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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2022 May 28;47(5):673–678. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.190772

原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者1例报道并文献复习

Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis: A case report and literature review

SHEN Chong 1,2, XU Wu 2, OUYANG Ruoyun 1,
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC10929922  PMID: 35753738

Abstract

A case of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma (PPAS) complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis is reported. This patient, a 48-year old woman, was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis at the initial stage of the disease, whose condition was improved after anti-tuberculosis treatment, and was finally diagnosed as PPAS combined with pulmonary embolism due to recurrence of the symptoms. PPAS is a very rare malignant tumor originating from the inner or subintima of the pulmonary artery. The clinical manifestations of PPAS have no obvious specificity which can be dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, and so on. Enhanced CT, enhanced MRI, and positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) is beneficial to the differential diagnosis of PPAS, but definitive diagnosis needs intravascular biopsy or surgical biopsy. Because PPAS often presents as pulmonary embolism, patients with PPAS were often misdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. There are few reports of PPAS presenting as pulmonary embolism complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis at home and abroad, which is also easy to be misdiagnosed. The disease has a high degree of malignancy, which is short of effective treatment at the late stage, with short survival time and poor prognosis. Therefore, attention to the various clinical manifestations of PPAS and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to the prognosis of PPAS patients.

Keywords: primary pulmonary artery sarcoma, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary tuberculosis


1923年Mandelstamm首次在尸检中发现并报道了原发性肺动脉肉瘤(primary pulmonary artery sarcoma,PPAS),它是一种非常罕见的恶性肿瘤,发病率为0.001%~0.030%。PPAS通常起源于肺动脉内膜或内膜下层,亦可起源于肺动脉瓣膜及右心室流出道,其特征是腔内生长,随后可出现血管阻塞或远端栓子播散,进而引起肺栓塞或其他器官栓塞以及肿瘤转移[1-2]。目前国内外报道的PPAS病例不超过300例[3],绝大部分为病例报道或者小样本量的回顾性分析。PPAS通常可有肺栓塞表现,但目前国内外关于PPAS同时合并肺栓塞和肺结核的病例报道极少[4],且因PPAS临床表现无特异性,容易误诊及漏诊,患者生存时间短、预后差,故现将中南大学湘雅二医院(以下简称我院)收治的1例PPAS并肺栓塞、肺结核的患者进行报道,并复习相关文献。

1. 病例资料

患者为48岁女性,因“咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血伴气促2月余”于2018年7月12日第1次入我院。患者于2018年5月开始无明显诱因出现咳嗽、咳痰,呈阵发性咳嗽,少许白色黏痰。在当地诊所输液治疗(具体不详)后症状无缓解并逐渐出现活动后气促及痰中带鲜红色血,无胸痛、心悸、畏光、口干、眼干、盗汗、潮热等不适,无体重减轻。患者既往体健,无外伤手术史,家族中无特殊病史。入院完善肺部CT(图1),示右下肺多发渗出、结节、实变影,边界不清,并有少量胸腔积液。实验室检查:血常规、降钙素原、D-二聚体、凝血功能、痰抗酸染色、肺肿瘤标志物等均无异常。支气管镜检查示支气管炎症。建议患者行肺穿刺活组织检查(以下简称活检),患者拒绝,予静脉输注左氧氟沙星0.4 g/d抗感染治疗,症状改善后自行出院。

图1.

图1

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者的胸部CT影像(2018712)

Figure 1 Chest CT image of a patient with primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (July 12, 2018)

Multiple exudate, nodular, and consolidation shadows in the right lower lung field, with ill-defined boundaries and slight pleural effusion. A: Pulmonary window; B: Mediastinal window.

患者于2018年9月4日因再次出现咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血伴气促而第二次入院。肺部CT(图2)示双肺斑片状渗出,右下肺多发实变、结节影,右侧胸腔积液。结核感染T细胞斑点试验阳性,其中A抗原为126,B抗原为86。痰标本结核分枝杆菌抗酸染色及痰培养均阴性。诊断为:右下肺继发型结核。采用异烟肼片、利福平胶囊、乙胺丁醇片、吡嗪酰胺片抗结核治疗后,患者的症状明显缓解。

图2.

图2

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者的胸部CT影像(201894)

Figure 2 Chest CT image of a patient with primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (September 4, 2018)

Patchy exudation of both lungs, multiple consolidation, and nodular shadows in the lower right lung, and progressive pleural effusion on the right side. A: Pulmonary window; B: Mediastinal window.

