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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2023 Nov 28;48(11):1739–1745. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230176

核素显像在心脏淀粉样变诊断及预后评估中的价值

Value of nuclide scintigraphy in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis

MO Qu 1,2, DENG Zilong 1, XIAO Yi 1, LIU Caiguang 1, ZHAO Min 2,
Editor: 田 朴
PMCID: PMC10929958  PMID: 38432865

Abstract

Amyloidosis is a local or systemic disease caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins outside the cell, with rapid progression, and dire prognosis. Common types of cardiac amyloidosis are monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL-CA) and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). Nuclear medicine examinations can be accurate, rapid, and non-invasive to help diagnose diseases and can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with CA. Technetium (99Tcm)-labeled bisphosphonate imaging has been included in the consensus of experts and has become the first-line imaging method for the diagnosis of ATTR-CA. 123I-metaiodoenzylguanidine (MIBG) as a norepinephrine analogue can effectively assess cardiac sympathetic innervation in patients with CA. Aβ- amyloid imaging agents such as 11C-pittsburgh compound B and 18F-flubetaben are expected to be new techniques for diagnosing AL-CA and incorporating them into cardiac staging systems for AL-CA patients in the future. New imaging agents such as 18F-NaF has been widely used in the diagnosis, treatment response monitoring, and prognosis assessment of CA. Summarizing the research value of nuclide imaging in CA may provide new ideas for clinical realization of early detection of CA and accurate assessment of disease prognosis.

Keywords: cardiac amyloidosis, nuclide scintigraphy, imaging agent, diagnosis, prognosis


淀粉样变性是由不稳定蛋白质错误折叠,形成淀粉样蛋白原纤维,并堆积在细胞外而导致的多系统性疾病[1]。目前,心脏淀粉样变性(cardiac amyloidosis,CA)的常见类型为单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链型(immunoglobulin light chain cardiac amyloidosis,AL-CA)和转甲状腺素蛋白型(transthyretincardiac amyloidosis,ATTR-CA),其中ATTR-CA又分为野生型(wild-type ATTR,ATTRwt)和突变型(mutant ATTR,ATTRm)。CA患者预后不佳,特别是未经治疗的AL-CA患者,中位生存期不足6个月[2]

目前CA诊断的金标准为心内膜心肌活检(endomyocardial biopsy,EMB),刚果红对淀粉样蛋白原纤维进行染色时,在偏振光下镜下表现为苹果绿双折射。但由于心内膜活检术具有侵入性和高风险性,导致患者依从性不高。虽然也可应用心外组织比如腹部脂肪组织代替心内膜活检,但对ATTRwt的检出率仅有14%[3]。因此,快速、高效、准确的非侵入性检查对于该疾病的诊断尤为重要。

临床上常用的非侵入性检查主要有超声心动图、心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)、核素显像等[4]。超声心动图检查应用广泛,当影像中出现左室肥厚,房间隔增厚,双房增大,心肌颗粒状回声等表现时常提示CA。此外,心肌收缩分数(myocardial contraction fraction,MCF)、整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain,GLS)等超声参数与疾病预后相关[5-6],但上述预后指标无法对CA进行分型,因此这些预后指标在CA鉴别诊断中的价值有待进一步研究[2]。CMR可以提供心脏结构和功能信息,CA常出现左室肥厚,心肌T1值、细胞外体积分数(extracellular volume fraction,ECV)值增高,以及弥漫性心内膜下或透壁性钆延迟增强(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)等表现[7]。一项关于CMR的荟萃分析[8]结果发现,T1和ECV值不仅显示出极高的诊断效能,还能够有效地预测疾病的全因死亡率。目前超声心动图、CMR可辅助专业人员对CA患者进行诊断和评估,但其本身不足以诊断CA,且不能准确区分CA的类型[2]。核素显像操作简便,准确高效,在CA的诊断、鉴别、预后评估等方面价值极高,具有独特的作用。本文旨在探讨核素显像在CA诊断以及预后评估等方面的研究进展,以期为CA的临床诊疗提供依据。

