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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2021 Aug 28;46(8):851–857. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190817

早期纠正凝血功能障碍降低大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率

Early correction of coagulopathy reduces the 28-day mortality in adult patients with large-area burns

XIAO Kun 1,2, ZHAO Fei 2, LIAO Xincheng 3, LE Aiping 1,
Editor: 郭 征
PMCID: PMC10929979  PMID: 34565729

Abstract

Objective

Coagulation dysfunction caused by large-area burns is an independent risk factor for the 28-day mortality of adult patients. However, whether early (48 hours after admission) correction of coagulopathy can reduce the 28-day mortality of adult patients with large-area burns has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of early correction of coagulopathy on the 28-day mortality in the adult patients with large-area burns.

Methods

Medical records of burn patients with blood transfusion who were hospitalized in the Department of Burn, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from April 2014 to July 2019 were retrieved. Among them, 573 adult patients with large-area burns were selected as the research subjects. The patients were divided into an experimental group (patients had early rectification of coagulation dysfunction, n=290) and a control group (patients without early rectification of coagulation dysfunction, n=283). The basic clinical data and prognostic indicators of the 2 groups were compared. Logistic univariate regression analysis was used to screen the influential factors of 28-day mortality in adult patients with large-area burns, and further logistic multivariate regression analysis was carried out to obtain independent risk factors and protective factors. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve for the 2 groups of patients, and log-rank test was used.

Results

The differences of the burn area/the total body surface area (TBSA), III° burn area, 24-hour urine volume and rehydration volume, 48-hour fresh frozen plasma transfusion volume, and 48-hour activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) between the 2 groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The duration of mechanical ventilation in the experimental group was shorter than that in the control group, and the 28-day mortality in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (10% vs 24%, both P<0.05). The results of logistic univariate regression analysis showed that burn area/TBSA, III° burn area, inhalation injury, length of hospital stay, mechanical ventilation time, 48-hour frozen plasma infusion, and 48-hour coagulation dysfunction correction were the influential factors of 28-day mortality of adult patients with large-area burns and coagulation dysfunction at admission (all P<0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the burn area/TBSA (OR=1.058, 95% CI 0.921 to 1.214, P=0.022) and III° burn area (OR=1.085, 95% CI 1.009 to 1.168, P=0.027) were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality of adult patients with large-area burns, while 48-hour frozen plasma transfusion volume (OR=0.098, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.789, P=0.029) and 48-hour coagulation dysfunction correction (OR=0.103, 95% CI 0.015 to 0.679, P=0.018) were independent protective factors. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that 28-day survival rates of the experimental group and the control group were 90% and 76%, respectively. The difference between them was statistically significant (χ2=14.270, P<0.001).

Conclusion

The burn area/TBSA and III° burn area are independent risk factors for 28-day mortality in adult patients with large-area burns. The 48-hour frozen plasma transfusion volume and 48-hour correction of coagulopathy are independent protective factors. Early correction of coagulation dysfunction is beneficial to reducing the 28-day mortality for the adult patients with large-area burns.

Keywords: large-area burns, adult patients, coagulopathy, 28-day mortality, burn area/the total body surface area, logistic regression analysis


对于大面积烧伤的患者,由于在烧伤早期休克、组织损伤等原因打破了机体凝血-抗凝血的动态平衡,入院前就常常伴有不同程度的凝血功能障碍。虽然目前国内外尚无大面积烧伤导致凝血功能障碍的统一治疗指南,但冰冻血浆输注是纠正凝血功能障碍的主要治疗方法之一[1]。而冰冻血浆分为普通冰冻血浆和新鲜冰冻血浆,普通冰冻血浆主要用于治疗外源性凝血途径异常,体现为国际标准化比率(international normalized ratio,INR)异常,而新鲜冰冻血浆除可纠正外源性凝血途径异常外,还能纠正内源性凝血途径异常,体现为活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)异常。然而,由于大部分新鲜冰冻血浆被用于制备冷沉淀凝血因子(制备后变为普通冰冻血浆),因此无法保障患者都能使用新鲜冰冻血浆来纠正凝血功能障碍。

国外已有研究[2]报道大面积烧伤导致的凝血功能障碍是成年患者28 d病死率的独立危险因素,然而早期(入院48 h)纠正凝血功能障碍能否降低大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率未见阐明。因此,笔者对在南昌大学第一附属医院(以下简称我院)烧伤科住院治疗的573例大面积烧伤成年患者进行回顾性研究,旨在探讨冰冻血浆纠正早期凝血功能障碍是否可降低大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

