼠行为正常,无神经功能障碍表现为0分;小鼠手术对侧前爪不能正常舒张为1分;小鼠行走轨迹异常,往手术对侧转圈为2分;小鼠不能正常行走,往手术对侧倾倒为3分;小鼠无意识或昏迷,不能自发行走为4分。评分≥1视为造模成功。

1.2.4. 脑梗死体积百分比的测定

再灌注24 h后,将小鼠断头取脑。剥离小鼠大脑于-20 ℃冰箱冷冻8~10 min后取出,立即作冠状位等距离连续切片(切成4片,每片约2 mm)。用1%的TTC染液在37 ℃水浴中避光染色,30 min后弃剩余的TTC染液,加入4%的多聚甲醛,固定24 h后拍照。正常脑组织与TTC染液发生脱氢酶反应,呈红色;脑梗死组织则呈苍白色。使用Image J软件对切片进行扫描,按照公式计算脑梗死组织的体积。脑梗死体积百分比=(对侧大脑皮质面积-同侧未梗死面积)×2/(对侧大脑皮质面积×2)×100%。

1.2.5. 脑组织中线粒体形态的检测

再灌注24 h后,将小鼠断头取脑。取梗死区脑组织切成约1 mm×1 mm×1 mm组织块,使用戊二醛固定后再用1%的俄酸固定,用梯度浓度的乙醇进行脱水处理,用环氧树脂包埋组织块,将包埋后的组织块放到40 ℃的烘箱中,12 h后将烘箱温度调至60 ℃,继续放置48 h,然后进行切片、染色。最后使用透射电镜观察线粒体形态,拍照并采集图像。

1.2.6. 脑组织中MDA和GSH含量的测定

再灌注24 h后,将小鼠断头取脑。剥离小鼠大脑,用镊子去除大脑上的脑膜及附着血管后,与预冷的生理盐水混合制成10%组织匀浆,以2 500 r/min离心15 min后取上清液待测。检测时按照试剂盒说明书配制工作液,按顺序加入相应的工作液和待测样品,混合后的样品离心后分别在532、405 nm处检测MDA、GSH的吸光度值,并根据试剂盒说明书提供的公式计算MDA、GSH的含量。

1.2.7. 小鼠脑组织中Fe2+含量的测定

取上述上清液,按照试剂盒说明书中的比例加入工作液,使得脑组织中的Fe2+与双吡啶结合形成粉红色的络合物,Fe2+含量与呈色的深浅成正比。在520 nm处检测吸光度值,并根据试剂盒说明书提供的公式计算Fe2+含量。

1.2.8. 蛋白质印迹法

采用蛋白质印迹法测定小鼠脑组织中Nrf2及铁死亡相关蛋白质转铁蛋白受体(transferrin recoptor 1,TFR1)、GPX4、SLC7A11的表达。再灌注24 h后,将小鼠断头取脑。剥离小鼠大脑,用镊子去除大脑上的脑膜及附着血管,用弯镊夹取缺血侧半暗带脑组织或sham组的对应部位脑组织,将其与预冷的生理盐水混合制成组织匀浆,以15 000 r/min离心 30 min后取上清液待测。样品经凝胶电泳、转膜、封闭后,置于Nrf2(1꞉1 000)、TFR1(1꞉2 000)、SLC7A11(1꞉2 000)、GPX4(1꞉2 000)、GAPDH(1꞉2 000)一抗中孵育过夜,随后在二抗中孵育2 h,最后与显影液充分接触,并采用凝胶成像系统采集条带图像,进行灰度扫描、分析。

1.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料以均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示。神经行为学评分采用非参数(Mean-Whitney)U检验,其余组间比较采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠神经行为学及脑梗死 体积的影响

缺血1 h,再灌注24 h后,sham组小鼠无神经功能障碍表现,神经行为学评分为0,脑组织染色后呈红色,未见梗死区域;IR组小鼠出现严重的神经功能障碍表现,神经行为学评分比sham组明显增加(P<0.01),脑组织中有明显的白色梗死区,脑梗死体积比sham组明显增加(P<0.01);使用25、50、100 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,小鼠脑组织中的白色梗死区缩小,神经功能障碍的表现减轻,神经行为学评分降低且脑梗死体积减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01;表1图1),其中50、100 µg/kg的右美托咪定效果更明显。

表1.

