Skip to main content
Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Nov 28;48(11):1731–1738. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230159

铜及其复合物在心血管疾病中的作用

Role of copper and its complexes in cardiovascular diseases

ZHU Wenjun 1,2, ZHANG Yiyue 1, LUO Xiuju 2, PENG Jun 1,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10929953  PMID: 38432864

Abstract

Copper is a trace element essential for the maintenance of normal physiological functions in cardiovascular system, and its transport and metabolisms are regulated by various copper proteins such as copper-based enzymes, copper chaperones and copper transporters. The disturbance of copper level or abnormal expression of copper proteins are closely associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. Thus, intervention of copper ion signaling pathways is expected to be an effective measure for treating cardiovascular diseases. Some copper complexes, such as trientine, copper-aspirinate complex and copper (II) diethyldithiocarbamate, have been found to play a role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and possess potential prospects. Exploring the role of copper in maintaining normal cardiovascular status and the potential application of copper complexes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases may lay a foundation for finding new targets for prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, and provide new ideas for clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: copper, cardiovascular diseases, copper-based enzymes, copper chaperones, copper transporters, copper complexes


铜是人体必不可少的微量元素,广泛分布于人类细胞和组织中。铜具有氧化还原活性,存在于多种氧化还原酶中,参与各种生物过程,如线粒体电子运输、自由基清除、转录调节及机体免疫等[1]。因此,维持体内铜稳态对保障机体正常生理活动至关重要。研究[2]表明,体内铜离子水平受铜基酶、铜伴侣和铜转运体的严格调控。

心脏是受铜水平影响的主要器官之一,铜水平异常可导致心脏代谢紊乱和能量衰竭,诱发不同的心血管疾病。铜复合物是铜凭借其多变的配位结构和优良的配位性能,以及活化小分子的催化特性,与绝大多数分子配位形成的有潜在药物活性的混合物。铜复合物对心血管疾病的防治具有重要作用,靶向铜相关信号通路有望成为治疗动脉粥样硬化、高血压、缺血性心脏病、心肌肥厚及心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)等心血管疾病的有效途径。

1. 铜稳态调控相关蛋白及其生物学功能

1.1. 铜基酶

1.1.1. 铜蓝蛋白

铜蓝蛋白又称铜氧化酶,主要在肝脏合成,分子量为151 kD,为血液中主要的载铜蛋白,携带约95%的血液循环中的铜。研究[3]表明,铜蓝蛋白是多功能金属蛋白,在铜运输、凝血、血管生成、氧化应激防御和铁稳态维持中至关重要。

铜蓝蛋白功能障碍导致组织中铁的异常积累和循环中铜的过量游离,铜与铁共同产生致病效应,包括细胞毒性、氧化应激和致病基因的激活等[4]

1.1.2. 超氧化物歧化酶

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)是一种金属依赖性抗氧化酶,可清除体内超氧化物自由基。SOD有3种异构体,其中SOD1,也称铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase,Cu, Zn-SOD),几乎存在于所有真核细胞的细胞质中。

生理条件下,SOD1通过水解过氧化氢,发挥抗氧化作用。高胆固醇血症患者适量补充铜可增强SOD1活性,降低血浆胆固醇水平。铜缺乏将导致SOD1活性降低,增加低密度脂蛋白的氧化易感性,诱导氧化应激,最终导致高脂血症。

1.1.3. 赖氨酸氧化酶

赖氨酸氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)是一种含铜限速酶,由5种铜依赖酶,即LOX和4种LOX样同工酶(LOXL1~4)组成。细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)是一种动态的三维大分子网状结构,由多种基质大分子组成,其特定结构和精确组成因组织而异,它的主要成分是纤维蛋白,如胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白、纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin,FN)、层粘连蛋白、蛋白多糖、糖胺聚糖和其他几种糖蛋白组成。ECM不仅为细胞嵌入提供物理支架,还调节许多细胞过程,包括生长、迁移和分化等[5]。LOX对ECM的动态平衡和重塑至关重要,由LOX活性形成的醛基可以自发与赖氨酸残基的ε-氨基缩合,产生分子内和分子间的交联,最终参与胶原蛋白交联,促进胶原纤维沉积,这有助于维持ECM刚度和力学性能[6],LOX还能通过促进胶原蛋白与细胞表面的受体(如整合素)结合来促进细胞间信号转导。此外,LOX活性对于胶原原纤维的形成及其正常形状的维持也是必不可少的。LOX和赖氨酰氧化酶样蛋白(lysyl oxidase-like proteins,LOXLs)参与血管内稳态的调控。临床和动物研究[7]都证明动脉内皮细胞LOX和LOXLs的异常表达和异常活性与心血管疾病有关。LOX参与调节血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和血管重塑,血小板激活和血栓,以及血管的硬化和钙化[8]。研究[9]发现,心肌细胞特异性过表达LOXL1的转基因小鼠发生了心肌肥大。LOXL2是促进血管新生的主要同工酶,LOXL2基因敲除小鼠因室间隔断裂,围产期死亡率接近50%[10]。LOXL3和LOXL4也都参与了血管重塑[11],但具体机制尚不明确。