利用我院自行开发的临床用血管理与评价信息系统,检索2014年9月至2019年7月在我院烧伤科住院治疗的烧伤后输血患者的病历资料。纳入标准:1)年龄≥18岁;2)烧伤后12 h内送达我院治疗;3)入院时已处于休克期;4)入院时进行凝血功能检查并发现有凝血功能障碍;5)入院48 h内复查凝血功能;6)入院48 h内有输注冰冻血浆抗休克史;7)烧伤面积/总体表面积(total body surface area,TBSA)≥45%的大面积烧伤患者[3]。排除标准:1)年龄<18岁;2)烧伤后送达我院治疗时已超出12 h或在外院已接受过液体复苏;3)烧伤面积/TBSA<45%;4)总住院时间少于72 h;5)合并妊娠;6)无法交流和患者本人或家属拒绝参与研究。根据以上标准,最终纳入573例大面积烧伤成年患者作为研究对象。其中男327名,女246名,年龄18~66(42.7±16.5)岁。本研究已通过我院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 抗休克基础治疗

患者入院后立即建立静脉通道,快速输入等渗生理盐水。根据国内外统一的成人烧伤补液公式[4-6],按患者体重和烧伤面积计算补液量。烧伤后第1个24 h补液量=体重×1.5×(II°和III°烧伤面积/TBSA)+2 000,其中日生理水分补充量为2 000 mL,晶体液与胶体液的补充体积比除广泛深度烧伤为1꞉1外,其他均为2꞉1。晶体液为乳酸林格液、0.9%氯化钠溶液,胶体液为冰冻血浆、血浆代用品(低分子量右旋糖酐和羟乙基淀粉),生理水分补充液为5%葡萄糖溶液。第1个24 h补液量的一半在烧伤后8 h内输入。烧伤后第2个24 h晶体液与胶体液补液量为第1个24 h的一半,日生理水分补充量不变。

1.2.2. 病例资料分组

研究者设计临床病例资料信息表,通过查阅电子病历收集观察指标,并采取查阅电子病历和电话随访相结合的方式进行患者28 d病死率的随访调查。573例患者入院48 h内均未输注红细胞、血小板及冷沉淀,且未发生输血不良反应。将573例患者以早期(入院48 h)凝血功能障碍是否纠正分为实验组(早期凝血功能障碍纠正者,n=290)和对照组(早期凝血功能障碍未纠正者,n=283)。目前国内外对于大面积烧伤导致的凝血功能障碍尚无统一判定标准,本次研究采用入院时INR>1.2或APTT>45 s作为大面积烧伤导致凝血功能障碍或凝血功能障碍未纠正的判定标准[2, 7]。所有冰冻血浆均由江西省血液中心提供,为200 mL全血制备成100 mL冰冻血浆。

1.2.3. 观察指标

1)患者临床基本资料:性别、年龄、体重、烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积、烧伤原因(火焰伤、烫伤、化学烧伤、电击伤)、是否伴吸入性损伤、入院24 h和48 h的尿量、补液量、入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量、入院48 h新鲜冰冻血浆输注量、入院时及入院48 h INR与APTT。2)主要结局指标:28 d病死率。3)次要结局指标:烧伤科ICU住院时间、住院总时间、机械通气时间。

1.3. 统计学处理

所有数据采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差( x¯ ±s)表示,偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)[M(P 25P 75)]表示;计数资料采用频数(率)表示。计量资料比较用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料比较用χ2检验;用logistic单因素回归分析筛选大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的危险因素,并进一步对危险因素进行logistic多因素回归分析以得出独立危险因素;采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制2组患者的生存曲线并运用log-rank检验进行分析。 P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 基本临床资料比较

2组患者性别、年龄、体重、烧伤原因、伴吸入性损伤、入院时INR、入院时APTT、入院48 h尿量及补液量、入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量、入院时和入院48 h INR、入院48 h APTT间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),而烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积、入院24 h尿量及补液量、入院48 h新鲜冰冻血浆输注量及入院48 h APTT的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,表1)。

表1.

