Abstract
随着我国卫生条件的改善,钩虫的感染率得到了大幅度的降低,重症感染的患者已极其罕见。福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院检验科通过形态学检查和分子生物学方法,确诊了1例极重症钩虫感染的患者。该患者粪便直接涂片法和钩蚴培养法可见大量虫卵,从其虫卵和幼虫形态学上判断为钩虫,改良加藤法计数虫卵为每克粪便60 840个,属于极重度感染状态;同时还提取了粪便中虫卵的DNA,采用半巢式RT-PCR对其进行虫种鉴定,结果显示为美洲钩虫。
Keywords: 钩虫, 虫种鉴定, 极重症感染, 半巢式RT-PCR
Abstract
With the improvement of sanitation, the infection rate of hookworm is greatly reduced and the severe infected case is rarely reported. Combined morphological and molecular biological examinations, a severe hookworm infection patient was diagnosed in Department of Laboratorial Examination, Quanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. The morphological methods such as direct fecal smear microscopy, saturated brine flotation and hookworm larvae culture methods were used to identify the eggs and larvae from stool samples of the patient. There were a large number of hookworm eggs in patient’s stool samples, and the average count was 60 840 per gram by modified Kato method, which belonged to severe hookworm infection. Meanwhile, to distinguish the hookworm species, the semi-nested RT-PCR assay was employed to detect hookworm internal transcribed spacer series from eggs in patient’s stool samples, and the result showed that the hookworm species was confirmed to be Necator americanus.
Keywords: hookworm, species identification, severe infection, semi-nested RT-PCR
钩虫是一种以人及猫、狗等大多数哺乳动物为宿主的小肠内寄生线虫,可损伤肠黏膜,造成消化道功能紊乱,导致人体长期慢性失血,重度感染时会产生严重贫血,是肠道线虫中危害最严重的一种,也可导致皮炎、上呼吸道感染症状等。钩虫感染大多数为轻度,感染人体的钩虫主要包括板口属的美洲钩虫和钩口属的十二指肠钩虫[1]。据统计,目前全世界钩虫感染者达5~7亿,因钩虫病而损失的伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)高达2 210万人/年[2],由钩虫病所引起的人类疾病负担已远超世界卫生组织热带病培训规划署(World Health Organization/Special Programme for Research and Train in Tropical Diseases,WHO/TDR)项目中的其他3种常见热带病[3]。钩虫曾经是中国的5大寄生虫病之一,危害非常之大,随着中国医疗条件和居民卫生条件的改善,钩虫的发病率已经大幅度地降低了。第3次全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查[2, 4]结果显示:虽然钩虫仍然是中国现阶段感染率最高的土源性寄生虫,但其感染率为2.62%,较第2次普查结果[5](6.12%)有了明显的降低。相较于其他临床疾病,钩虫病目前临床比较少见,尤其重症钩虫感染在临床上更是罕见,且钩虫感染所致消化道症状是临床常见症状,原因多种多样,因此临床医务工作人员对钩虫病的认识不够,缺乏一定的诊疗经验,常常导致误诊和误治,给患者增加痛苦并使其经济负担加重。