1.1.4. 细胞色素c氧化酶

细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase,COX)是线粒体呼吸链的末端酶,负责催化分子氧的还原,接受来自细胞色素c将氧气转化为水所必需的电子[12]。铜对COX的稳定性和活性至关重要,是COX的金属辅助因子。铜与COX的2个核心亚基COX1和COX2结合,分别形成CuB和CuA位点,在电子转移过程中,CuA位点从COX接收1个电子,通过一系列反应,电子随后被转移到与血红素结合的CuB位点,导致血红素还原[13],质子则可通过氧化过程被质子泵运送出线粒体膜,促进ATP合成[14]

1.2. 铜伴侣

1.2.1. 抗氧化蛋白

抗氧化蛋白(antioxidant-1,Atox1)是铜输出通路中的铜伴侣蛋白,对调控细胞中铜的分布起重要作用。Atox1不仅参与铜转运,还可影响游离铜的储存及转录调节和抗氧化防御作用[15]。在肢体严重缺血小鼠中,Atox1的表达上调,缺乏Atox1的小鼠表现出肢体灌注恢复受损,血管生成和炎症细胞募集减少[16]。因此Atox1可能是缺血性疾病的潜在治疗靶点。

1.2.2. 超氧化物歧化酶铜伴侣蛋白

超氧化物歧化酶铜伴侣蛋白(Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase,CCS)由3个结构域(D1、D2和D3)组成,每个结构域都是激活SOD1的关键。CCS通过与新生SOD1(不含铜离子)结合、插入铜离子和引导二硫键形成来发挥作用[17]。D1含有金属离子结合序列MXCXXC和1个类似于酵母铜伴侣蛋白Atx1和人Atox1的折叠,该折叠将铜从质膜转移到分泌通路。D2与SOD1具有结构和序列同源性,通过模拟SOD1-SOD1二聚体相互作用来识别SOD1[18]。当CCS的D2接口发生突变则破坏CCS介导的SOD1激活[19]。D3也是CCS的活性控制中心,缺乏D3 CXC序列的酵母CCS不能激活新生成的SOD1,也无法引导SOD1二硫键的形成[20]

1.2.3. 细胞色素c氧化酶合成因子1/2

细胞色素c氧化酶合成因子(synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase,SCO)1/2是铜结合蛋白,其功能依赖于铜离子结合,可稳定地结合铜(I)或铜(II)。SCO1和SCO2能将铜转运至COX,对维持铜稳态和转导氧化还原信号至关重要。虽然SCO1和SCO2的氨基酸序列高度同源,但功能上仍存在差异,在铜向CuA的转运中发挥不同的协同作用。SCO2将铜分子传递给COX2,而SCO1则促进铜从COX2转移到SCO2。此外,SCO2可调节SCO1的巯基氧化还原或金属化状态,调节细胞铜外流信号。然而,有研究[21]表明,铜转移到CuA位点只需要SCO1,而SCO2只调节COX2的巯基氧化还原状态。因此,SCO1和SCO2的功能仍存在争议,需要进一步研究证实。

1.3. 铜转运体

1.3.1. 高亲和力铜转运体

高亲和力铜转运体(high-affinity Cu transporter,hCTR1,也称为SLC31A1)的主要功能是介导细胞摄取铜和传递细胞内铜离子。hCTR1位于细胞膜,由190个氨基酸残基组成,有3个跨膜片段,1个可变的胞外氨基端和1个约15个残基的胞内高度保守羧基端[22]。hCTR1可促进血小板源性生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞迁移[23];而hCTR1耗尽会导致内皮细胞中的血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR-2)信号转导受损和血管生成减少[24]