患者于2018年11月16日复查肺部CT(图3),示右下肺结节、实变影较前减小、渗出影较前明显减少、胸腔积液较前吸收。患者肺部影像及临床症状较前明显改善,继续抗结核治疗,于2019年5月27日复查肺部CT(图4),示双肺渗出较前明显改善,右下肺结节较前缩小;左上肺纵膈旁新发肿块(大小约57 mm×42 mm×50 mm,密度不均匀,边缘基本光滑);心包积液。建议患者行支气管镜及肿块穿刺活检,患者拒绝。

图3.

图3

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者抗结核治疗后第1次复查的胸部CT影像(20181116)

Figure 3 First chest CT re-examination image after anti-tuberculous treatment of a patient with primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (November 16, 2018)

Right lower lung nodules, consolidation and exudation shadows have reduced significantly, and pleural effusion has absorbed after anti-tuberculous treatment. A: Pulmonary window; B: Mediastinal window.

图4.

图4

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者抗结核治疗后第2次复查的胸部CT影像(2019527)

Figure 4 Second chest CT re-examination image after anti-tuberculous treatment of a patient with primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (May 27, 2019)

Right lower lung nodules, consolidation and exudation shadows have reduced, and pleural effusion ahas absorbed significantly, while a new mass shadow with uneven density and basically smooth edge are seen beside the mediastinum in the left upper lung. A: Pulmonary window; B: Mediastinal window.

患者因症状再发并加重于2019年6月7日再次入院,肺动脉计算机体层摄影血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)结果(图5)示:肺动脉干、双侧肺动脉多发假性动脉瘤并纵膈、心包积液,双侧肺动脉多发栓子。非小细胞肺癌抗原为 2 113.52 ng/mL,神经元特异性烯醇化酶为31.48 ng/mL,D-二聚体为4.3 μg/mL。予以心包穿刺并置管引流,心包液为红色,李凡他实验阳性,细胞总数为0.5×109/L,葡萄糖为7.52 mmol/L,总蛋白为46 g/L,腺苷脱氨酶为11 U/L,乳酸脱氢酶为637 U/L,癌胚抗原为0.65 ng/mL。心脏超声示二、三尖瓣及主动脉瓣少量反流,肺动脉高压(中度),心包腔少量积液(心包积液置管引流后),左室收缩功能正常。支气管镜检查示左肺上叶前段血凝块阻塞,未见明显肿物,在左上叶前段进行活检取材。病理检查示(左上叶黏膜)支气管黏膜慢性炎及少许软骨组织,灶区纤维组织细胞增生。给予抗结核、低分子肝素抗凝等治疗后患者症状无明显缓解,于2019年7月11日行开胸手术,术中见:肺动脉假性动脉瘤形成,右室流出道内膜近肺动脉根部大量菜花样肿物形成。术中切除部分肺动脉壁及肺动脉假性动脉瘤,右室流出道、肺动脉瓣及肺动脉壁内菜花样肿物(图6),并送病理检查。病理结果示(图7):(肺动脉瓣赘生物、肺动脉内赘生物、肺动脉壁赘生物、肺动脉主干前壁)间叶源性肉瘤。结合临床及免疫组织化学结果,符合动脉内膜肉瘤的诊断。最终诊断:1)原发性肺动脉瓣及肺动脉肉瘤,肺动脉及主动脉血栓栓塞,肺动脉假性动脉瘤部分破裂,心包积血并机化;2)IV型肺动脉高压(中度);3)右下肺继发型结核。术后予以抗凝、抗感染等对症支持治疗,患者于2019年7月28日要求转至当地医院继续治疗。在当地医院住院期间患者因反复心力衰竭发作,病情恶化,于2019年8月29日自行出院。文章的发表已获得患者家属的知情同意。

图5.

图5

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者的肺动脉计算机体层摄影血管造影影像(201967)

Figure 5 Pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography image of a case of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (June 7, 2019)

There are multiple pseudoaneurysms in pulmonary trunk and bilateral pulmonary arteries, pericardial effusion and multiple emboli in bilateral pulmonary arteries.

图6.

图6

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者的手术标本(2019711)

Figure 6 Surgery samples of a case of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (July 11, 2019)

Part of pulmonary artery wall, pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, and cauliflower like mass excised from right ventricular outflow tract. Pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery wall were removed during operation.

图7.

图7

1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者的HE染色结果(2019719)

Figure 7 HE staining result of a case of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma complicated with pulmonary embolism and pulmonary tuberculosis (July 19, 2019)

Combined with immunohistochemical result, pathological diagnosis conformed to mesenchymal sarcoma.