不同剂量右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠神经行为学评分的影响(n=10)

Table 1 Effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine on neurobehavioral scores in cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice (n=10)

组别 分值分布/例 分值( x¯ ±s)
0分 1分 2分 3分 4分
Sham 10 0 0 0 0 0
IR 0 0 2 5 3 3.1±0.74**
IR+D1 0 2 3 4 1 2.4±0.97†
IR+D2 0 5 3 2 0 1.7±0.82††
IR+D3 0 4 4 2 0 1.8±0.79††

IR:缺血再灌注;D1:25 µg/kg右美托咪定;D2:50 µg/kg右美托咪定;D3:100 µg/kg右美托咪定。与sham组比较,**P<0.01;与IR组比较,†P<0.05,††P<0.01。

图1.

图1

右美托咪定处理后脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑梗死体积缩小

Figure 1 Dexmedetomidine treatment reduces the volume of cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

A: Slices of brain tissue (TTC staining); B:Quantitative analysis of percentage of cerebral infarct volume. **P<0.01 vs the sham group; †P<0.05, ††P<0.01 vs the IR group. IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D1: 25 µg/kg dexmedetomidine; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine; D3: 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

2.2. 右美托咪定上调脑IR小鼠脑组织中Nrf2的表达

蛋白质印迹法结果表明:与sham组相比,IR组小鼠脑组织中Nrf2蛋白质表达水平显著降低(P<0.01);使用50 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,小鼠脑组织中Nrf2蛋白质表达水平相较于IR组显著升高(P<0.01,图2)。

图2.

图2

右美托咪定上调脑缺血再灌注小鼠Nrf2蛋白质表达水平

Figure 2 Dexmedetomidine up-regulates Nrf2 protein expression level in cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

A: Electrophoretogram of Western blotting showing Nrf2 protein expression level in the cerebral tissues of each group; B: Histogram of Western blotting showing Nrf2 protein expression level in the cerebral tissues of each group ( x¯ ±s). **P<0.01. IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

2.3. 右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠神经行为学的影响可能与Nrf2有关

与IR组小鼠相比,使用50 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,神经功能障碍表现减轻,神经行为学评分明显降低(P<0.01),脑组织中的白色梗死区缩小,脑梗死体积明显减小(P<0.01);与IR+D2组小鼠相比,在50 µg/kg右美托咪定预处理的基础上使用30 mg/kg的ML385后,与IR+D2组相比,小鼠的神经功能障碍表现加重,神经行为学评分明显增加(P<0.01),脑组织中的白色梗死区增大,脑梗死体积明显增加 (P<0.01;表2图3)。

表2.

ML385逆转右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠神经行为学评分的影响(n=10)

Table 2 ML385 reverses the effects of dexmedetomidine on neurobehavioral scores in cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

组别 分值分布/例 分值( x¯ ±s)
0分 1分 2分 3分 4分
Sham 10 0 0 0 0 0
IR 0 0 2 5 3 3.1±0.74**
IR+D2 0 5 3 2 0 1.7±0.82††
IR+D2+ML385 0 1 2 6 1 2.7±0.82‡‡

与sham组比较,**P<0.01;与IR组比较,††P<0.01;与IR+D2组比较,‡‡P<0.01。IR:缺血再灌注;D2:50 µg/kg右美托咪定。

n=10

图3.

图3

ML385逆转右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠的脑保护作用

Figure 3 ML385 reverses the protective effect of dexmedetomidine on brain in cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

A: Slices of brain tissue (TTC staining); B: Quantitative analysis of percentage of cerebral infarct volume.**P<0.01. IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

2.4. 右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠脑组织中线粒体形态的影响

Sham组小鼠脑组织神经细胞中的线粒体形状规则,轮廓清晰;IR组小鼠脑组织神经细胞中的线粒体皱缩,嵴减少,膜密度增加,呈典型的铁死亡表现;使用50 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,线粒体皱缩的情况得到改善,嵴明显增加;在50 µg/kg右美托咪定预处理的基础上使用30 mg/kg的ML385后,与IR+D2组相比,线粒体又出现嵴减少、形态皱缩的现象(图4)。

图4.