1.3.2. ATP7A和ATP7B

铜转运P型ATP酶1(copper-transporting ATPase 1,ATP7A)和铜转运P型ATP酶2(copper-transporting ATPase 2,ATP7B)是通过ATP驱动的铜转运体,利用ATP水解酶的能量跨细胞膜转运铜离子[25]。ATP7A在大多数组织中表达,但在肝脏中不表达,而ATP7B主要在肝脏和脑中表达。这2种蛋白质都位于反式高尔基体网络,将细胞中多余的铜离子输送到铜基酶,对维持细胞内铜稳态至关重要。尽管ATP7A和ATP7B的结构和生化性质相似,它们的生理作用却不同。ATP7A已被证明将铜转运至肽基甘氨酸α酰胺化单加氧酶[26]、酪氨酸酶[27]、多巴胺β羟基酶[28]、含铜胺氧化酶[29]、细胞外SOD3[30]和LOX[31],而ATP7B则将铜转运至铜蓝蛋白[32]表1归纳了主要铜稳态调控相关蛋白及其生物学功能。

表1.

铜蛋白及其生物学功能

Table 1 Copper proteins and their biological functions

分类 铜蛋白 生物学功能
铜基酶 铜蓝蛋白 运输铜,帮助凝血,促进血管生成,防止氧化应激,维持铁稳态
超氧化物歧化酶

SOD1:发挥抗氧化防御作用,降低血浆胆固醇水平;

SOD2:抑制线粒体活性氧生成和DNA损伤,调节内皮细胞的增殖和凋亡;

SOD3:降低细胞外超氧阴离子水平,保持血压和内皮功能稳定

赖氨酸氧化酶 参与胶原蛋白交联,促进胶原纤维沉积,调控血管内稳态
细胞色素c氧化酶 催化分子氧的还原,负责心脏线粒体电子传递链
铜伴侣 抗氧化蛋白 参与铜转运,影响游离铜的储存、转录调节和抗氧化防御
超氧化物歧化酶铜伴侣蛋白 激活SOD1
细胞色素c氧化酶合成因子1/2 维持铜稳态,转导氧化还原信号
铜转运体 高亲和力铜转运体 介导细胞摄取铜,传递细胞内铜离子,促进血管生成
ATP7A、ATP7B 跨细胞膜转运铜

SOD1:超氧化物歧化酶1;SOD2:超氧化物歧化酶2;SOD3:超氧化物歧化酶3;ATP7A:铜转运P型ATP酶1;ATP7B:铜转运P型ATP酶2。

2. 铜与心血管疾病

2.1. 铜与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是一种以大/中型动脉中脂质沉积和血管壁硬化为特征的血管疾病。众所周知,高脂饮食是动脉粥样硬化的主要危险因素。此外,铜缺乏也是动脉粥样硬化的重要危险因素[33]。动脉粥样硬化病变的主动脉中铜含量降低[34],膳食铜缺乏会促进高胆固醇血症和动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉疾病的发展。铜缺乏使胆固醇合成途径中的关键酶——3-羟基3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A,HMG-CoA)还原酶水平升高。铜缺乏的大鼠血浆总胆固醇水平升高50%,其HMG-CoA还原酶活性从85%升至288%[35]。因此,铜含量动态平衡对维持机体总胆固醇水平十分重要。

炎症反应是动脉粥样硬化的重要特征。研究[36]发现,饮食中补充铜可减轻动脉粥样硬化动物模型的炎症反应。铜缺乏会增强中性粒细胞对微血管内皮细胞的炎性浸润[37],促进动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展。动脉粥样硬化通常伴随着铜的转运和代谢障碍。其中铜相关蛋白表达异常是动脉粥样硬化的重要发病机制。铜蓝蛋白很早就被认为是冠状动脉粥样硬化的独立风险因素和反映疾病严重程度的标志物。铜蓝蛋白通过降低血浆中NO的生物利用度,促进动脉粥样硬化[38]。因此,靶向抑制血清铜蓝蛋白水平可能是治疗动脉粥样硬化的潜在策略。

铜在调节胆固醇合成中发挥重要作用,提示合适的铜水平对于控制胆固醇水平和心血管健康具有重要意义。因此,人们应关注膳食和营养品中铜的含量,特别是对于存在动脉粥样硬化风险的人群,应确保其获得足够的铜。