1. 锝标双膦酸盐显像

1.1. 成像原理

当前,常用的双膦酸盐显像剂主要包括99Tcm-焦磷酸盐(pyrophosphate,PYP)、99Tcm-双羧基双膦盐(dicarboxypropane diphosphonate,DPD)和99Tcm-羟亚甲基二膦(hydroxymethylene diphosphonate,HMDP)等。而另外一种双膦酸盐显像剂,99Tcm-亚甲基二膦酸盐(methylenediphosphonate,MDP)诊断CA的敏感性较低[9]

双膦酸盐显像剂选择性结合ATTR-CA中淀粉样原纤维的机制尚不明确。一种假说称显像剂与纤维中微钙化灶结合而显像,而ATTR-CA患者病灶中微钙化灶密度远大于AL-CA患者,因此ATTR-CA在双膦酸盐显像剂显像时表现为摄取明显增高[10]。另外一种假说称可能与双膦酸盐显像剂结合与病变组织中淀粉样蛋白沉积的持续时间有关。与AL-CA相比,ATTR-CA进展慢,病程更长,淀粉样蛋白沉积时间也更长,因此ATTR-CA患者的双膦酸盐显像剂摄取显著高于AL-CA患者[11]

1.2. CA诊断价值

锝标双膦酸盐显像是诊断ATTR-CA的非常可靠的非侵入检查方法。一项评估锝标双膦酸盐显像诊断ATTR-CA患者准确性的荟萃分析[12]显示:其诊断的敏感性为92.2%,特异性为95.4%,并且在疾病的早期,在超声心动图和CMR出现病变征象前即可无创识别CA[13]。临床上常在注射双膦酸盐显像剂后1 h和3 h进行成像。1 h成像敏感性高,而3 h成像特异性更高[14]。其图像判定主要是依靠视觉评分(0分或1分判为阴性,2分或3分判为阳性)和半定量指标——心脏与对侧肺放射性摄取比值(heart to contralateral lung ratios,H/CL),1 h的H/CL≥1.5时,判为阳性;3 h的H/CL≥1.3时,判为阳性[2]

一项大规模的多中心CA临床研究[13]表明:当双膦酸盐核素显像的视觉评分为2分或3分时,诊断ATTR-CA敏感性为91%,特异性为87%;而当视觉评分表现为2分或3分且血清或尿液中单克隆蛋白表现为阴性时,其诊断ATTR-CA的特异性和阳性预测值达到100%。此外,国内外多项指南及专家共识[2, 15-16]均指出,血清或尿液中单克隆蛋白为阴性且双膦酸盐核素显像为2分或3分时,无需组织活检即可确诊ATTR-CA。需要注意的是,虽然双膦酸盐核素显像阳性可初步排除AL-CA,但部分AL-CA患者心肌也可表现出双膦酸盐核素显像剂摄取。在一项292例AL-CA患者99Tcm-DPD显像研究[17]中,40%的AL-CA患者心肌出现显像剂摄取,其中10%的患者心脏摄取表现为2分或3分。因此,在使用双膦酸盐核素显像诊断ATTR-CA时,需要结合血清学等检查排除AL-CA[2]。此外,对所有确诊ATTR-CA的患者,都建议进行基因检测以明确分型,辅助家族筛查,明确遗传谱系以及预后的评估[15]

AL-CA患者诊断的必要条件是体内检测到单克隆免疫球蛋白,血清游离轻链(free light chain,FLC)联合血清/尿免疫固定电泳(immunofixation electrophoresis,IFE)检测对识别AL-CA患者的单克隆免疫球蛋白有99%的敏感性[18]。当其均表现为阴性时基本可以排除AL-CA,但阳性时不能直接诊断AL-CA。因为合并意义未明单克隆免疫球蛋白血症(monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance,MGUS)或存在单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积病(monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease,MIDD)的ATTR-CA患者也会出现单克隆免疫球蛋白的升高。当患者血清FLC联合血/尿IFE为阳性时,且双膦酸盐核素显像为阴性,考虑AL-CA可能性大,但双膦酸盐核素显像为阳性,由于部分AL-CA患者也可出现摄取,需依靠组织活检才能明确诊断[15]