2. 讨 论

PPAS临床表现多样,主要包括呼吸困难、胸痛或背痛、咳嗽、咯血,亦可因为肺循环受阻导致右心功能不全而出现肺动脉高压和肺动脉瓣区收缩期杂音等。由于症状隐匿且不典型或不特异,PPAS的确诊困难,经常延迟诊断,且最易被误诊为肺栓塞,亦有可能被误诊为肺炎、肺结核、肺癌、慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压等疾病[5-6]

增强CT在诊断肺动脉肉瘤上有一定的作用[7]。在MRI增强扫描的T1加权像中肉瘤可被顺磁性的对比剂钆所增强,有助于诊断PPAS[8]。研究者[9]在对肺栓塞患者行18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机体层显像仪(PET/CT)检查时,发现血栓对于18F-脱氧葡萄糖的摄取呈阴性,而恶性肿瘤如肉瘤对于18F-脱氧葡萄糖的摄取呈阳性。研究者[8]通过分析肺动脉肉瘤患者的影像学特点,发现PPAS在肺动脉CTA中表现为肺动脉管腔内充盈缺损,充盈缺损常常跨越肺动脉主干或近端肺动脉的整个管腔直径,而这在肺血栓栓塞症中是不常见的,若同时合并肺动脉扩张,则强烈提示PPAS。PPAS最终的确诊依赖病理学检查结果,目前活检的方法主要有经皮血管内抽吸术、支气管内超声引导下针吸活检、经皮血管内活检或者外科手术活检。经皮血管内抽吸术因经常取不到足够的肿瘤组织而存在一定失败率[10]。支气管内超声引导下针吸活检可以实时引导、反映肺动脉的血流情况和动脉狭窄情况,但获取的组织同样有限[11]。经皮血管内活检可以重复活检,从而获取多块组织,是比较理想的活检方式,但是仍存在发生肺动脉穿孔、出血、肿瘤种植等并发症的风险[12]。本例患者第1次通过支气管内超声引导下进行病理活检,但未获取到有效的肿瘤组织,第2次通过外科手术进行病理活检才得以确诊PPAS。

目前PPAS的治疗效果不理想,诊断后中位生存期仅约1.5个月[13]。外科手术完整切除肉瘤为最有效的治疗方式[14-15],可以缓解症状,但手术后的中位生存期也仅为10个月,姑息性手术治疗的中位生存期为8~14个月[16]。新辅助化疗可能缩小肿瘤,有利于肿瘤的完全切除[17]。姑息性手术切除联合新辅助化疗、放射治疗亦能改善患者的预后[18]。然而,目前尚无针对PPAS的化学药物治疗和放射治疗的指南。

本例患者初期临床症状表现为咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血、气促,肺部影像学表现为右肺多发病灶伴胸腔积液,结核感染T细胞斑点试验阳性,临床疑诊为“继发型肺结核”,经试验性抗结核治疗后,患者的症状明显改善,肺部相关影像显示病灶明显吸收,支持继发型肺结核的诊断。患者经规范抗结核治疗后病灶减小,症状缓解,但复查胸部CT发现左肺上叶纵膈旁新发软组织影,且呈进行性增大。患者咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血、气促症状再发后查肺动脉CTA提示肺动脉干、双侧肺动脉多发假性动脉瘤并双侧肺动脉多发栓子形成,支持肺栓塞的诊断;而经低分子肝素抗凝治疗后症状及影像学特征无改善。行外科手术时术中肉眼可见右室流出道内膜近肺动脉根部大量菜花样肿物形成,同时发现肺动脉分支部分血栓,最终活检标本的病理结果确诊为PPAS。考虑到PPAS起病隐匿,笔者推测该患者在患病初期即有PPAS的生长,从而引起肺栓塞,进而导致肺组织在缺血、缺氧的基础上继发结核感染,经抗结核治疗后症状缓解,后因肿瘤进行性增大致肺栓塞进一步加重,导致症状再发,但此推测尚需进一步的研究加以验证。此外,由本病例可以获得如下启示:临床上对于患有肺栓塞的患者,在抗凝治疗效果不佳和/或新发肺内病灶时,应警惕肺动脉肉瘤。

总之,PPAS在临床上较为罕见,临床表现多样且缺乏特异性,除有肺栓塞等常见的表现外还可表现为肺结核,极易误诊或漏诊。临床医师须对该病有充分的认知并重视PPAS临床表现的多样性。对于肺动脉CTA明确有肺栓塞的患者,在抗凝治疗效果不佳且缺少引起肺栓塞的诱因时,应详细分析病史及影像学资料,特别是应重视患者胸部CT肺窗的评估,若发现新发病灶应及早进行病理活检以明确诊断。PPAS的预后差,患者发病后生存时间短,重视PPAS临床表现的多样性并早期诊断和治疗对减轻患者的痛苦和医疗费用负担以及改善患者预后具有重要的意义。

基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0901502)。

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC0901502).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

沈冲 病例收集、图片整理及文章撰写;徐武 参与病例收集;欧阳若芸 文章修改及校对。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202205673.pdf

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