2.2. 铜与高血压

有趣的是,除了动脉粥样硬化外,铜还在血压调节方面发挥作用,对维持正常血压至关重要。研究[39]发现:随着心脏负荷的增加,自发性高血压大鼠心脏铜含量而降低;此外,高血压患者的心脏铜含量也是降低的[40]。流行病学调查[41]显示,在一定浓度范围内,随着膳食铜摄入量的增加,高血压发生风险下降。然而,血清铜水平与高血压风险之间的关系仍存在争议。有研究[42]发现,在伊朗和尼日利亚,高血压患者血清铜水平升高,但在印度和巴基斯坦,高血压患者的血清铜水平降低[43]。这种差异可能与地区、性别、年龄、高血压不同阶段、合并疾病等因素相关,需要进一步探讨。尽管如此,多数观点认为合适的铜水平对于维持正常血压有益。合理调节膳食中铜的含量,能在一定程度上改善高血压。铜缺乏或铜过量均可影响血管和心脏的正常功能。

2.3. 铜与缺血性心脏病

在缺血的情况下,心肌组织的低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)表达上调以增强血管生成能力[44]。长期缺血会导致毛细血管密度难以增加,其原因与铜的丢失[45]有关。铜是一种血管生成刺激剂,影响许多血管生成过程,包括内皮细胞的增殖和迁移、血管的形成和成熟[46]。在培养的人心肌细胞中,敲低HIF-1α基因的表达后,铜无法诱导血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表达,所以铜对血管生成的影响依赖于其对HIF-1α活性的调控,铜结合蛋白在其中起重要作用。铜结合蛋白主要包括CCS和铜代谢结构域蛋白1。由于细胞中几乎未能检测到游离铜离子,所以铜调节HIF-1α转录活性很可能依赖铜结合蛋白。目前认为[47],铜以间接的方式通过铜结合蛋白来完成对HIF-1α的活性调控。该发现有助于我们更好地理解缺血心脏病血管生成机制,对于寻找新的治疗策略,改善缺血性心脏病治疗效果具有重要意义。

2.4. 铜与心肌肥厚

体内铜含量降低可抑制线粒体呼吸链的能量生产,干扰内皮细胞和心肌细胞中VEGF信号通路,促进心肌肥厚[48]。适当补充铜可改善心肌肥厚。用过氧化氢诱导H9c2心肌细胞肥大模型,加入生理水平的铜可抑制心肌细胞肥大,其机制可能涉及对VEGF表达的调节[49]。此外,作为铜依赖性线粒体呼吸链末端酶,COX水平在小鼠肥厚的心肌组织中显著降低,补充铜可以恢复COX活性和线粒体功能,逆转心肌肥厚[50],提示铜缺乏引起的线粒体功能障碍可能是心肌肥厚的重要原因,但详细机制还有待进一步研究。

2.5. 铜与HF

铜紊乱在HF的发生和发展中发挥重要作用。荟萃分析[51]结果显示HF患者的血清铜水平较高,直接检测血清铜水平,也发现在急性HF和慢性HF患者中血清铜水平均升高[52]。因此,高血清铜是HF进展的风险因素。作为主要的载铜蛋白,铜蓝蛋白在HF中发挥重要作用。研究[53]表明,铜蓝蛋白处于高水平的患者HF发生率增加,铜蓝蛋白对识别长期死亡风险较高的HF患者有一定帮助,联合检测铜蓝蛋白与脑钠肽可能有助于识别有较高死亡风险的HF患者。基于铜与HF之间的密切相关性,通过检测铜相关指标可能对于预测HF的发生具有重要临床价值,可为HF的预防提供新方法。

3. 铜复合物与心血管疾病防治

目前已有多种铜复合物用于临床,包括曲恩汀、铜-阿司匹林复合物和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜(II)。虽然目前这些药物的适应证并不是心血管疾病,但随着研究的深入,这些药物有望成为心血管疾病新的治疗药物。

3.1. 曲恩汀

曲恩汀,又称三乙烯四胺,于1985年被美国食品药品监督管理局批准用于治疗不能耐受青霉胺的威尔逊病患者[54]。研究[55]表明,曲恩汀能够逆转心肌肥厚,增加尿铜排泄,减轻心肌细胞的损伤以及预防铜缺乏性心肌病。因此,心血管疾病可能被拓展为曲恩汀的新适应证。在链脲佐菌素诱发的糖尿病大鼠模型中,曲恩汀能逆转心肌肥厚,抑制心肌组织的胶原沉积,并恢复心功能[56]。临床研究[57]发现:糖尿病引起铜缺乏性心肌病,曲恩汀不但可通过增加尿铜排泄改善II型糖尿病患者左心室肥厚,而且可预防铜缺乏,对维持心脏结构的完整性和肌原纤维对钙离子的敏感性起重要的作用。