2组患者基本临床资料比较

Table 1 Comparison of basic clinical data of patients between the 2 groups

组别 n 男/[例(%)] 年龄/岁 体重/kg 烧伤面积/TBSA/% °烧伤面积/%
实验组 290 174(60) 39(23, 52) 50(45, 65) 63.85±17.39 28(8, 59)
对照组 283 153(54) 47(34, 54) 60(50, 66) 79.75±17.23 61(26, 76)
t2 0.564 3.904
P 0.453 0.178 0.211 0.001 0.002
组别 尿量/mL 补液量/mL 烧伤原因/例
入院24 h 入院48 h 入院24 h 入院48 h 火焰伤 烫伤 化学烧伤 电击伤
实验组 1 020(510, 1 331) 2 611(1 936, 2 880) 5 686(2 615, 7 904) 6 091(3 219, 8 573) 112 97 39 42
对照组 1 290(700, 1 845) 2 120(1 904, 2 704) 7 564(4 038, 12 700) 7 158(5 288, 9 459) 106 85 58 34
t2 5.453
P 0.017 0.482 0.012 0.118 0.245
组别 伴吸入性损伤/[例(%)] 入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量/mL 入院48 h新鲜冰冻血浆输注量/mL INR/s APTT/s
入院时 入院48 h 入院时 入院48 h
实验组 129(44.4%) 2 011(1 150, 2 800) 1 120(1 000, 1 250) 1.75(1.23, 1.76) 1.12(1.05, 1.18) 56.11±15.37 39.28±2.06
对照组 147(51.8%) 2 250(1 225, 3 600) 400(100, 600) 1.26(1.24, 1.73) 1.19(1.10, 1.26) 57.10±17.32 55.90±17.54
t2 1.117 0.258 5.952
P 0.291 0.214 0.008 0.897 0.216 0.796 <0.001

2.2. 临床预后、转归指标比较

2组患者烧伤科ICU住院时间、住院总时间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);实验组机械通气时间短于对照组,且28 d病死率亦明显低于对照组(10% vs 24%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,表2)。

表2.

2组患者临床预后、转归指标比较

Table 2 Comparison of prognostic indicators between the patients of the 2 groups

组别 烧伤科ICU住院时间/d 总住院时间/d 机械通气/d 28 d病死率/%
实验组 8(0, 12) 38(20, 49) 2(0, 2) 10
对照组 7(0, 20) 20(8, 57) 3(0, 8) 24
χ2 14.270
P 0.067 0.079 0.003 <0.001

2.3. Logistic单因素回归分析

对可能影响573例入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的因素进行logistic单因素回归分析,结果显示:烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积、伴吸入性损伤、住院时间、机械通气时间、入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量和入院48 h凝血功能障碍得到纠正均为入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的影响因素(均P<0.05);而性别、年龄、体重、烧伤原因、烧伤科ICU住院时间、入院48 h新鲜冰冻血浆输注量、入院时和入院48 h INR、入院时和入院48 h APTT均不是入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的影响因素(均 P>0.05,表3)。

表3.

28 d病死率的logistic单因素回归分析

Table 3 Logistic univariate regression analysis of 28-day mortality

因素 b Wald χ2 P OR 95% CI
性别 -1.375 0.578 0.117 0.252 0.081~0.784
年龄 0.021 0.015 0.052 1.022 0.990~1.054
体重 0.034 0.015 0.222 1.035 1.004~1.066
烧伤面积/TBSA 0.115 0.023 <0.001 1.122 1.070~1.176
Ⅲ°烧伤面积 0.070 0.014 <0.001 1.073 1.043~1.104
烧伤原因 0.056 0.275 0.837 1.058 0.616~1.816
伴吸入性损伤 1.058 0.513 0.039 2.880 1.053~7.879
烧伤科ICU住院时间 -1.917 0.540 0.120 0.146 0.050~0.423
总住院时间 -0.029 0.011 0.010 0.971 0.950~0.993
机械通气时间 0.085 0.037 0.023 1.088 1.011~1.171
入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量 -2.138 0.549 <0.001 0.117 0.040~0.345
入院48 h新鲜冰冻血浆输注量 -0.202 0.273 0.407 0.997 0.995~0.998
入院时INR -0.203 0.296 0.491 0.815 0.456~1.457
入院时APTT 0.006 0.014 0.666 1.006 0.977~1.035
入院48 h INR 1.535 1.811 0.396 4.641 0.133~161.600
入院48 h APTT 0.040 0.021 0.055 1.041 0.998~1.086
入院48 h凝血功能障碍是否纠正 -2.383 0.562 <0.001 0.092 0.030~0.277

2.4. Logistic多因素回归分析

对入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的影响因素进行logistic多因素回归分析,结果显示:烧伤面积/TBSA[比值比(odds ratio,OR)为1.058,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):0.921~1.214,P=0.022]、III°烧伤面积(OR=1.085,95% CI:1.009~1.168,P=0.027)均是大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的独立危险因素,入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量(OR=0.098,95% CI:0.012~0.789,P=0.029)及入院48 h凝血功能障碍得到纠正(OR=0.103,95% CI:0.015~0.679,P=0.018)是其独立保护因素,机械通气时间、住院时间、伴吸入性损伤均为其非独立危险因素(均P>0.05,表4)。

表4.