1.3. 预后价值

双膦酸盐核素显像结果对ATTR-CA预后有提示作用。Sperry等[19]研究发现,54例ATTR-CA患者的99Tcm-PYP显像类似于超声心动图的心尖纵向应变保留模式,即基底段和中间段受累严重,心尖受累相对较轻,两者均对预后有提示意义。当患者的心尖保留率(apical-sparing ratio,ASR)<2.75时,其生存率明显下降。Castano等[11]研究发现,当H/CL≥1.6时,提示ATTR-CA患者预后不良。同时有研究[20]发现,心脏与全身放射性摄取比值(heart to whole-body ratio,H/WB)与左心室室壁厚度呈正相关,并且无论左心室室壁是否增厚,H/WB>7.5均可预测ATTR-CA患者的主要心血管不良事件。

2. 123I-间碘苄基胍显像

2.1. 成像原理

间碘苄基胍(metaiodoenzylguanidine,MIBG)是去甲肾上腺素类似物,可储存在交感神经末梢的颗粒中,不会被分解代谢。因此,显像剂摄取量可以反映心肌内交感神经末梢的数量,常用来评估心脏的交感神经支配状况以及心血管药物对慢性心力衰竭治疗疗效[21]。当淀粉样蛋白浸润心肌时,可导致AL-CA和ATTR-CA患者(特别是ATTRm患者)心脏的自主神经系统紊乱,表现为交感神经和副交感神经失支配。CA患者注射123I-MIBG后4 h测得的心脏与纵隔放射性摄取比值(heart to mediastinum ratio,H/M)较非CA患者降低[21]。目前,已有多项研究[21-22]证实当淀粉样蛋白累及心脏时,123I-MIBG可评估CA患者的交感神经系统受损情况。

2.2. CA诊断价值

Piekarski等[23]研究发现:与99Tcm-DPD显像相比,131I-MIBG可更早检测到ATTR-CA患者心脏的去神经支配现象,体现了131I-MIBG早期诊断CA的潜在作用。同时,早在超声心动图显示CA病变征象前,123I-MIBG成像就能检测到ATTR-CA患者的心脏交感神经去神经支配[24]123I-MIBG可早期提示淀粉样变患者心脏的受累,但是不能鉴别CA的类型。有研究[24]显示:虽然ATTR-CA、AL-CA和AA型患者123I-MIBG成像的晚期H/M显著低于健康对照者,但AL-CA与AA型患者间H/M无明显差异,并且当3组患者的超声心动图提示CA时,其H/M均相近。研究[24]表明:ATTR-CA患者的H/M虽然显著低于健康对照者,但与AL-CA及AA对照型患者相比无明显差异。

2.3. 预后及疗效评估

123I-MIBG显像可评估CA患者预后以及治疗效果的价值[25-28]。V30M型ATTRm患者在接受123I-MIBG成像后,其晚期H/M可作为独立的预后预测指标,且晚期H/M<1.6与不良结局相关,5年全因死亡率高达42%[25]。同时,在心力衰竭CA患者中,123I-MIBG显像也是预测严重心血管不良事件的强有力的预后因子[26]。有研究[27]对70例接受肝移植的ATTRm患者进行随访,年度123I-MIBG显像结果显示患者的H/M在治疗前逐年下降,但在治疗后,H/M处于稳定水平,提示肝移植治疗可稳定ATTRm患者心脏的去神经支配。同时,在一项小样本的前瞻性研究[28]中,ATTRm患者在接受二氟尼柳(diflunisal)药物治疗后,其H/M逐年增加,提示该药物可有效治疗ATTRm患者心脏的自主神经功能障碍。由此可见,123I-MIBG显像可早期、及时监测CA患者的病情的变化以及协助临床后续治疗决策的制订。