除糖尿病心脏并发症外,曲恩汀也可能用于缺血性心脏病的防治。心肌缺血时,铜从心脏流出,即使在血清铜升高的情况下,铜含量低的缺血组织也无法从循环中很好地吸收铜[58]。曲恩汀选择性地与铜(II)形成复合物,并作为铜伴侣将铜离子转运到缺铜的心肌细胞中,以此减轻心肌细胞损伤[59]。有趣的是,曲恩汀曾经被认为是铜螯合剂,可能通过结合血清中的游离铜将其转运到心脏不同部位而发挥治疗心血管疾病的作用[60]。总之,曲恩汀可通过改善铜代谢,减轻心肌肥厚和纤维化,维持心脏结构完整性而发挥心脏保护作用,有望应用于治疗各种心血管疾病及其并发症。

3.2. 铜-阿司匹林复合物

阿司匹林是常用的解热、镇痛和抗炎药。有研究[61]发现,铜-阿司匹林复合物有抗炎、抗癌和抗菌活性。此外,它还是一种有效的抗氧化剂,能够清除超氧化物,可改善与氧化损伤相关的疾病(如高血压)的症状[62]。在心血管功能障碍的大鼠模型中,铜-阿司匹林复合物可通过抑制氧化应激和炎症信号通路来改善大鼠心室的收缩能力[61]

3.3. 二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜(II)

核转录因子红系2相关因子2(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)是一种对抗氧化应激的转录因子,通过与细胞核中的抗氧化反应元件结合促进多种抗氧化基因的转录。Nrf2驱动的自由基解毒途径是重要的内源性稳态机制,Nrf2可以通过该机制缓解氧化应激诱导的内皮损伤,对衰老、动脉粥样硬化、高血压等引起的心血管损伤具有保护作用[63]

研究[64]发现,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜(II)可激活血管内皮细胞中的Nrf2,减轻血管内皮细胞的氧化损伤,预防心血管疾病的发生。此外,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜(II)可选择性上调血管内皮细胞中胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶的表达,增加活性硫化物的产生,保护血管内皮细胞免受氧化应激和有毒物质(包括重金属)的损害[65],防止心血管疾病的发展。

尽管如此,上述铜复合物的心血管保护作用目前还停留在细胞和动物实验阶段,其临床作用有待进一步证实,以拓展其新适应证。

4. 结 语

维持铜稳态对保障心血管系统正常生理功能至关重要。铜稳态主要由铜蛋白介导,包括铜基酶、铜伴侣、铜转运体等。它们通过调控细胞对铜的摄入、分布和外排,维持细胞内铜的动态平衡。大量研究表明,铜转运和代谢异常与许多心血管疾病(如动脉粥样硬化、高血压、缺血性心脏病、心肌肥厚和HF等)发生和发展密切相关。因此,靶向铜蛋白,恢复铜稳态是治疗心血管疾病的潜在目标。铜复合物可通过调节体内铜相关信号通路,不同程度地缓解心血管疾病。尽管如此,铜在心血管疾病中的作用尚未完全阐明,进一步探究不同疾病状态下铜转运和代谢的机制,对心血管疾病精准诊断和治疗的意义深远。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82173815,81872873)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82173815, 81872873).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

朱文俊 文献收集,论文撰写;张议月、罗秀菊、彭军 论文指导和修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2023111731.pdf