目前临床诊断方法主要依赖显微镜下检出钩虫卵、结合患者流行病学接触史和临床表现等。应用显微镜检的直接涂片法和饱和盐水浮聚法操作简单快速,但对于轻症感染者不易查到虫卵,检出的敏感性较低[6-7],且其判断具有一定的主观性和不准确性,没有一定经验的检验师可能很难准确分辨虫卵形态相似的钩虫卵、粪类圆线虫卵和东方毛圆线虫卵。若要进一步做钩虫虫种鉴定,仅从虫卵形态无法区分美洲钩虫和十二指肠钩虫,需进行钩蚴培养法,耗时较长[8-9],且对人员专业能力要求较高;而成虫通常需从胃肠镜或服用驱虫药后从病人的粪便中获得[10],取材较难,这使得从形态学来鉴定虫种具有一定的局限性。随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,应用于寄生虫虫种鉴定的技术也日渐成熟。现通过形态学检查和分子生物学技术对本例患者粪便中的虫卵进行虫种鉴定。
1. 病例资料
1.1. 病例基本情况
患者,女,74岁,福建安溪农村人,有下地种菜史。2020年12月因“反复气喘3月余,加重伴发热8 d”住院,患者最高体温可达39.2 ℃,伴有阵发性单声咳嗽,咳少量白色黏痰,稍运动后气喘。患者自诉有反复排黑便史2年余。体格检查显示:双下肺散在湿啰音。入院时血常规检查:白细胞计数为6.39×109/L,淋巴细胞计数为0.48×109/L,血小板计数为182×109/L,血红蛋白为48 g/L,C反应蛋白为118.25 mg/L;肺部+腹部CT提示双侧肺动脉拴塞;双肺炎症,双侧胸腔积液并双肺下叶膨胀不全;主动脉硬化;左肾囊肿。心脏彩色B超检查:二尖瓣轻度反流、三尖瓣轻度反流伴肺动脉高压(轻-中度)。入院诊断为急性肺动脉拴塞(低危);肺部感染;消化道出血;失血性贫血(重度);肺动脉高压(轻-中度);主动脉硬化;心律失常,房性期前收缩等。入院后予以小剂量低分子肝素抗凝、抗感染、化痰、护胃等处理。住院期间患者仍排黑便,粪便常规检查和隐血试验发现粪便为粥样黑便,粪便涂片含有大量寄生虫卵,隐血阳性。患者未能配合完善胃镜检查,未采集到成虫。
1.2. 病例诊断过程
1.2.1. 形态学检查
1.2.1.1. 直接涂片法
在载玻片上滴一滴生理盐水,挑取一环病人粪便均匀混于生理盐水中,覆盖盖玻片,在Olympus显微镜下观察虫卵的形态。结果显示:显微镜下可见粪便涂片中含有大量钩虫卵:呈椭圆形,两端钝圆,卵壳较薄,无色透明,卵内细胞分裂成桑葚状,卵壳与细胞之间存在明显的间隙(图1)。
1.2.1.2. 采用改良加藤法对虫卵进行计数
将定量板放置在载玻片上,刮取从筛网孔挤出的粪便,填满模孔,刮去多余部分;掀起定量板,在粪便样品上覆盖含有孔雀绿甘油的玻璃纸条,展平后用压板加压,使粪便样品在玻璃纸和玻片之间成椭圆形;在30~37 ℃温箱中透明0.5~1 h后镜检计数;每克粪便虫卵数(eggs per gram,EPG)=每板虫卵总数×24×粪便性状系数。结果显示本患者改良加藤法计数虫卵为每克粪便约含有钩虫卵60 840个。
1.2.1.3. 幼虫检查
采用钩蚴培养法[11]培养粪便。在试管中加入 1 mL冷开水,将滤纸剪成稍短于试管、与试管等宽的长条形;挑取蚕豆大小粪便,均匀涂在纸条上2/3部分,将滤纸条小心插入试管中,滤纸下端浸入水中,粪便不能接触到水;于20~30 ℃条件培养;每天向试管内加入适量冷开水以补充蒸发掉的水分,加水时注意勿加在粪便上。5~7 d后检查试管内水中有无钩蚴。如需作虫种鉴定,可吸取培养管底部的沉淀物,滴于载玻片上,于显微镜下观察幼虫形态。结果显示:显微镜下幼虫虫体前端钝圆,后端尖细,口腔较细长,有口孔,咽管前段较粗、中段细、后段膨大成球状(图2)。从以上特征判断为美洲钩虫可能性较大,但镜下未能清楚辨认是否有明显尾部鞘膜横纹[9],故无法明确虫种。
1.2.2. 分子生物学鉴定
1.2.2.1. 粪便DNA提取
按照DNA提取试剂盒说明书提取粪便总DNA。
1.2.2.2. 引物设计
参考孙艳红[12]引物设计,由华大生物科技(武汉)有限公司合成。4条引物如下:外引物NC1、NC2(线虫保守引物)(NC1:5'-ACGTCTGGTTCAGGGTT-CTT-3';NC2:5'-TTAGTTTCTTTTCCTCCGCT-3')扩增产物约为310和420 bp;美洲钩虫上游内引物NA:5'-ATGTGCACGTTATTCACT-3';钩口属钩虫正向内引物AD1:5'-CGACTTTAGAACGTTTCGGC-3';NC2为反向共同引物。