3. Aβ-淀粉样蛋白显像

3.1. 成像原理

11C-匹兹堡化合物B(PiB)、18F-氟哌啶醇(florbetapir)、18F-氟比他班(florbetaben)和18F-氟美他酚(flutemetamol)等淀粉样蛋白特异性显像剂对脑中β-淀粉样蛋白有高度亲和力,广泛应用于阿尔茨海默病的研究中。该类显像剂也能结合AL-CA以及ATTR-CA淀粉样物质中的纤维成分[29]。近年来,该类显像剂越来越多地应用于CA的诊断,分型以及预后、疗效评估等研究中。

3.2. CA诊断价值

一项评估淀粉样蛋白特异性显像剂对CA诊断性能的荟萃分析[30]指出,Aβ-淀粉样蛋白显像的敏感性为95%,特异性为98%,在多项研究中均显示出良好的诊断价值。Dorbala等[31]使用18F-florbetapir对CA患者以及非CA患者进行分析,发现CA患者心肌摄取明显增高,而对照者心肌无明显摄取。此外,11例未出现心室壁增厚但经过组织活检证实为CA的患者接受11C-PiB显像时,有5例患者11C-PiB心肌摄取呈阳性[32];当11C-PiB应用于10例无心脏受累的ATTR患者时,所有的患者左心室的保留指数(retention index,RI)均升高[33];此外,11C-PiB显像可早期发现淀粉样物质沉积而导致的微小缺血灶[34]。以上研究提示11C-PiB显像有望成为早期诊断CA的新方法。

正电子发射断层扫描显像(positron emission computed tomography,PET)对判别CA的类型也具有潜在价值。Rosengren等[32]对51例参与者(15例为AL-CA患者,21例为ATTR-CA患者,15例为非CA的对照者)进行11C-PiB显像,发现AL-CA和ATTR-CA患者心脏摄取均增高,经验丰富的专业人员仅依靠视觉评分便可达到100%的诊断准确性,此外AL-CA患者的11C-PIB摄取显著高于ATTR-CA患者。但11C-PIB受到半衰期短(20 min),需要回旋加速器生产等诸多限制[34]。并且在评估系统性淀粉样变时,11C-PIB PET无法区分生理性或病理性肺摄取,也无法检测周围神经系统的淀粉样沉积[35]。Genovesi等[36]使用半衰期更长(110 min)的18F-氟比他班对CA患者和非CA患者进行晚期以及延迟显像,发现可以有效区分AL-CA、ATTR-CA以及非CA患者。Kircher等[37]提出,当心肌摄取保留值(myocardial tracer retention,MTR)的截断值≥36时,18F-氟比他班区分CA和非CA的敏感性和特异性均达到100%。AL-CA组MTR的中位数(66)显著高于AA(58)和ATTR-CA组(42)。当MTR的截断值>59时,区分AL-CA和其他类型CA(ATTR-CA和AA)的敏感性和特异性分别达到88%和100%。在上述研究中,18F-氟比他班对AL-CA亲和力均明显高于ATTR-CA,但目前不同类型的CA对淀粉样蛋白特异性显像剂摄取存在差异的具体机制有待进一步研究[36]

3.3. 预后及治疗疗效评估

研究[38]纳入58例AL-CA患者进行11C-PiB显像,结果显示11C-PiB摄取阳性的患者生存率显著低于摄取阴性的患者,并且11C-PiB联合N末端前B型利钠肽(N terminal-pro-B type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)和心肌肌钙蛋白T和I、FLC差值时,死亡风险预测效能显著提高,可提供比常规生物标志物更多的预后信息。在Lee等[39]研究中,15例AL-CA患者(其中5例患者在检查前曾接受化疗)进行11C-PiB显像,未经化疗的AL-CA患者和接受过化疗的AL-CA患者间11C-PiB摄取存在显著差异,体现了11C-PiB PET/CT在评估AL-CA治疗效果的潜力。此外,40例经活检证实为AL-CA的患者(30例活动性AL-CA患者,10例血液学缓解超过1年的AL-CA患者),所有患者的多个器官均检测到18F-florbetapir广泛摄取[40]。鉴于淀粉样蛋白特异性显像剂预测AL-CA预后的潜在价值,在未来有期望将Aβ-淀粉样蛋白显像纳入AL-CA患者的心脏分期系统,联合NT-proBNP和心肌肌钙蛋白等生物标志物,为AL-CA患者提供更加准确的危险度分层。