参考文献

  • 1. Chen XY, Cai Q, Liang RK, et al. Copper homeostasis and copper-induced cell death in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and therapeutic strategies[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(2): 105. 10.1038/s41419-023-05639-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Xie JM, Yang YN, Gao YB, et al. Cuproptosis: mechanisms and links with cancers[J]. Mol Cancer, 2023, 22(1): 46. 10.1186/s12943-023-01732-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Liu ZD, Wang M, Zhang CB, et al. Molecular functions of ceruloplasmin in metabolic disease pathology[J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 2022, 15: 695-711. 10.2147/DMSO.S346648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Tarnacka B, Jopowicz A, Maślińska M. Copper, iron, and manganese toxicity in neuropsychiatric conditions[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(15): 7820. 10.3390/ijms22157820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, et al. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix[J]. FEBS J, 2021, 288(24): 6850-6912. 10.1111/febs.15776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Vallet SD, Ricard-Blum S. Lysyl oxidases: from enzyme activity to extracellular matrix cross-links[J]. Essays Biochem, 2019, 63(3): 349-364. 10.1042/EBC20180050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Valls-Lacalle L, Puertas-Umbert L, Varona S, et al. Human lysyl oxidase over-expression enhances baseline cardiac oxidative stress but does not aggravate ROS generation or infarct size following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion[J]. Antioxidants, 2021, 11(1): 75. 10.3390/antiox11010075. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Jover E, Silvente A, Marín F, et al. Inhibition of enzymes involved in collagen cross-linking reduces vascular smooth muscle cell calcification[J]. FASEB J, 2018, 32(8): 4459-4469. 10.1096/fj.201700653R. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Ohmura H, Yasukawa H, Minami T, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic expression of lysyl oxidase-like protein-1 induces cardiac hypertrophy in mice[J]. Hypertens Res, 2012, 35(11): 1063-1068. 10.1038/hr.2012.92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Martin A, Salvador F, Moreno-Bueno G, et al. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 represses Notch1 expression in the skin to promote squamous cell carcinoma progression[J]. EMBO J, 2015, 34(8): 1090-1109. 10.15252/embj.201489975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Franceschini N, Giambartolomei C, de Vries PS, et al. GWAS and colocalization analyses implicate carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque loci in cardiovascular outcomes[J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 5141. 10.1038/s41467-018-07340-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Ramzan R, Kadenbach B, Vogt S. Multiple mechanisms regulate eukaryotic cytochrome C oxidase[J]. Cells, 2021, 10(3): 514. 10.3390/cells10030514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Tsang T, Davis CI, Brady DC. Copper biology[J]. Curr Biol, 2021, 31(9): R421-R427. 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Swaminathan AB, Gohil VM. The role of COA6 in the mitochondrial copper delivery pathway to cytochrome c oxidase[J]. Biomolecules, 2022, 12(1): 125. 10.3390/biom12010125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Yang D, Xiao PY, Qiu BT, et al. Copper chaperone antioxidant 1: multiple roles and a potential therapeutic target[J]. J Mol Med, 2023, 101(5): 527-542. 10.1007/s00109-023-02311-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Sudhahar V, Shi Y, Kaplan JH, et al. Whole-transcriptome sequencing analyses of nuclear antixoxidant-1 in endothelial cells: role in inflammation and atherosclerosis[J]. Cells, 2022, 11(18): 2919. 10.3390/cells11182919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Urso E, Maffia M. Behind the link between copper and angiogenesis: established mechanisms and an overview on the role of vascular copper transport systems[J]. J Vasc Res, 2015, 52(3): 172-196. 10.1159/000438485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Boyd SD, Calvo JS, Liu L, et al. The yeast copper chaperone for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CCS1) is a multifunctional chaperone promoting all levels of SOD1 maturation[J]. J Biol Chem, 2019, 294(6): 1956-1966. 10.1074/jbc.RA118.005283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Boyd SD, Ullrich MS, Skopp A, et al. Copper sources for Sod1 activation[J]. Antioxidants, 2020, 9(6): 500. 10.3390/antiox9060500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Du WL, Zhai PF, Liu S, et al. The copper chaperone CcsA, coupled with superoxide dismutase SodA, mediates the oxidative stress response in Aspergillus fumigatus [J/OL]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2021, 87(17): e0101321[2023-12-01]. 10.1128/AEM.01013-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Morgada MN, Abriata LA, Cefaro C, et al. Loop recognition and copper-mediated disulfide reduction underpin metal site assembly of CuA in human cytochrome oxidase[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2015, 112(38): 11771-11776. 10.1073/pnas.1505056112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Kaplan JH, Maryon EB. How mammalian cells acquire copper: an essential but potentially toxic metal[J]. Biophys J, 2016, 110(1): 7-13. 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.025. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Ashino T, Sudhahar V, Urao N, et al. Unexpected role of the copper transporter ATP7A in PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration[J]. Circ Res, 2010, 107(6): 787-799. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.225334. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Das A, Ash D, Fouda AY, et al. Cysteine oxidation of copper transporter CTR1 drives VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2022, 24(1): 35-50. 10.1038/s41556-021-00822-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Bitter RM, Oh S, Deng ZQ, et al. Structure of the Wilson disease copper transporter ATP7B[J]. Sci Adv, 2022, 8(9): eabl5508. 10.1126/sciadv.abl5508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Gaier ED, Miller MB, Ralle M, et al. Peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase heterozygosity alters brain copper handling with region specificity[J]. J Neurochem, 2013, 127(5): 605-619. 10.1111/jnc.12438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Setty SR, Tenza D, Sviderskaya EV, et al. Cell-specific ATP7A transport sustains copper-dependent tyrosinase activity in melanosomes[J]. Nature, 2008, 454(7208): 1142-1146. 10.1038/nature07163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Xiao T, Ackerman CM, Carroll EC, et al. Copper regulates rest-activity cycles through the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system[J]. Nat Chem Biol, 2018, 14(7): 655-663. 10.1038/s41589-018-0062-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Yang HJ, Ralle M, Wolfgang MJ, et al. Copper-dependent amino oxidase 3 governs selection of metabolic fuels in adipocytes[J/OL]. PLoS Biol, 2018, 16(9): e2006519[2023-12-01]. 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006519. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Sudhahar V, Okur MN, O’Bryan JP, et al. Caveolin-1 stabilizes ATP7A, a copper transporter for extracellular SOD, in vascular tissue to maintain endothelial function[J]. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2020, 319(5): C933-C944. 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Shanbhag V, Jasmer-McDonald K, Zhu S, et al. ATP7A delivers copper to the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2019, 116(14): 6836-6841. 10.1073/pnas.1817473116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Squitti R, Siotto M, Arciello M, et al. Non-ceruloplasmin bound copper and ATP7B gene variants in Alzheimer’s disease[J]. Metallomics, 2016, 8(9): 863-873. 10.1039/c6mt00101g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33. DiNicolantonio JJ, Mangan D, O’Keefe JH. Copper deficiency may be a leading cause of ischaemic heart disease[J/OL]. Open Heart, 2018, 5(2): e000784[2023-12-01]. 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000784. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Li HL, Zhao LJ, Wang T, et al. Dietary cholesterol supplements disturb copper homeostasis in multiple organs in rabbits: aorta copper concentrations negatively correlate with the severity of atherosclerotic lesions[J]. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2022, 200(1): 164-171. 10.1007/s12011-021-02618-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Kim S, Chao PY, Allen KG. Inhibition of elevated hepatic glutathione abolishes copper deficiency cholesterolemia[J]. FASEB J, 1992, 6(7): 2467-2471. 10.1096/fasebj.6.7.1563598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Denko CW, Petricevic M, Whitehouse MW. Inflammation in relation to dietary intake of zinc and copper[J]. Int J Tissue React, 1981, 3(2): 73-76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Solier S, Müller S, Cañeque T, et al. A druggable copper-signalling pathway that drives inflammation[J]. Nature, 2023, 617(7960): 386-394. 10.1038/s41586-023-06017-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Arenas de Larriva AP, Limia-Pérez L, Alcalá-Díaz JF, et al. Ceruloplasmin and coronary heart disease-a systematic review[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(10): 3219. 10.3390/nu12103219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Subramanian M, Hunt AL, Petrucci GA, et al. Differential metal content and gene expression in rat left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension and hyperactivity[J]. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2014, 28(3): 311-316. 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.02.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Alarcón OM, Guerrero Y, Ramírez de Fernández M, et al. Effect of cooper supplementation on blood pressure values in patients with stable moderate hypertension[J]. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 2003, 53(3): 271-276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. He PP, Li H, Liu CZ, et al. U-shaped association between dietary copper intake and new-onset hypertension[J]. Clin Nutr, 2022, 41(2): 536-542. 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Azimi-Nezhad M, et al. The relationship between established coronary risk factors and serum copper and zinc concentrations in a large Persian cohort[J]. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2009, 23(3): 167-175. 10.1016/j.jtemb.2009.03.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Taneja SK, Mandal R. Mineral factors controlling essential hypertension: a study in the Chandigarh, India population[J]. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2007, 120(1/2/3): 61-73. 10.1007/s12011-007-8013-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. Tsao CC, Baumann J, Huang SF, et al. Pericyte hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) drives blood-brain barrier disruption and impacts acute ischemic stroke outcome[J]. Angiogenesis, 2021, 24(4): 823-842. 