28 d病死率的logistic多因素回归分析

Table 4 Logistic multivariate regression analysis of 28-day mortality

因素 b Wald χ2 P OR 95% CI
烧伤面积/TBSA 0.056 0.070 0.022 1.058 0.921~1.214
III°烧伤面积 0.082 0.037 0.027 1.085 1.009~1.168
机械通气时间 -0.056 0.063 0.375 0.945 0.834~1.070
住院时间 0.035 0.026 0.185 1.035 0.983~1.091
伴吸入性损伤 0.763 1.193 0.522 2.144 0.206~22.237
入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量 -2.319 1.063 0.029 0.098 0.012~0.789
入院48 h凝血功能障碍得到纠正 -2.267 0.959 0.018 0.103 0.015~0.679

2.5. 生存曲线分析

Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示实验组和对照组患者28 d病死率分别为90%和76%,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=14.270,P<0.001;图1)。

图1.

图1

2组患者Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the 2 groups

3. 讨 论

大面积烧伤患者入院前往往就伴有不同程度的凝血功能障碍,而凝血功能障碍会影响大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率[2]。目前已有研究[8-13]报道大面积烧伤成年患者临床预后的危险因素还包括年龄、烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积、机械通气时间和吸入性损伤等,但早期纠正凝血功能障碍是否为大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率危险因素的研究尚未见报道。本研究对573例入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者的临床基本资料的分析结果显示:2组患者入院时APTT差异无统计学意义,而入院48 h实验组的APTT明显短于对照组,且实验组入院48 h的新鲜冰冻血浆输注量明显高于对照组,说明早期提高大面积烧伤成年患者新鲜冰冻血浆输血量可以纠正凝血功能障碍。对2组患者临床预后、转归指标的比较发现:实验组的机械通气时间短于对照组,28 d病死率亦低于对照组,提示早期纠正凝血功能障碍有利于改善大面积烧伤成年患者的临床预后。

在本研究中,logistic单因素回归分析结果显示:烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积、伴吸入性损伤、总住院时间、机械通气时间、入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量和入院48 h凝血功能障碍纠正均为入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的影响因素,这与Palmieri等[8]及Tavousi等[10]的报道一致,提示烧伤面积/TBSA比值和III°烧伤面积越大,伴吸入性损伤,住院时间、机械通气时间越长,入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量越少和入院48 h凝血功能障碍未得到纠正患者的28 d病死率越高。研究数据还显示性别、年龄、体重、烧伤原因、烧伤科ICU住院时间不是入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的影响因素,这与Wu等[9]认为大面积烧伤患者年龄越大,预后不良的危险性增加的观点不符,这种不同可能与纳入的病例数和年龄分布有关。

在本研究中,logistic多因素回归分析结果显示:烧伤面积/TBSA、III°烧伤面积均是大面积烧伤成年患者28 d病死率的独立危险因素,入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量及入院48 h凝血功能障碍得到纠正是其独立保护因素,与Palmieri等[14]的报道相符。本研究结果表明入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤患者烧伤面积/TBSA比值、III°烧伤面积大的患者28 d病死率高,入院48 h冰冻血浆输注量大、入院48 h凝血功能障碍得到纠正的患者28 d病死率低,提示早期提高入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤患者的冰冻血浆输注量可纠正凝血功能障碍,且更有利于其临床的预后和转归。2组患者的生存曲线分析结果也证实了这一观点。

综上,本研究通过对573例入院时伴凝血功能障碍大面积烧伤成年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,证实早期加大冰冻血浆输注量可纠正患者的凝血功能障碍,并进一步降低患者的28 d病死率,这对指导烧伤科医生在大面积烧伤成年患者休克期科学合理地使用冰冻血浆进行治疗具有重要的临床意义。由于本研究只是回顾性分析,因此下一步我们将进行多中心前瞻性队列研究来进一步验证本次研究的结果。

基金资助

江西省科技计划重大项目(20144BBG70001)。

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Jiangxi Province, China (20144BBG70001).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202108851.pdf

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