图4

ML385逆转右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠线粒体的保护作用

Figure 4 ML385 reverses the protective effects of dexmedetomidine on mitochondrial morphology of nerve cells in brain of cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

2.5. 右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠脑组织中的MDAGSHFe2+ 含量的影响

相较于sham组,IR组小鼠脑组织中MDA和Fe2+的含量显著升高,GSH的含量则显著降低(均P<0.01);使用50 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,与IR组相比,MDA、Fe2+含量显著降低(分别P<0.01、P<0.05),GSH的含量则显著升高(P<0.01);在50 µg/kg右美托咪定预处理的基础上使用30 mg/kg的ML385后,与IR+D2组相比,MDA、Fe2+含量显著升高(分别P<0.05、P<0.01),GSH的含量则显著降低(P<0.05,图5)。

图5.

图5

ML385逆转右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠MDA(A)GSH(B)Fe2+(C)水平的影响

Figure 5 ML385 reverses the effects of dexmedetomidine on levels of MDA (A), GSH (B), and Fe2+ (C) of cerebral ischemia reperfusion mice

*P<0.05, **P<0.01. IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

2.6. 右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠脑组织中铁死亡相关 蛋白质表达的影响

相较于sham组,IR组小鼠脑组织中GPX4、SLC7A11蛋白质表达水平明显降低,TFR1蛋白质表达水平则显著升高(均P<0.01);使用50 µg/kg的右美托咪定预处理后,与IR组相比,GPX4、SLC7A11蛋白质表达水平显著升高(均P<0.05),TFR1蛋白质表达水平则显著降低(P<0.01);在50 µg/kg右美托咪定预处理的基础上使用30 mg/kg的ML385后,与IR+D2组相比,GPX4、SLC7A11蛋白质表达水平明显降低,TFR1蛋白质表达水平则显著升高(均P<0.05,图6)。

图6.

图6

ML385逆转右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注小鼠铁死亡相关蛋白质表达的影响

Figure 6 ML385 reverses the effects of dexmedetomidine on expression levels of proteins related to ferroptosis

A: Electrophoretogram of Western blotting showing the expressions of TFR1, SLC7A11, and GPX4 in the cerebral tissues of each group; B: Histogram of Western blotting showing the expressions of TFR1, SLC7A11, and GPX4 in the cerebral tissues of each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. IR: Ischemia reperfusion; D2: 50 µg/kg dexmedetomidine.

3. 讨 论

近年来,脑卒中在中国的发病率逐年升高,其严重的致残率和致死率已经给社会造成了极大的危害[14]。右美托咪定作为临床围手术期常用的麻醉辅助用药,具有较好的镇静、抗焦虑作用。研究[15]发现右美托咪定通过抑制内质网应激减轻糖尿病大鼠的心肌IRI。此外,右美托咪定能够调节NF-κB信号通路和增强神经元的活性,进而减轻家兔的脊髓IRI[16]。右美托咪定减轻IRI的效果受到广泛关注,但右美托咪定抵抗脑IRI的作用机制尚未完全阐明。在本研究中,我们发现IR组小鼠神经行为学评分及脑梗死体积均较sham组显著增加,表明小鼠MCAO模型构建成功。使用右美托咪定预处理后,与IR组比较,小鼠的神经行为学评分降低且脑梗死体积减小,差异均有统计学意义。这表明右美托咪定预处理能够显著减轻小鼠的脑IRI。

铁死亡是一种由铁离子依赖的脂质过氧化引起的调节性细胞死亡形式。其典型的形态学特征包括线粒体嵴减少或消失、细胞膜皱缩、线粒体膜密度增加等[17]。本研究发现:在小鼠脑组织中,IR组较sham组线粒体皱缩明显,线粒体嵴减少或消失,符合铁死亡线粒体的特征性表现;而使用右美托咪定预处理后,线粒体形态皱缩情况缓解,线粒体嵴增多。由于大脑富含不饱和脂肪酸和铁,但抗氧化能力相对较差,因此容易受到脂质过氧化损伤;在应激条件下,Fe3+通过与细胞膜上的TFR1结合内吞进入胞内,Fe3+在胞内被还原成Fe2+,Fe2+在胞内的过度累积会通过Fenton反应促进氧自由基、脂质过氧化产物MDA的生成,进而导致神经细胞发生铁死亡[18]。研究[19]发现:急性缺血性卒中患者血浆中浆细胞瘤转化迁移基因1(plasmacytoma variant translocation 1,PVT1)水平上调,miR-214水平下调。PVT1沉默或miR-214过度表达后脑IR小鼠脑梗死体积显著缩小,同时铁死亡过程受到抑制。PVT1通过miR-214介导的TFR1和TP53表达实现对铁死亡的抑制,进而减轻小鼠脑IRI。在本研究中,使用右美托咪定预处理后,小鼠脑组织中TFR1蛋白质的表达水平显著下调,Fe2+和MDA的含量均明显下降。这可能是由于TFR1蛋白质表达水平的下调影响了胞内铁离子的运输能力,进而抑制了脑IR小鼠铁死亡过程中胞内铁离子的过度累积和脂质过氧化物的生成。