10.1007/s10456-021-09796-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Chevion M, Jiang Y, Har-El R, et al. Copper and iron are mobilized following myocardial ischemia: possible predictive criteria for tissue injury[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1993, 90(3): 1102-1106. 10.1073/pnas.90.3.1102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Ash D, Sudhahar V, Youn SW, et al. The P-type ATPase transporter ATP7A promotes angiogenesis by limiting autophagic degradation of VEGFR2[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1): 3091. 10.1038/s41467-021-23408-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Rae TD, Schmidt PJ, Pufahl RA, et al. Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase[J]. Science, 1999, 284(5415): 805-808. 10.1126/science.284.5415.805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Zheng L, Han PF, Liu JM, et al. Role of copper in regression of cardiac hypertrophy[J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2015, 148: 66-84. 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Zhou Y, Jiang YC, Kang YJ. Copper inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced hypertrophy in embryonic rat cardiac H9c2 cells[J]. Exp Biol Med, 2007, 232(3): 385-389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Jiang YC, Reynolds C, Xiao C, et al. Dietary copper supplementation reverses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy induced by chronic pressure overload in mice[J]. J Exp Med, 2007, 204(3): 657-666. 10.1084/jem.20061943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Huang L, Shen RH, Huang LF, et al. Association between serum copper and heart failure: a meta-analysis[J]. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2019, 28(4): 761-769. 10.6133/apjcn.201912_28(4).0013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Alexanian I, Parissis J, Farmakis D, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of serum copper and zinc in acute and chronic heart failure[J]. Clin Res Cardiol, 2014, 103(11): 938-949. 10.1007/s00392-014-0735-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Lazar-Poloczek E, Romuk E, Rozentryt P, et al. Ceruloplasmin as redox marker related to heart failure severity[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(18): 10074. 10.3390/ijms221810074. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Lynch EN, Campani C, Innocenti T, et al. Practical insights into chronic management of hepatic Wilson’s disease[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2022, 10(14): 4334-4347. 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4334. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Cooper GJ, Young AA, Gamble GD, et al. A copper(II)-selective chelator ameliorates left-ventricular hypertrophy in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomised placebo-controlled study[J]. Diabetologia, 2009, 52(4): 715-722. 10.1007/s00125-009-1265-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Cooper GJ, Phillips AR, Choong SY, et al. Regeneration of the heart in diabetes by selective copper chelation[J]. Diabetes, 2004, 53(9): 2501-2508. 10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Zhang L, Ward ML, Phillips AR, et al. Protection of the heart by treatment with a divalent-copper-selective chelator reveals a novel mechanism underlying cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2013, 12: 123. 10.1186/1475-2840-12-123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Fu CY, Lizhao JH, Luo ZH, et al. Active uptake of hydrophilic copper complex Cu(ii)-TETA in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes[J]. Metallomics, 2019, 11(3): 565-575. 10.1039/c8mt00277k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Nurchi VM, Crisponi G, Crespo-Alonso M, et al. Complex formation equilibria of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with triethylenetetramine and its mono- and di-acetyl metabolites[J]. Dalton Trans, 2013, 42(17): 6161-6170. 10.1039/c2dt32252h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60. Liu JM, Chen C, Liu YJ, et al. Trientine selectively delivers copper to the heart and suppresses pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats[J]. Exp Biol Med, 2018, 243(14): 1141-1152. 10.1177/1535370218813988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. Radovits T, Gerö D, Lin LN, et al. Improvement of aging-associated cardiovascular dysfunction by the orally administered copper(II)-aspirinate complex[J]. Rejuvenation Res, 2008, 11(5): 945-956. 10.1089/rej.2008.0762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Togliatto G, Lombardo G, Brizzi MF. The future challenge of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypertension: from bench to bed side[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2017, 18(9): 1988. 10.3390/ijms18091988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Chen QM, Maltagliati AJ. Nrf2 at the heart of oxidative stress and cardiac protection[J]. Physiol Genomics, 2018, 50(2): 77-97. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00041.2017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Fujie T, Murakami M, Yoshida E, et al. Copper diethyldithiocarbamate as an activator of Nrf2 in cultured vascular endothelial cells[J]. J Biol Inorg Chem, 2016, 21(2): 263-273. 10.1007/s00775-016-1337-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Fujie T, Takahashi A, Takahashi M, et al. Transcriptional induction of cystathionine γ-lyase, a reactive sulfur-producing enzyme, by copper diethyldithiocarbamate in cultured vascular endothelial cells[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(17): 6053. 10.3390/ijms21176053. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences are provided here courtesy of Central South University

RESOURCES