4. 其他新型显像剂

18F-NaF作为一种亲骨性PET显像剂,主要通过结合骨中羟基磷灰石晶体而进行显像。有研究[41-42]已表明18F-NaF可用于区分ATTR-CA、AL-CA与非CA患者。Trivieri等[41]对14例患者进行PET/MRI显像,其中7例经活检证实为CA(4例为ATTR-CA,3例为AL-CA)。结果显示ATTR-CA患者的最大靶/本底比值(maximum target-to-background ratio,TBRmax)为1.14±0.24,AL-CA患者的TBRmax为0.77±0.06,非CA患者的TBRmax为0.68±0.04,ATTR-CA患者的摄取值显著高于AL-CA患者和非CA患者。18F-NaF在AL-CA以及ATTR-CA摄取程度不同可能是由于两者病灶中微钙化灶密度不同所致[34]。与99Tcm-PYP等SPECT显像剂相比,18F-NaF成像质量更高,显像剂廓清更快,显像所需时间更短,并且通过PET/MRI作为解剖及功能显像的一站式检查,可以快速评估患者病情,是诊断ATTR-CA富有潜力的无创性检查。

68Ga标记的成纤维细胞激活蛋白(fibroblast activation protein,FAP)抑制剂(68Ga-FAP inhibitor,68Ga-FAPI)可与成纤维细胞表面的FAP特异性结合,包括急性心肌梗死和扩张型心肌病在内的多种心脏疾病均显示出成纤维细胞的活化[43-44]。最近一项研究[45]发现,30例确诊为AL淀粉样变(27例AL-CA,3例无心脏受累)的患者行68Ga-FAPI显像时,80%的患者表现为广泛性或局灶性心肌摄取,反映了AL-CA患者成纤维细胞活化增强。并且患者的标准化摄取比值(standard uptake value,SUV)与Mayo分期、NT-proBNP、GLS及ECV等多项预后指标显著相关,提示该显像剂可能具有潜在的预后评估价值。

124I标记的淀粉样反应肽p5+14(124I-p5+14)是一种新型嗜淀粉样肽放射性示踪剂,该示踪剂通过静电相互作用与淀粉样沉积物中糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)和蛋白原纤维相结合[46]124I-p5+14可快速沉积在AL淀粉样变患者的多个受累器官(比如心、肾、脾等)及系统中。此外,在临床未发现淀粉样蛋白沉积的器官中,也可检测到显像剂[46]。虽然目前有关124I标记诊断和评估CA患者预后的研究较少,但未来更多新型探针的应用可以更加准确高效地检测该类患者淀粉样蛋白负荷,实现疾病的准确诊断,疗效及预后的实时检测等。

5. 结语与展望

目前,核素显像已经在CA疾病诊断以及疗效、预后评估中展现出独特优势。其中,99Tcm-双膦酸盐显像作为诊断CA的非侵入性检查的作用已经达成共识,成为诊断ATTR-CA的一线方法[15]。此外,11C-PiB和68Ga-FAPI等其他核素显像在CA的诊断和疗效、预后评估中的应用日益广泛,并且PET显像剂因其在AL-CA的优异表现,有望在未来指导对AL-CA患者预后风险的分层。随着临床对心肌淀粉样变疾病认识的不断加深以及核素显像联合CMR、超声心动图和生物标志物等对疾病进行综合评估的多模态成像方式的不断发展,在未来有望实现疾病的早期、快速发现,精准诊断以及指导治疗,从而能及时挽救更多患者生命。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81901784)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901784).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

莫屈 文献收集及整理,论文撰写及修改;邓子龙、赵敏 论文指导及修改;肖羿、刘才广 文献收集。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230176

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2023111739.pdf

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