1.2.2.3. 半巢式PCR扩增
第1轮PCR扩增:以提取的粪便DNA为模版,用引物NC1、NC2扩增不同圆线虫rDNA上的内部转录间隔区2(internally transcribed spacer 2,ITS2)和28S区域。第2轮PCR扩增:以第一轮PCR扩增产物为模版DNA,用美洲钩虫上游内引物NA和NC2扩增美洲钩虫rDNA上的ITS2和28S区域;用钩口属钩虫上游内引物AD1和NC2扩增钩口属rDNA上的ITS2和28S区域[12]。取扩增产物进行2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,观察结果。
1.2.2.4. PCR扩增产物测序
PCR产物送广州华大生物科技有限公司测序,用生物大分子序列比对搜索工具BLAST比对测序结果,并与美国国家生物技术信息中心GenBank数据库进行比对、鉴定。经半巢式PCR对粪便DNA进行扩增,扩增出含有特异性条带的PCR产物,大小约为250 bp,具有特异性条带的扩增产物测序结果如下:正向测序,5'-GGTTACTGCGTATGATAGCGGT-GCATACTGTATGACATGAACATATCGTTGTTCACT-GTTTAATCGCTCTCGCGACTTATGAGCGTGGTTG-AACGGAGACAATGTGAAGGACAACGATGTTCGC-CATGTGGATGTGTCATTTGCAATGCAACCTGAGC-TCAGGCGTGATTACCCGCTGAACTTAAGCATATC-ATTTAGCGGAGGAAAAGAAAC-3';反向测序,5'-GCTAGGCGGGTATCCGCCTGAGCTCAGGTTGCAT-TGCAAATGACACATCCACATGGCGAACATCGTTG-TCCTTCACATTGTCTCCGTTCAACCACGCTCATA-AGTCGCGAGAGCGATTAAACAGTGAACAACGAT-ATGTTCATGTCATACAGTATGCACCGCTATCATAC-GTTAGTAAACTAGCT-3'。测序结果经BLAST比对为美洲钩虫(图3)。
2. 讨 论
钩虫是感染率最高的土源性线虫之一,钩蚴感染可通过钩齿或板齿咬附在肠黏膜,吸食血液并不断变换吸附部位,致使伤口增加,并产生抗凝血物质,引起黏膜伤口渗血,从而引起慢性消化道出血,严重感染时可导致重度贫血。感染累及皮肤时,可引起钩蚴性皮炎,累及呼吸道可引起阵发性咳嗽、血痰、哮喘等。钩虫病在全球广泛流行,被世界卫生组织称为一种被忽视的热带病,多流行于热带与亚热带的发展中国家,分布在温暖、潮湿、卫生条件较差的地区,全球流行程度较高的有老挝、越南、柬埔寨等[13]。中国除少数西北地方外,其余省份均有流行。大多数流行地区为美洲钩虫和十二指肠钩虫的混合感染;南方以美洲钩虫感染为主,北方以十二指肠钩虫感染为主[14],且南方感染率高于北方,农村高于城镇[15]。福建省地处东南沿海,气候温暖潮湿,非常利于钩虫卵繁殖,与其他省份相比,福建省钩虫感染率处于较高水平[16-24]。福建省2002至2003年钩虫感染率为19.73%,其中混合感染占16.11%,十二指肠钩虫占32.89%,美洲钩虫占51%[25];轻、中、重度感染者分别占70.44%、26.88%和2.68%。2014至2015年开展的人群钩虫病感染现状调查[26]显示:福建省钩虫感染率为3.36%,轻度感染(EPG<399)占81.56%、中度感染(400<EPG<2 999)占14.81%、重度感染(EPG≥3 000)占3.63%[27],感染率有了明显下降,且以轻度感染为主,重症感染率很低,这与全国其他省份情况一致[13]。
影响钩虫感染率的主要因素有年龄、性别、教育程度、下地防护措施、家庭厕所、院内及周边的植物等[28],钩虫感染严重程度除与感染钩虫数量有关外,也与人体的营养条件、健康状况及免疫力有密切关系。在20世纪和21世纪初的农村,农业活动较多,卫生条件和居民生活习惯、营养状况较差,国内屡有报道[29-30]严重钩虫感染的患者,临床主要表现为严重消化道出血和重度贫血,受限于当时不完善的医疗条件和钩虫病临床表现的不典型,常导致误诊和误治[31-34]。