SLC7A11是胱氨酸/谷氨酸转运体的重要组成成分,该系统能够以1꞉1的比例促进细胞内胱氨酸和谷氨酸的转运,其中由SLC7A11介导的胱氨酸转运在铁死亡中起关键作用[20]。GPX4是一种硒酶,能通过GSH降低胞内的脂质过氧化水平[21]。SLC7A11表达被抑制后,会导致依赖胱氨酸的GPX4活性和抗氧化能力降低,最终导致细胞发生铁死亡[17]。研究[22]表明高良姜素通过激活SLC7A11/GPX4轴抑制铁死亡,并对沙土鼠IR后海马神经元具有保护作用。本研究发现:小鼠发生脑IRI后,脑组织中SLC7A11、GPX4的蛋白质表达水平以及GSH的含量均明显下降;而使用右美托咪定预处理后,脑组织中SLC7A11、GPX4的蛋白质表达水平以及GSH的含量均明显升高。这表明右美托咪定能通过调节胞内以SLC7A11和GPX4为核心的抗氧化体系来降低IRI后脑内的脂质过氧化水平。

Nrf2是具有神经保护作用的关键转录因子,能够维持细胞内氧化还原的动态平衡。Nrf2可通过调节GSH、铁的代谢以及氧化应激影响铁死亡过程中各种靶基因的表达[23]。Shen等[24]的研究表明激活Nrf2/ Keap1/ARE通路可缩小由心肌IR引起心肌梗死的面积。在大鼠脑IRI中,尿酸可通过激活Nrf2减轻大鼠神经功能障碍[25]。本研究发现:在使用右美托咪定预处理后,脑IR小鼠脑组织中的Nrf2蛋白质表达水平显著升高,而在右美托咪定预处理基础上使用Nrf2抑制剂ML385后,脑IR小鼠的神经功能障碍明显加重,脑梗死体积明显增加;同时,受损侧脑组织中的线粒体皱缩,线粒体嵴减少;MDA和Fe2+含量显著升高,GSH含量降低,SLC7A11和GPX4蛋白质表达水平降低,TFR1蛋白质表达水平升高。这些结果表明Nrf2可能参与右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠铁死亡的抑制作用。

已充分证实在脑中风和各种神经退行性疾病中存在铁代谢的失调,铁离子依赖的脂质过氧化的过度累积是造成神经细胞铁死亡的主要原因[12]。虽然右美托咪定对ROS的拮抗作用在体内和体外已经得到了广泛地证实[26-27],但其能否通过抑制神经细胞的铁死亡进而发挥对脑IRI的神经保护作用尚不清楚。因此本研究通过采用小鼠MCAO模型来探讨右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠铁死亡的抑制作用及其机制。本研究发现:右美托咪定可通过阻止IR小鼠脑组织中铁离子的过度累积,增强SLC7A11和GPX4的抗脂质过氧化能力,从而降低脑IR小鼠脑内的铁死亡水平;而使用Nrf2抑制剂ML385后,右美托咪定对铁死亡的拮抗作用受到了明显抑制,提示Nrf2可能参与了上述右美托咪定对脑IR小鼠脑损伤的保护作用。

本研究通过动物模型探究右美托咪定减轻小鼠脑IRI的作用及其机制,但未在细胞模型上进行研究,后续将培养原代神经元从细胞层面进一步验证。本研究为临床合理使用右美托咪定提供了理论依据。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81402930);蚌埠医学院“512人才培养计划”(BY51201104);蚌埠医学院心血管损伤与保护基础与临床应用创新团队(BYKC20190)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (81402930), the “512 Talents Training Program” of Bengbu Medical College (BY51201104), and the Basic and Clinical Application Innovation Team of Cardiovascular Injury and Protection, Bengbu Medical College (BYKC20190), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

胡淼 实验设计和操作,数据分析,论文撰写;门运政、陈蕾、黄杰、段方方、张雨鑫 实验操作;董淑英 实验设计,论文修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202205600.pdf

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