本例患者常规粪便生理盐水涂片中可见大量寄生虫卵,镜下观察到的虫卵形态与钩虫卵特征非常相符,改良加藤法计数每克粪便虫卵为60 840个,远大于重度钩虫感染标准,此严重程度在近几年甚是罕见,结合患者长期黑便、隐血试验阳性以及血常规检查提示患者有重度的小细胞低色素性贫血,久居农村并有下菜地干活史等特征,怀疑本例患者为极严重的钩虫感染。考虑到本例患者年龄大,病程长,基础疾病及治疗较多,且患者同时患有肺栓塞和消化道出血,其治疗存在矛盾,此时若能尽快明确钩虫病诊断,查明消化道出血原因,再对因治疗能极大地减少病人的危险和身体、经济负担。加之两种钩虫在治疗时对驱虫药物的敏感性存在差异,如十二指肠钩虫对阿苯达唑较敏感[35-36],而美洲钩虫对三苯双脒较为敏感[37],此时快速准确的虫种鉴定对于临床诊疗以及流行病学研究显得尤为重要。
目前临床诊断寄生虫病主要通过从病人标本检出寄生虫,对寄生虫进行形态学检查,并判断其种类。粪便分析仪通过搅拌稀释等对样本进行前处理,能提高对虫卵的收集率,检出率略高于直接镜检法,但差别没有显著性意义[38-39],均具有较高的漏检风险。且形态上粪类圆线虫虫卵、东方毛圆线虫虫卵与钩虫卵具有较多相似的特征[40-42],要从形态学上明确是否为钩虫卵需要具备较高的专业技能,对仪器的性能也要求较高,而要从虫卵进一步确定其虫种更是十分困难[8]。本病例患者年龄大,基础疾病较多且病程长,病人身体心理负担过大,无法配合完善胃肠镜检查,故未能获得成虫以协助明确钩虫病诊断。针对以上情况,对本例患者的虫卵采取了钩蚴培养法以获取幼虫,因而可从形态学上协助诊断重症钩虫感染,另外考虑到福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院未开展专门的寄生虫检查,无寄生虫形态学权威专家,可能存在从形态学诊断较困难的情况,故同时采用分子生物学检测来确证粪便中虫卵是否确实为钩虫卵,以及是何种钩虫卵。
经钩蚴培养法培养虫卵数日后,可见幼虫孵出,幼虫的形态特征符合钩虫幼虫的形态特点,从形态学角度进一步支持了钩虫感染的初步判断,但是仅从形态上与粪类圆线虫的幼虫难以明确鉴别。这对临床检验人员病原生物学方面的专业能力要求非常高,主观性强,且培养所需时间周期较长,可重复性较差,故无法满足临床诊断的普遍应用。
分子生物学方法具有高准确性、省时省力、可重复性好等优点,已被广泛应用到钩虫虫种鉴定的研究中,目前常用的方法有常用PCR技术、半巢式PCR技术、多重PCR、实时荧光定量PCR、多重实时荧光定量PCR、高分辨率熔解曲线、单链构象多态性等[32],以上技术各有优缺点,综合考虑技术难度、检测的灵敏度和特异性、成本等,本例患者采用了技术难度不高、成本较小且灵敏度和特异性高的半巢式PCR技术,参考了孙艳红[43]引物设计方法,设计了2对引物,进行两轮PCR,扩增了钩虫的ITS序列。钩虫ITS序列是rDNA上位于18S、5.8S和28S之间的一个非编码区域,在生物进化过程中表现出种的特征,种内高度保守,种间有不同程度的变异,以该序列为靶基因建立的分子生物学检测和鉴定技术具有敏感性高、特异性强、检测速度快且能普遍应用的优点[44-47]。
本例患者采用半巢式PCR扩增在250 bp左右显示出了特异性条带,测序和比对结果显示为美洲钩虫,与形态学检查结果相符。本例患者临床报告为美洲钩虫感染,予驱虫治疗后患者多次复查粪便,最终粪便未见虫卵出院。考虑到本例患者的生活环境及土壤接触史,对患者及家属进行了健康教育,嘱其下田劳作时做好防护措施并告知邻居防护,若有黑便或贫血等症状要及时就医等。
本例患者提示在福建安溪的农村地区还存在美洲钩虫的极重度感染现象,值得进一步进行该地的寄生虫病的流行病学调查,补充该地区钩虫感染的流行病学资料,为钩虫病的防治提供理论依据。通过同时应用形态学检验和分子生物学方法能全面明确该诊断,在本例患者的临床检验、诊断过程中,分子生物学方法展现出准确、重复性好、快速、可大批量检测的优势,其良好的重复性和快速的检测周期也使得此方法的应用具有很大的实用价值和前景,为后续此类患者的诊断提供了快速而准确的诊断思路。
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(82072306)。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072306).
利益冲突声明
作者声称无任何利益冲突。
作者贡献
马玲辉、吴翔 论文构想和设计实验、实施研究、论文撰写和修订;Dibo Nouhoum 实施研究、分析解释数据;王婉妮、张志珊 病例数据收集;侯循亚、喻鑫玲、邓维成、管洁、黄帅钦 论文指导、论文修订。
原文网址
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202206814.pdf
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